Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Strongiloidae Family: Ancylostomatidae Genus: Necator/Ancylostoma
Species
Species N. americanus and A. duodenale Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1796x1200, 168 KB)Ancylostoma caninum, a type of hookworm, attached to the intestinal mucosa. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Necator is a genus that includes some species of hookworm. ... Ancylostoma is a genus that includes some species of hookworm. ...

The hookworm is a parasitic nematode worm that lives in the small intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human. Two species of hookworms commonly infect humans, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Necator americanus predominates in the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China and Indonesia, while A. duodenale predominates in the Middle East, North Africa, India and (formerly) in southern Europe. Hookworms are thought to infect 800 million people worldwide. The A. braziliense and A. tubaeforme species infect cats, while A. caninum infects dogs. Uncinaria stenocephala infects both dogs and cats. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria    Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... This article is about modern humans. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Uncinaria stenocephala is one of the commonest nematode parasites targeting dogs, cats, and foxes as well as humans. ...

Hookworms are much smaller than the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and the complications of tissue migration and mechanical obstruction so frequently observed with roundworm infestation are less frequent in hookworm infestation. The most significant risk of hookworm infection is anemia, secondary to loss of iron (and protein) in the gut. The worms suck blood voraciously and damage the mucosa. However, the blood loss in the stools is occult blood loss (not visibly apparent). Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms or nematodes (Phylum Nematoda from Gr. ... Binomial name Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides is a human parasitic roundworm, which causes the disease of ascariasis. ... This article discusses the medical condition. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ... Fecal occult blood is a term for blood present in the feces that is not visibly apparent. ...

Ankylostomiasis, alternatively spelled anchylostomiasis and also called helminthiasis, "miners' anaemia", "tunnel disease", "brickmaker's anaemia", "Egyptian chlorosis" and is the disease caused by hookworms. It is caused when hookworms, present in large numbers, produce an iron deficiency anemia by voraciously sucking blood from the host's intestinal walls. The name is derived from Greek ancylo "crooked, bent" and stoma "mouth." Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and the most common cause of microcytic anemia. ...

Hookworm is a leading cause of maternal and child morbidity in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. In susceptible children hookworms cause intellectual, cognitive and growth retardation, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, and low birth weight among newborns born to infected mothers. Hookworm infection is rarely fatal, but anemia can be significant in the heavily infected individual. Intrauterine growth retardation or Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the condition during pregnancy where a fetus is considered to be too small for its gestational age (generally in the 10th percentile). ... Prematurity is the condition of being born before a full gestation. ...

History

The symptoms now attributed to hookworm appear in papyrus papers of ancient Egypt (c. 1600 B.C.), described as a derangement characterized by anemia. Avicenna, a Persian physician of the 11th century, discovered the worm in several of his patients and related it to their disease. In later times, the condition was noticeably prevalent in the mining industry in England, France, Germany, Belgium, North Queensland and elsewhere. (Redirected from 1600 B.C.) Centuries: 18th century BC - 17th century BC - 16th century BC Decades: 1650s BC 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC - 1600s BC - 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC Events and trends Egypt: End of Fourteenth Dynasty The creation of one... (Persian: ابن سينا) (c. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the peninsula located in the Australian state of Queensland; it should not be confused with either Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, or Cape York, Greenland. ...

Italian physician Angelo Dubini was the modern-day discoverer of the worm in 1838 after an autopsy of a peasant woman. Dubini published details in 1843 and identified the species as A. duodenale. Working in the Egyptian medical system in 1852 German physician Theodor Bilharz, drawing upon the work of colleague Wilhelm Griesinger, found these worms during autopsies and went a step further in linking them to local endemic occurrences of chlorosis, which would probably be called iron deficiency anemia today. Angelo Dubini (December 8, 1813 - March 28, 1902) was an Itailian physician who earned his doctorate from the University of Pavia in 1837 and spent most of his professional career at the Ospedale Maggiore in Milan. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the medical procedure. ... Year 1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Theodor Bilharz (March 23, 1825 – May 9, 1862) was a German physician and an important pioneer in the field of parasitology. ... Wilhelm Griesinger (July 29, 1817 - October 26, 1868) was a German neurologist and psychiatrist. ... In medicine, chlorosis (also termed an antiquated greensickness) is a form of anemia named for the greenish tinge of the skin of a patient. ... Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and the most common cause of microcytic anemia. ...

