Horatio Gates

Horatio Lloyd Gates (1727–1806) was an American general during the Revolutionary War. He is usually credited with the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga (though he never appeared on the battlefield and it was in fact Benedict Arnold who headed the attack and retreated only when he was shot in the leg) and blamed for the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Camden. 1881 Young Peoples Cyclopedia of Persons and Places This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... 1881 Young Peoples Cyclopedia of Persons and Places This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Events 1727 to 1800 - Lt. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about military actions only. ... Combatants British 9th/Hill, 20th/Lynd, 21st/ Hamilton, 62nd/Ansthruter, Simon Fraser Brunswick Major Generals V. Riedesel, 1st Brigade (Brunswickers) Brig. ... For other persons named Benedict Arnold, see Benedict Arnold (disambiguation). ... Combatants Britain United States Commanders Charles Cornwallis Horatio Gates Johann de Kalb† Strength 2,239 3,052 Casualties 68 killed 245 wounded 64 missing 1,000 killed or wounded 1,000 captured 132 missing The Battle of Camden was an important battle in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary...

Early career

Gates was born in Maldon, Essex, England. He received a lieutenant's commission in the British Army in 1745. He served with the 20th Foot in Germany during the War of the Austrian Succession, and later was promoted to captain in the 45th Foot in 1750. He sold his commission in 1754 and purchased a captaincy in the New York provincial troops. Not to be confused with Malden. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ... An officer is a member of a military, naval, or if applicable, other uniformed services who holds a position of responsibility. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The Lancashire Fusiliers was a British infantry regiment that was amalgamated with other Fusilier regiments in 1968 to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. ... Combatants Prussia France Spain Bavaria Naples and Sicily Sweden (1741 — 1743) Austria Great Britain Hanover Dutch Republic Saxony Kingdom of Sardinia Russia Commanders Frederick II Leopold I Leopold II Maurice de Saxe François-Marie de Broglie Charles VII Charles Emil Lewenhaupt Ludwig Khevenhüller Charles Alexander George II Charles... The 45th Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot was a British Army line infantry regiment. ... This article is about the state. ...

During the French and Indian War, Gates served under General Edward Braddock in America. In 1755 he accompanied the ill-fated Braddock Expedition in its attempt to control access to the Ohio Valley. This force included other future Revolutionary War leaders such as Thomas Gage, Charles Lee, Daniel Morgan, and George Washington. In 1762 he returned to the 45th Foot as a Major. Gates later served in the West Indies and participated in the capture of Martinique. Combatants France First Nations allies: Algonquin Lenape Wyandot Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Great Britain American Colonies Iroquois Confederacy Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) Casualties 3,000 killed, wounded or captured 10,040 killed, wounded or captured The French and... General Edward Braddock General Edward Braddock (1695? – July 13, 1755) was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War. ... Combatants France Indian Tribes Britain Commanders Liénard de Beaujeu † Jean-Daniel Dumas Charles de Langlade Edward Braddock † Strength 105 regulars 147 militia 600 natives 1,459 regulars and militia Casualties 23 killed 20 wounded 456 killed 521 wounded The Braddock expedition (also called Braddocks campaign) was a failed... View of Pittsburgh, the largest metropolitan area on the Ohio River, where the Allegheny River (left) and the Monongahela River (right) join at Point State Park to form the Ohio River Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... Sir Thomas Gage (1719 – April 2, 1787) was a British general and commander in chief of the North American forces from 1763 to 1775 during the early days of the American Revolution. ... Charles Lee Charles Lee (February 6, 1732 – October 2, 1782) was a British soldier turned Virginia planter who was a Major General of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. ... Daniel Morgan (July 6, 1736 – July 6, 1802) was an American pioneer, soldier, and United States Representative from Virginia. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

In October of 1754, Gates married Elizabeth Phillips and had a son, Robert, in 1758 . Gates' military career stalled, as advancement in the British army required money or influence. He sold his commission major in 1769 and emigrated to America, settling on a modest plantation in Virginia. 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about crop plantations. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Revolutionary War

When the word of the revolution reached Gates in late May 1775, he rushed to Mount Vernon and offered his services to George Washington. In June, the Congress began organizing the Continental Army. In accepting command, Washington urged the appointment of Gates as adjutant of the army. On June 17, 1775, Congress commissioned Horatio as a Brigadier General and Adjutant General of the Continental Army. Back of the main house. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... The Continental Congress was the first national government of the United States. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... An adjutant general is the chief administrative officer to a military general. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ...

