| Honey bees |
| | Scientific classification | | | | Species | | Apis andreniformis
Apis florea, or dwarf honey bee
Honeybee may refer to: Honey bee, a subset of the bee family Honey Bee, a song by Tom Petty from his 1994 album Wildflowers Honey Bee, a 1974 song by Gloria Gaynor Category: ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1730x1290, 382 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Honey bee Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies North-west of Europe South-west of Europe Middle East Africa Synonyms Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761 The Western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honey bee. ...
Binomial name Chamelaucium uncinatum The Geraldton wax is a flowering plant originally found in Western Australia. ...
Scientific classification redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ...
Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
Orders Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas) Embioptera (webspinners) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Superorder Hemipterodea Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Hemiptera (true bugs) Thysanoptera (thrips) Superorder...
Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas) Embioptera (webspinners) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Superorder Hemipterodea Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Hemiptera (true bugs) Thysanoptera (thrips) Superorder Endopterygota Miomoptera - extinct Megaloptera (alderflies, etc. ...
Orders Coleoptera (beetles) Diptera (flies and relatives) Hymenoptera (wasps and relatives) Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) Mecoptera Megaloptera Miomoptera (extinct) Neuroptera Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) Strepsiptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive larval, pupal, and adult stages. ...
Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ...
Superfamilies Apoidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Chrysidoidea Cynipoidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea Megalyroidea Proctotrupoidea Sphecoidea Stephanoidea Triganalyoidea Vespoidea Many families, see article Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. ...
Subfamilies Apinae - Honeybees Bombinae - Bumblebees Euglossinae - Orchid bees Meliponinae - Stingless bees Nomadinae Xylocopinae - Carpenter bees The Apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honeybees, stingless bees (which are also cultured for honey), carpenter bees, and bumblebees. ...
Tribes Ancylini Anthophorini Apini Bombini Centridini Ctenoplectrini Emphorini Ericrocidini Eucerini Euglossini Exomalopsini Isepeolini Melectini Meliponini Osirini Protepeolini Rhathymini Tapinotaspidini Tetrapediini The Apinae is the subfamily that includes the majority of bees in the family Apidae, including the familiar corbiculate bees (honeybees, stingless bees, orchid bees, and bumblebees), plus all the...
A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic grade intermediate between genus and species. ...
Binomial name Apis andreniformis Frederick Smith, 1858 Apis andreniformis is a species of honeybee whose native habitat is the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. ...
Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee
Binomial name Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793 Apis dorsata, or the Giant honey bee, is a honey bee of southern and southeastern Asia, and is the largest member of the genus Apis. ...
Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee
Apis koschevnikovi
Apis mellifera, or western honey bee
Apis nigrocincta Binomial name Fabricius, 1793 Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. ...
Binomial name Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein, 1906 Koschevnikovs Bee, or Apis koschevnikovi, is a species of honeybee which inhabits Malaysian and Indonesian Borneo, where it lives conspecifically with other honeybee species such as Apis cerana (specifically A. c. ...
Binomial name Apis mellifera The species called Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are honeybees comprised of several subspecies or races. ...
Binomial name Apis nigrocincta Frederick Smith, 1861 Apis nigrocincta is a species of honeybee that inhabits the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Sangihe as well as the Indonesian island of Celebes or Sulawesi. ...
| Honey bees (or honeybees) are a subset of bees, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of colonial nests out of wax. Honey bees are the only extant members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus Apis. Currently, there are only seven recognized species of honey bee with a total of 44 subspecies (Engel, 1999) though historically, anywhere from six to eleven species have been recognized. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the approximately 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees. For other uses, see Western honey bee and Bee (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...
This is a biological article: For a territory administered by another territory see: Colony For a group attempting to affiliate with a Fraternity or Sorority see: Colony (fraternity) In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) refers to several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual...
For the rock song by Nirvana, see Beeswax (song). ...