A breakthrough came 25 years later following a diarrhea and anemia epidemic that took place among Italian workmen employed on the Gotthard Rail Tunnel. In an 1880 paper, physicians Camillo Bozzolo, Edoardo Perroncito, and Luigi Pagliani correctly hypothesized that hookworm was linked to the fact that workers had to defecate inside the 15 km tunnel, and that many wore worn-out shoes. In 1897, it was established that the skin was the principal avenue of infection and the biological life cycle of the hookworm was clarified. In 1899, American zoologist Charles Wardell Stiles brought this evidence to bear on health issues in the southeast United States, identifying "progressive pernicious anemia" seen in the southern United States was caused by A. duodenale and he also identified the other important hookworm species: U. Necator. Testing in the 1900s revealed very heavy infestations in schoolage children. Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths... This article discusses the medical condition. ... The first Gotthard Tunnel, a 15 km long railway tunnel, connects Göschenen and Airolo. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Camillo Bozzolo (May 30, 1845 - February 28, 1920) was an Italian physician who was a native of Milan. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Charles Wardell Stiles {1867-1941) was an American parasitologist born in Spring Valley, New York, who studied medical zoology in Europe. ... This article is about the decade starting in 1900 and ending in 1909. ...

On October 26, 1909 the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was organized as a result of a gift of US$1 million from John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Though humanitarian reasons are cited, some speculate^{[weasel words]} that the motive was to open markets in the Appalachian region by creating more disposable income.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless the five-year program was a remarkable success and a great contribution to United States public health, instilling public education, medication, field work and modern government health departments in eleven southern states. The hookworm exhibit was a prominent part of the 1910 Mississippi state fair. The program nearly eradicated hookworm. The program would flourish afterwards with new funding as the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Division. Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In the 1920s, hookworm eradication reached the Caribbean and Latin America, where great mortality was reported among blacks in the West Indies towards the end of the 18th century, as well as through descriptions sent from Brazil and various other tropical and sub-tropical regions. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

Early treatment was with thymol to kill the worms, followed by epsom salt to clear the body of the worms. Later on, tetrachloroethylene was the leading method. It was not until later in the mid-20th century when new organic drug compounds were developed. Thymol is a phenol derivative of cymene, C10H13OH, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties. ... Magnesium sulfate (commonly called Epsom salts in hydrated form) is a chemical compound with the formula MgSO4·7H2O. Origin Epsom salt was originally prepared by boiling down mineral waters at Epsom, England and afterwards prepared from sea water. ... Tetrachloroethylene Cl2C=CCl2 is a manufactured chemical compound that is widely used for the dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. ...

Pathology

Most individuals with hookworm infection are asymptomatic (without symptoms). Generally, very high loads of the parasite coupled with poor nutrition (inadequate intake of protein and iron) eventually lead to anemia.

The disease was linked to nematode worms (Ankylostoma duodenalis) from one-third to half an inch long in the intestine chiefly through the labours of Theodor Bilharz and Griesinger in Egypt (1854). Theodor Bilharz (March 23, 1825 – May 9, 1862) was a German physician and an important pioneer in the field of parasitology. ...

The symptoms can be linked to inflammation in the gut stimulated by feeding hookworms, such as nausea, abdominal pain and intermittent diarrhea, and to progressive anemia in prolonged disease: capricious appetite, pica (or dirt-eating), obstinate constipation followed by diarrhea, palpitations, thready pulse, coldness of the skin, pallor of the mucous membranes, fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath and in cases running a fatal course, dysentery, haemorrhages and oedema. Pica is an appetite for non-nutritive substances (e. ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths... A palpitation is an abnormal, rapid beating of the heart, brought on by overexertion, disease or drugs. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Bleeding. ... Edema (BE: oedema, formerly known as dropsy) is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess fluid. ...

Blood tests in early infection often show a rise in numbers of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that is preferentially stimulated by worm infections in tissues (large numbers of eosinophils are also present in the local inflammatory response). Falling blood hemoglobin levels will be seen in cases of prolonged infection with anemia.

In contrast to most intestinal helminthiases, where the heaviest parasitic loads tend to occur in children, hookworm prevalence and intensity can be higher among adult males. The explanation for this is that hookworm infection tends to be occupational, so that plantation workers, coalminers and other groups maintain a high prevalence of infection among themselves by contaminating their work environment. However, in most endemic areas, adult women are the most severely affected by anemia, mainly because they have much higher physiological needs for iron (menstruation, repeated pregnancy), but also because customarily they have access to much poorer food than the men. In some communities, it is also these women who are most heavily exposed occupationally to hookworm, e.g. in rubber plantations, where women do the latex-tapping, working barefoot, and without latrines. Helminthiasis is a disease in which a part of the body is infested with worms such as tapeworm or roundworm. ...