[edit] Origin, systematics and distribution Honey bees as a group appear to have their center of origin in South and Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), as all but one of the extant species are native to that region, notably the most plesiomorphic living species (Apis florea and A. andreniformis). [1] The first Apis bees appear in the fossil record at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, in European deposits dating about 35 million years ago. The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate that Europe is where the genus originated, only that it occurred there at that time. There are few known fossil deposits in the suspected region of honeybee origin, and fewer still have been thoroughly studied; moreover, the tropical conditions are generally not ideal for fossilization of small land animals. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 666 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 1800 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 666 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 × 1800 pixel, file size: 1. ...
The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ...
Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...
This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ...
Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
Binomial name Apis andreniformis Frederick Smith, 1858 Apis andreniformis is a species of honeybee whose native habitat is the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Fossil. ...
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The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ...
The close relatives of modern honey bees - e.g. bumblebees and stingless bees - are also social to some degree, and thus social behavior seems a plesiomorphic trait that predates the origin of the genus. Among the extant members of Apis, the more basal species make single, exposed combs, while the more recently-evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs, which has greatly facilitated their domestication. This article is about the flying insect. ...
Genera Lestrimelitta Melipona Trigona, sensu lato: (21 genera) The stingless bees belong to the tribe Meliponini (usually called the stingless honeybee) in the family Apidae, which also comprise the common honeybees, carpenter bees, orchid bees and bumblebees. ...
In phylogenetics, basal members of a group diverged earlier than a subgroup of others (or vice versa). ...
Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and beeswax by humans indigenous to their native ranges. Only two of these species have been truly domesticated, one (Apis mellifera) at least since the time of the building of the Egyptian pyramids, and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range. For the rock song by Nirvana, see Beeswax (song). ...
Domesticated animals, plants, and other organisms are those whose collective behavior, life cycle, or physiology has been altered as a result of their breeding and living conditions being under human control for multiple generations. ...
Binomial name Apis mellifera The species called Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are honeybees comprised of several subspecies or races. ...
The pyramids of Egypt, some of which are amongst the largest man-made constructions ever conceived, constitute one of the most potent and enduring symbols of Ancient Egyptian civilization. ...
Today's honey bees constitute three clades (Engel 1999, Arias & Sheppard 2005): A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...
Dwarf honey bees - subgenus Micrapis Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
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Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic grade intermediate between genus and species. ...
- Apis florea and Apis andreniformis are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia. They make very small, exposed nests in trees and shrubs. Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin, so the hive and swarms can be handled with minimal protection. They occur largely sympatrically though they are very distinct evolutionarily and are probably the result of allopatric speciation, their distribution later converging. Given that A. florea is more widely distributed and A. andreniformis is considerably more aggressive, honey is - if at all - usually harvested from the former only. They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees, maybe diverging in the Bartonian (some 40 mya or slightly later) from the other lineages, but among themselves do not seem to have diverged a long time before the Neogene.(Arias & Sheppard 2005)
Giant honey bees - subgenus Megapis
There is one recognized species which usually builds single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs, on cliffs, and sometimes on buildings. They can be very fierce. Periodically robbed of their honey by human "honey hunters", colonies are easily capable of stinging a human being to death when provoked. Their origin as a distinct lineage is only slightly more recent than that of the dwarf honey bees. Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
Binomial name Apis andreniformis Frederick Smith, 1858 Apis andreniformis is a species of honeybee whose native habitat is the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. ...
Domesticated Western honey bees are kept in beehives. ...
School of juvenile herring - many fish have the opercula wide open for ram feeding and you can see the red gills The term swarm (schooling or swarming) is applied to fish, birds and insects and describes a behavior of an aggregation (school) of animals of similar size and body orientation...
Sympatry is one of three theoretical models for the phenomenon of speciation. ...
This article is about evolution in biology. ...
Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic speciation, occurs when populations physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation such that if the barrier between the populations breaks down, individuals of the two populations can no longer interbreed. ...
The Bartonian (also known as the Auversian) is a stage of the middle Eocene Epoch. ...
Neogene Period is a unit of geologic time consisting of the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 154 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A hive of Apis Dorsata (giant honey bees) I photographed whilst in Mt Abu, India. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 154 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A hive of Apis Dorsata (giant honey bees) I photographed whilst in Mt Abu, India. ...
Binomial name Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793 Apis dorsata, or the Giant honey bee, is a honey bee of southern and southeastern Asia, and is the largest member of the genus Apis. ...
- Apis dorsata, the Giant honey bee proper, is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia.
- Apis dorsata binghami, the Indonesian honey bee, is classified as the Indonesian subspecies of the Giant honey bee or a distinct species; in the latter case, A. d. breviligula and/or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species.
- Apis dorsata laboriosa, the Himalayan honey bee, was initially described as a distinct species. Later, it was included in A. dorsata as a subspecies (Engel 1999) based on the biological species concept, though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a species (Arias & Sheppard 2005). Essentially restricted to the Himalayas, it differs little from the Giant honey bee in appearance, but has extensive behavioral adaptations which enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures. It is the largest living honey bee.
Cave-nesting honey bees - subgenus Apis Binomial name Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793 Apis dorsata, or the Giant honey bee, is a honey bee of southern and southeastern Asia, and is the largest member of the genus Apis. ...
Trinomial name Apis dorsata laboriosa Smith, 1871 Apis dorsata laboriosa, the Himalayan honey bee, is a giant honey bee. ...
In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ...
For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ...
The eye is an adaptation. ...
- These are 3 or 4 species. The reddish Koschevnikov's Bee (Apis koschevnikovi) from Borneo is well distinct; it probably derives from the first colonization of the island by cave-nesting honey bees. Apis cerana, the Eastern honey bee proper, is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia, kept in hives in a similar fashion to Apis mellifera, though on a much smaller and regionalized scale. It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean Apis cerana nuluensis and Apis nigrocincta from the Philippines to satisfaction; the most recent hypothesis is that these are indeed distinct species but that A. cerana is still paraphyletic, consisting of several good species.(Arias & Sheppard 2005)
- Western (European, Common) honey bee
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Main article: Apis mellifera - Apis mellifera, the most commonly domesticated species, was the third insect to have its genome mapped. It seems to have originated in eastern tropical Africa and spread from there to Northern Europe and eastwards into Asia to the Tien Shan range. It is variously called the Western, European or Common honey bee in different parts of the world. There are many subspecies that have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environment, and in addition, hybrid strains such as the Buckfast bee have been bred. Behavior, color and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another.
 Distinguishing Western (left) and Eastern (right) honey bees from their wings - Regarding phylogeny, this is the most enigmatic honey bee species. It seems to have diverged from its Eastern relatives only during the Late Miocene. This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave-nesting honey bees was separated into the Western group of E Africa and the Eastern group of tropical Asia by desertification in the Middle East and adjacent regions, which caused declines of foodplants and trees which provided nest sites, eventually causing gene flow to cease. The diversity of subspecies is probably the product of a (largely) Early Pleistocene radiation aided by climate and habitat changes during the last ice age. That the Western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans since many millennia - including hybridization and introductions - has apparently increased the speed of its evolution and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many A. mellifera subspecies.(Arias & Sheppard 2005)
- In 1622, European colonists brought the dark bee (A. m. mellifera) to the Americas, followed later by Italian bees (A. m. ligustica) and others. Many of the crops that depend on honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times. Escaped swarms (known as "wild" bees, but actually feral) spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains, usually preceding the colonists. The Native Americans called the honey bee "the white man's fly". Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains; they were carried by ship to California in the early 1850s.
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- The so-called "killer bee" are highly aggressive hybrids between European stock and the African subspecies A. m. scutellata; they are thus often called "Africanized bees". Originating by accident in Brazil, they have spread to North America and constitutes a pest in some regions. However, these strains do not overwinter well, and so are not often found in the colder, more Northern parts of North America. On the other hand, the original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued (though not as intended): novel hybrid strains of domestic and re-domesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields, and are popular among beekeepers in Brazil.