An interesting consequence of this in the case of Ancylostoma duodenale infection is translactational transmission of infection: the skin-invasive larvae of this species do not all immediately pass through the lungs and on into the gut, but spread around the body via the circulation, to become dormant inside muscle fibers. In a pregnant woman, after childbirth some or all of these larvae are stimulated to re-enter the circulation (presumably by sudden hormonal changes), then to pass into the mammary glands, so that the newborn baby can receive a large dose of infective larvae through its mother's milk. This accounts for otherwise inexplicable cases of very heavy, even fatal, hookworm infections in children a month or so of age, in places such as China, India and northern Australia. (An identical phenomenon is much more commonly seen with Ancylostoma caninum infections in dogs, where the newborn pups can even die of hemorrhaging from their intestines caused by massive numbers of feeding hookworms. This also reflects the close evolutionary link between the human and canine parasites, which probably have a common ancestor dating back to when humans and dogs first started living closely together.)

Hookworm in therapy

Main article: Helminthic therapy

Moderate hookworm infections have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on hosts suffering from diseases linked to overactive immune systems. This is possibly explained by the hygiene hypothesis^{[citation needed]}. Research at the University of Nottingham conducted in Ethiopia has demonstrated that people with hookworm infections are half as likely to experience asthma^[1] or hay fever.^[2] It may also help sufferers of multiple sclerosis^[3], Crohn's Disease^[4] and diabetes.^[5] Helminthic therapy is currently considered one of the most promising alternative treatments for Crohns disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Asthma and Ulcerative colitis. ... In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis says that an excessively hygienic environment in early childhood may predispose some people towards asthma, allergies, and other autoimmune diseases. ... The University of Nottingham is a leading research and teaching university in the city of Nottingham, in the East Midlands of England. ... For the play, see Hay Fever. ... Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining between). ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...

Hookworm therapy to treat a number of these diseases is currently in the trial stage at the University.^[5] Also, some Westerners have independently infected themselves with hookworms and reported positive results.^[6]

Life cycle

Hookworm life cycle

See the image for the biological life cycle of the hookworms where it thrives in warm earth where temperatures are over 18°C. They exist primarily in sandy or loamy soil and cannot live in clay or muck. Rainfall averages must be more than 1000 mm (40 inches) a year. Only if these conditions exist can the eggs hatch. Infective larvae of Necator americanus can survive at higher temperatures, whereas those of Ancylostoma duodenale are better adapted to cooler climates. Generally, they live for only a few weeks at most under natural conditions, and die almost immediately on exposure to direct sunlight or desiccation. Once in the host gut, Necator tends to cause a prolonged infection, as some adult worms have been recorded to live for 15 years or more. On the other hand, Ancylostoma adults are shortlived, surviving on average for only about 6 months. However, infection can be prolonged because dormant larvae can be "recruited" sequentially from tissue "stores" (see Pathology, above) over many years, to replace expired adult worms. This can give rise to seasonal fluctuations in infection prevalence and intensity (apart from normal seasonal variations in transmission). Image File history File links hookworm lifecycle source: centre for disease control. ... Image File history File links hookworm lifecycle source: centre for disease control. ... A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ... A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ... For other uses, see Sand (disambiguation). ... Loam is soil composed of a relatively even mixture of three mineral particle size groups: sand, silt, and clay. ... For other uses, see Clay (disambiguation). ... In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...

Civilian Public Service workers built and installed 2065 privies for hookworm eradication in Mississippi and Florida from 1943 to 1947.

Because it takes 5-7 weeks for adult worms to mature, mate and produce eggs, in the early stages of very heavy infection, acute symptoms might occur without any eggs being detected in the patient's feces. This can make diagnosis very difficult. Image File history File links CPS141privydigging. ... Image File history File links CPS141privydigging. ... Civilian Public Service (CPS) provided conscientious objectors in the United States an alternative to military service during World War II. From 1941 to 1947 nearly 12,000 draftees, unwilling to do any type of military service, performed work of national importance in 152 CPS camps throughout the United States and... Privies were a kind of toilet that you sat over but didnt have a flush, or sewer attached, during the middle ages. ...

Prevention

The infective larvae develop and survive in an environment of damp dirt, particularly sandy and loamy soil. They cannot survive in clay or muck. The main lines of precaution are those dictated by sanitary science:

• Prevent skin/soil contact: do not walk barefoot
• Do not defecate outside latrines, toilets etc.
• Do not use human excrement or raw sewage as manure/fertilizer in agriculture
• Worm pet dogs — canine and feline hookworms rarely develop to adulthood in humans (Ancylostoma caninum, the common dog hookworm, occasionally develops into an adult to cause eosinophilic enteritis in people), but their invasive larvae can cause an itchy rash called cutaneous larva migrans.