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- Beekeepers in Western countries have been reporting slow declines of stocks for many years, apparently to changes in agricultural practice and perhaps climate change causing more unpredictable weather. In early 2007, abnormally high die-offs (30-70% of hives) of Western honey bee colonies occurred in the US and possibly Québec; such a decline seems unprecedented in recent history. This has been dubbed "Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD); it is unclear whether this is simply an accelerated phase of the general decline due to stochastically more adverse conditions in 2006, or a novel phenomenon. Research has hitherto failed to determine what causes it, but the weight of evidence is tentatively leaning towards CCD being a syndrome rather than a disease as it seems to be caused by a combination of various contributing factors rather than a single pathogen or poison.
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 470 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (892 × 1137 pixel, file size: 235 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Apis mellifera File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 470 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (892 × 1137 pixel, file size: 235 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Apis mellifera File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Binomial name Fabricius, 1793 Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. ...
Binomial name Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein, 1906 Koschevnikovs Bee, or Apis koschevnikovi, is a species of honeybee which inhabits Malaysian and Indonesian Borneo, where it lives conspecifically with other honeybee species such as Apis cerana (specifically A. c. ...
Φ Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ...
Binomial name Fabricius, 1793 Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. ...
Binomial name Apis mellifera The species called Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are honeybees comprised of several subspecies or races. ...
Trinomial name Apis cerana nuluensis Tingek, Koeniger & Koeniger, 1996 Apis cerana nuluensis is a subspecies of honey bee described in 1996 by Tingek, Koeniger & Koeniger. ...
Binomial name Apis nigrocincta Frederick Smith, 1861 Apis nigrocincta is a species of honeybee that inhabits the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Sangihe as well as the Indonesian island of Celebes or Sulawesi. ...
Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Binomial name Apis mellifera The species called Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are honeybees comprised of several subspecies or races. ...
Binomial name Apis mellifera The species called Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are honeybees comprised of several subspecies or races. ...
In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ...
For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...
The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; Pinyin: Tiān Shān; celestial mountains) mountain range is located in Central Asia, in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of western China. ...
This article is about the zoological term. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...
Image File history File links Bee_wings_comparison. ...
Image File history File links Bee_wings_comparison. ...
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ...
The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. ...
For the labor union vitiation procedure, see NLRB election procedures#Decertification elections. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another. ...
Early Pleistocene (also known as Lower Pleistocene, or Calabrian) is a stage of the Pleistocene Epoch. ...
Image:Darwins large finches. ...
This article or section should be merged with Wisconsinan glaciation The Wisconsin (in North America), Weichsel (in Scandinavia), Devensian (in the British Isles) or Würm glaciation (in the Alps) is the most recent period of the Ice Age, and ended some 10,000 Before Present (BP). ...
This article is about evolution in biology. ...
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World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...
Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a sub-species of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). ...
A feral horse (an American mustang) in Wyoming A feral animal or plant is one that has escaped from domestication and returned, partly or wholly, to its wild state. ...
For other uses, see Great Plains (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ...
For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
Species HYBRID (see text) Africanized honey bees (AHB), known colloquially as killer bees, are hybrids of the African honey bee, Apis mellifera scutellata (not ; see Collet , 2006), with various European honey bees such as the Italian bee A. m. ...
Africanized bees are hybrids of the African honeybee, Apis mellifera scutellata (or possibly ), with various European honeybees such as the Italian bee A. m. ...
Subspecies A. m. ...
Larval form of some beetle is damaging specimen of Sceliphron destillatorius in entomogical collection. ...
Honey bees entering a beehive. ...
Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years For current global climate change, see Global warming. ...
During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ...
Honey bees entering a beehive. ...
Stochastic, from the Greek stochos or goal, means of, relating to, or characterized by conjecture; conjectural; random. ...
In medicine, the term syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. ...
This article is about the medical term. ...
A pathogen (from Greek pathos, suffering/emotion, and gene, to give birth to), infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ...
For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ...
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A frame in a beehive is the structural element that holds the honeycomb or brood comb. ...
Langstroth hives on pallets The Langstroth bee hive is the standard beehive used in many parts of the world for bee keeping. ...
[edit] Beekeeping -
Two species of honey bee, A. mellifera and A. cerana, are often maintained, fed, and transported by beekeepers. Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide, revising the historical role of the self-employed beekeeper, and favoring large-scale commercial operations. For further information see the main article, or the articles for these species. Beekeeping, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century) Honey seeker depicted on 6000 year old cave painting near Valencia, Spain Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, a bee) is the practice of intentional maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. ...
Beekeeping, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century) Honey seeker depicted on 6000 year old cave painting near Valencia, Spain Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, a bee) is the practice of intentional maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. ...
[edit] Life cycle
 Queen bee. Yellow dot is added to aid beekeeper.
 Honey bee eggs shown in cut open wax cells
 Foragers coming in loaded with pollen on the hive landing board. As in a few other types of eusocial bees, a colony generally contains one queen bee, a fertile female; seasonally up to a few thousand drone bees or fertile males; and a large seasonally variable population of sterile female worker bees. Details vary among the different species of honey bees, but common features include: Bee Queen File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Bee Queen File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Queen bee with attendants on a honeycomb. ...
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Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 459 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 587 pixel, file size: 404 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author: Kadri Puna I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 459 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 587 pixel, file size: 404 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author: Kadri Puna I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Eusociality is the phenomenon of reproductive specialisation found in some species of animal, whereby a specialised caste carries out reproduction in a colony of non-reproductive animals. ...
Queen bee with attendants on a honeycomb. ...
Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb, produced and shaped by the worker bees. Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moltings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and pupating. Drones hatch from unfertilized eggs, females (Queens and worker bees) hatch from fertilized eggs. The queen actually can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on what cell she is laying in. For other uses, see Honeycomb (disambiguation). ...
Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of the larvae. ...
Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa A pupa (Latin pupa for doll, pl: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. ...
Chrysalis of Gulf Fritillary in Georgetown, South Carolina Pupation of Inachis io A pupa (plural: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. ...
Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly producing glands begin to atrophy, they begin building comb cells. They progress to other within-colony tasks as they become older, such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers, and guarding the hive. Later still, a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of its life as a forager.
Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the bee dance or waggle dance) to communicate information regarding resources with each other; this dance varies from species to species, but all living species of Apis exhibit some form of the behavior. If the resources are very close to the hive, they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the "Round Dance". Honey bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means. ...
Apis can refer to the following: Apis — An Egyptian god Apis — A Bee genus Apis — In Greek mythology a prophet. ...
Honey bees also perform tremble dances which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers . Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 571 pixelsFull resolution (1521 × 1085 pixel, file size: 462 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Honey bee Metadata This file contains...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 571 pixelsFull resolution (1521 × 1085 pixel, file size: 462 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Honey bee Metadata This file contains...
A Tremble Dance is a dance performed by receiver honey bees of the species Apis mellifera. ...
Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony, and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating.
Colonies are established not by solitary queens, as in most bees, but by groups known as "swarms", which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees. This group moves en masse to a nest site that has been scouted by worker bees beforehand. Once they arrive, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus, though there are several groups of Vespid wasps which also found new nests via swarming (sometimes including multiple queens). Also, stingless bees will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees, but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site, and this worker force is not a true "swarm". A swarm about to land Swarming is the natural means of reproduction of honey bee colonies (considering the colony as the organism rather than individual bees which cannot survive alone), including the domesticated Western honey bee. ...
Genera The vespids are a family of wasps, including all social wasps and some solitary wasps. ...
Genera Lestrimelitta Melipona Trigona, sensu lato: (21 genera) The stingless bees belong to the tribe Meliponini (usually called the stingless honeybee) in the family Apidae, which also comprise the common honeybees, carpenter bees, orchid bees and bumblebees. ...
[edit] Pollination -
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Species of Apis are generalist floral visitors, and will pollinate a large variety of plants, but by no means all plants. Of all the honeybee species, only Apis mellifera has been used extensively for commercial pollination of crops and other plants. The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars. Pollination Management is the label for horticultural practices that accomplish or enhance pollination of a crop, to improve yield or quality, by understanding of the particular crops pollination needs, and by knowledgeable management of pollenizers, pollinators, and pollination conditions. ...
Pollination by insects is called entomophily. ...