Moxidectin has been released in the United States as part of Advantage Multi™ (imidacloprid + moxidectin) Topical Solution for dogs and cats. It utilizes moxidectin for control and prevention of roundworms, hookworms, heartworms, and whipworms. Walking barefoot Going barefoot means not wearing shoes, socks, or other foot covering. ... Anatomy of the anus and rectum Defecation is the act or process by which organisms eliminate solid or semisolid waste material (feces) from the digestive tract via the anus. ... Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. ... First described by Kaijser in 1937 [1] [2] eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a rare and heterogenous condition characterized by patchy or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of gastrointestinal (GI) tissue. ... Cutaneous larva migrans is a skin disease in humans are caused by a parasitic larvae called Ancylostoma braziliense. ...

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, many Mississippians were plagued by hookworms. They did not have indoor plumbing or proper sanitation facilities. As a result, hookworms, spread by fecal contamination of the environment, were very prevalent (as well as other diseases caused by lack of sanitation). // Invention of the Jacquard loom in 1801. ... This article is about the decade starting in 1900 and ending in 1909. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 32nd 125,443 km² 275 km 545 km 3 30°13N to 35°N 88°7W to 91°41W Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 31st 2,697,243 23. ... A domestic water system is a system within a building, generally a house or a business, that provides water, provides ways to use water, and provides means of removing waste water. ...

Diagnosis

Hookworm egg

There are no specific symptoms or signs of hookworm infection. As mentioned above, they arise from a combination of intestinal inflammation and progressive iron/protein-deficiency anemia. Larval invasion of the skin might give rise to intense, local itching, usually on the foot or lower leg, which can be followed by lesions that look like insect bites, can blister ("ground itch"), and last for a week or more. Coughing, chest pain, wheezing, and fever will sometimes be experienced by people who have been exposed to very large numbers of larvae. Epigastric pains, indigestion, nausea vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea can occur early or in later stages as well, although gastrointestional symptoms tend to improve with time. Signs of advanced severe infection are those of anemia and protein deficiency, including emaciation, cardiac failure and abdominal distension with ascites. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1382x1024, 133 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hookworm Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1382x1024, 133 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hookworm Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Emesis redirects here. ... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths...

Diagnosis depends on finding characteristic worm eggs on microscopic examination of the stools, although this is not possible in early infection. As the eggs of both Ancylostoma and Necator (and most other hookworm species) are indistinguishable, to identify the genus, they must be cultured in the lab to allow larvae to hatch out. If the fecal sample is left for a day or more under tropical conditions, the larvae will have hatched out, so eggs might no longer be evident. In such a case, it is essential to distinguish hookworms from Strongyloides larvae, as infection with the latter has more serious implications and requires different management. The larvae of the two hookworm species can also be distinguished microscopically, although this would not be done routinely, but usually for research purposes. Adult worms are rarely seen (except via endoscopy, surgery or autopsy), but if found, would allow definitive identification of the species. Binomial name Strongyloides stercoralis Bavay, 1876 Strongyloides stercoralis is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the disease of strongyloidiasis. ...

Treatment

The hookworm can be treated with local cryotherapy when it is still in the skin. Cryotherapy is used to define several techniques and procedures in the medical community. ...

Albendazole is effective both in the intestinal stage and during the stage the parasite is still migrating under the skin. Albendazole marketed as Albenza or Zentel, is indicated for the treatment of a variety of work infestations. ...

In case of anemia, iron supplementation can cause relief symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. However, as red blood cell levels are restored, shortage of other essentials such as folic acid or vitamin B12 may develop, so this might also be supplemented. For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and the most common cause of microcytic anemia. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Cobalamin or vitamin B12 is a chemical compound that is also known as cyanocobalamine. ...

Quick Facts

Albendazole marketed as Albenza or Zentel, is indicated for the treatment of a variety of work infestations. ... This article is about a pharmaceutical drug, for the automobile brand abbreviated as MBZ, see Mercedes-Benz Mebendazole (brand name Ovex®, Vermox®, Antiox® or Pripsen®) is a drug commonly used to combat pinworms, roundworms and hookworms. ... Morula is a stage of embryonic development in animals, including the 16-cell phase, the 32-cell phase, and the 64-cell phase. ...

See also

• Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption)

Cutaneous larva migrans is a skin disease in humans are caused by a parasitic larvae called Ancylostoma braziliense. ...

Notes

References

Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• Moxidectin Facts, Usage, and Safety Information
• CDC Department of Parasitic Diseases images of the hookworm life cycle
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/factsht_hookworm.htm
• Personal MD, more hookworm info
• Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative
• http://archive.rockefeller.edu/feature/hookworm.php
• http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature31/hookworm.html
• http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTX026496.html
• How to cure your asthma or hayfever using hookworm - a practical guide
• Amateur photographs of a hookworm infection