Binomial name Apis mellifera The species called Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are honeybees comprised of several subspecies or races. ...
This article is about the type of currency, for the U.S. Dollar see United States dollar. ...
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Honey is the complex substance made when the nectar and sweet deposits from plants and trees are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycomb by honey bees. All living species of Apis have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption, though for commercial purposes only A. mellifera and A. cerana have been exploited to any degree. Honey is sometimes also gathered by humans from the nests of various stingless bees. For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 470 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 470 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies North-west of Europe South-west of Europe Middle East Africa Synonyms Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761 The Western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honey bee. ...
Binomial name Fabricius, 1793 Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. ...
Genera Lestrimelitta Melipona Trigona, sensu lato: (21 genera) The stingless bees belong to the tribe Meliponini (usually called the stingless honeybee) in the family Apidae, which also comprise the common honeybees, carpenter bees, orchid bees and bumblebees. ...
[edit] Beeswax -
Worker bees of a certain age will secrete beeswax from a series of glands on their abdomens. They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb. As with honey, beeswax is gathered for various purposes. For the rock song by Nirvana, see Beeswax (song). ...
For the rock song by Nirvana, see Beeswax (song). ...
The abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ...
 A forager collecting pollen. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 142 KB) http://pdphoto. ...
Download high resolution version (1024x768, 142 KB) http://pdphoto. ...
[edit] Pollen -
Bees collect pollen in the pollen basket and carry it back to the hive. In the hive, pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood-rearing. In certain environments, excess pollen can be collected from the hives of A. mellifera and A. cerana. It is often eaten as a health supplement. SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...
honeybee pollen basket The pollen basket or corbicula is part of the hind tibia of the back (posterior) legs of the honeybee. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ...
[edit] Propolis -
Propolis (or bee glue) is created from resins, balsams and tree saps. Those species of honey bees which nest in tree cavities use propolis to seal cracks in the hive. Dwarf honey bees use propolis to defend against ants by coating the branch from which their nest is suspended to create a sticky moat. Propolis is consumed as a health supplement in various ways and also used in some cosmetics. Propolis is a wax-like resinous substance collected by honey bees from tree buds or other botanical sources and used as cement and to seal cracks or open spaces in the hive. ...
Propolis is a wax-like resinous substance collected by honey bees from tree buds or other botanical sources and used as cement and to seal cracks or open spaces in the hive. ...
Sap exuding (gummosis) from the stem of a koa tree, probably in response to surface damage Sap is the fluid carried in tubules inside a plant, circulating to distribute food and water to various parts of the plant. ...
Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
[edit] Defense
 Apis cerana forming a ball around two hornets. The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets. All honey bees live in colonies where the worker bees will sting intruders as a form of defense, and alarmed bees will release a pheromone that stimulates the attack response in other bees. The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species by the possession of small barbs on the sting, but these barbs are found only in the worker bees. The sting and associated venom sac are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged (autotomy), and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion which allow it to keep delivering venom once detached. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1136x852, 239 KB) jp: ニホンミツãƒãƒã®èœ‚çƒã€‚内部ã«ã¯ã‚イãƒã‚¹ã‚ºãƒ¡ãƒãƒãŒã„る。2005å¹´7月30日投稿者ãŒæ¨ªæµœå¸‚内ã«ã¦æ’®å½± File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Honey bee Asian giant hornet Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1136x852, 239 KB) jp: ニホンミツãƒãƒã®èœ‚çƒã€‚内部ã«ã¯ã‚イãƒã‚¹ã‚ºãƒ¡ãƒãƒãŒã„る。2005å¹´7月30日投稿者ãŒæ¨ªæµœå¸‚内ã«ã¦æ’®å½± File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Honey bee Asian giant hornet Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from...
Binomial name Fabricius, 1793 Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. ...
This article refers collectively to all true hornets. ...
Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone (from Greek φÎÏω phero to bear + ‘οÏμόνη hormone) is a chemical that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same species. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Venom. ...
Apitoxin, or honey bee venom, is a bitter colorless liquid. ...
Autotomy (from the Greek auto = self- and tomy = severing) or self amputation is the act whereby an animal severs one of its own appendages, usually as a self-defence mechanism designed to elude a predators grasp. ...
This is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. ...
It is presumed that this complex apparatus, including the barbs on the sting, evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates, as the barbs do not usually function (and the sting apparatus does not detach) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue. While the sting can also penetrate the flexible exoskeletal joints in appendages of other insects (and is used in fights between queens), in the case of Apis cerana defense against other insects such as predatory wasps is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees, who vibrate their muscles so vigorously that it raises the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level. This is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective, an action known to beekeepers as balling the queen, named for the ball of bees formed. Binomial name Fabricius, 1793 Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern honey bee), are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. ...
[edit] Communication -
Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors, as is common in insects, but also using specific behaviors that convey information about the quality and type of resources in the environment, and where these resources are located. The details of the signaling being used vary from species to species; for example, the two smallest species, Apis andreniformis and Apis florea, dance on the upper surface of the comb, which is horizontal (not vertical, as in other species), and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting. Honey bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means. ...
Binomial name Apis andreniformis Frederick Smith, 1858 Apis andreniformis is a species of honeybee whose native habitat is the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. ...
Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Serbia Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 361 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies North-west of Europe South-west of Europe Middle East Africa Synonyms Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761 The Western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honey bee. ...
Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() — [] Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn 1 Albanian 2 Demonym Serbian Government Parliamentary Democracy - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica - First state 7th century - Serbian Kingdom3 1217 - Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence lost...
| A Bee and a Rose Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 669 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1369 × 1227 pixel, file size: 924 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
| Dead bees Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ...
| Worker bees (left) emerging from hive push away drones (right) Image File history File links Size of this preview: 776 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (796 × 615 pixel, file size: 112 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Drone bees are pushed away Beschreibung: Drohnen werden abgedrängt Source: picture taken by Frank Mikley on 2005-06-18 License: CC-BY-SA-2. ...
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[edit] Symbolism A community of honey bees has often been employed throughout history by political theorists as a model of human society: "This image occurs in Aristotle and Plato; in Virgil and Seneca; in Erasmus and Shakespeare; in Marx and Tolstoy." (Wilson 2004: p.4) For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Virgil (disambiguation). ...
Seneca may refer to: Roman figures (any links to Seneca in Roman pages should be relinked to one of these two) Marcus (or Lucius) Annaeus Seneca also called rhetor, Roman orator and father of Seneca the philosopher and dramatist. ...
Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ...
Shakespeare redirects here. ...
Marx is a common German surname. ...
Coat of arms of the Tolstoy family Tolstoy, or Tolstoi (Russian: ) is a prominent family of Russian nobility, descending from one Andrey Kharitonovich Tolstoy (i. ...
Honeybees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the Napoleonic Empire.[2] Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...
[edit] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ...
Subfamilies Apinae - Honeybees Bombinae - Bumblebees Euglossinae - Orchid bees Meliponinae - Stingless bees Nomadinae Xylocopinae - Carpenter bees The Apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honeybees, stingless bees (which are also cultured for honey), carpenter bees, and bumblebees. ...
Apiology (from Greek: api, bee; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the scientific study of honey bees, a subdiscipline of Melittology, which is itself a branch of entomology. ...
For other uses, see Western honey bee and Bee (disambiguation). ...
Beekeeping, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century) Honey seeker depicted on 6000 year old cave painting near Valencia, Spain Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, a bee) is the practice of intentional maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. ...
An Eastern carpenter bee gathering pollen. ...
Honey bees entering a beehive. ...
Pollination by insects is called entomophily. ...
[edit] External links
[edit] References - ^ Smith, Deborah R.; Villafuerte, Lynn ; Otisc, Gard; Palmer,Michael R. Biogeography of Apis cerana F. and A. nigrocincta Smith: insights from mtDNA studies Apidologie 31 (2000) 265-279
- ^ Eagle and the bee on the Napoleonic coat of arms
- Arias, Maria C. & Sheppard, Walter S. (2005): Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(1): 25–35.
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