Gates' previous wartime service as adjutant was invaluable to the fledgling army, as he and Charles Lee were the only men with significant experience in the British regular army. As adjutant Horatio Gates created the army's system of records and orders, and helped with the standardization of regiments from the various colonies. Charles Lee Charles Lee (February 6, 1732 – October 2, 1782) was a British soldier turned Virginia planter who was a Major General of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. ...

While his administrative skills were valuable, Gates longed for a field command. By June 1776, he had been promoted to Major General and given command of the Canadian Department to replace John Sullivan. Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... The overall Continental Army of the American Revolutionary War was organized into six departments for command and administrative purposes. ... John Sullivan (b. ...

Field commander: Saratoga and the northern theater

Gates' results in command were much less satisfactory than his term as adjutant. He never got to command the Canadian Department, since the American Invasion of Canada had been abandoned before his arrival. He wound up as an assistant to General Schuyler in the Northern Department. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Philip Schuyler Philip John Schuyler (November 10, 1733 – November 18, 1804) was a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. ...

Though his troops were with Washington at the Battle of Trenton, Gates was not. Always an advocate of defensive action, Gates argued to Washington that, rather than attack, Washington should retreat farther. When Washington dismissed this advice, Gates used a purported illness as an excuse not to join the nighttime attack. Gates had always been of the opinion that he, not Washington, should command the Continental army, an opinion supported by several rich and prominent New England delegates to the Continental Congress. By December, Gates was actively lobbying Congress for the appointment. Washington's stunning successes at the Battles of Trenton and Princeton left no doubt who should be commander-in-chief. Gates was sent back north with orders to assist Schuyler in New York. But in 1777, Congress blamed Schuyler and St. Clair for the loss of Fort Ticonderoga, though Gates had exercised a lengthy command in the region, and finally gave Gates command of the Northern Department on August 4th. This article is about the state. ... Year 1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Portrait of St. ... Fort Ticonderoga is a large 18th century fort built at a strategically important narrows in Lake Champlain where a short traverse gives access to the north end of Lake George in the state of New York, USA. The fort controlled both commonly used trade routes between the English-controlled Hudson... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Gates assumed command on August 19, just in time for the defeat of British General Burgoyne's invasion at the Battle of Saratoga. While Gates and his supporters sought to place the credit for the victory and Burgoyne's surrender with Gates, the actual military actions were directed by field commanders such as Benedict Arnold, Enoch Poor, Benjamin Lincoln, and Daniel Morgan. John Stark's defeat of a sizable British raiding force at the Battle of Bennington (Stark's forces killed or captured over 900 British soldiers) was also a substantial factor in the victory. is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General John Burgoyne (February 24, 1722 – August 4, 1792) was a British army officer, politician and dramatist. ... Combatants British 9th/Hill, 20th/Lynd, 21st/ Hamilton, 62nd/Ansthruter, Simon Fraser Brunswick Major Generals V. Riedesel, 1st Brigade (Brunswickers) Brig. ... For other persons named Benedict Arnold, see Benedict Arnold (disambiguation). ... Enoch Poor (June 21, 1736 – September 8, 1780) was a Brigadier General in the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. ... Benjamin Lincoln (1733–1810) was a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. ... Daniel Morgan (July 6, 1736 – July 6, 1802) was an American pioneer, soldier, and United States Representative from Virginia. ...

Gates attempted to maximize the political return on the victory, particularly since George Washington was having no present successes with the main army. In fact, Gates insulted Washington by sending reports direct to Congress instead of to Washington, his superior officer. At the behest of Gates' friends and delegates from New England, Congress named Gates to head the Board of War, a post he took while keeping his field command - an unprecedented conflict of interest. Again, through the efforts of Gates and his friends in Congress, Congress at this time briefly considered replacing Washington as commander-in-chief with Gates. The failure of the Conway Cabal ended the political maneuvering. Gates resigned from the Board of War, and took an assignment as commander of the Eastern Department in November of 1778. The Conway Cabal refers to a conspiracy in late 1777 and 1778 designed to remove George Washington as commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. ...

Field commander: Camden and the southern theater

In May of 1780, news of the fall of Charles Town, South Carolina, and the capture of General Benjamin Lincoln's southern army reached Congress. They voted to place Gates in command of the Southern Department. He learned of his new command at his home near modern Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and headed south to assume command of remaining Continental forces near the Deep River in North Carolina of July 25, 1780. 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Charleston is an American city located in Charleston County, South Carolina. ... Benjamin Lincoln (1733–1810) was a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. ... Shepherdstown is a town in Jefferson County, West Virginia, USA. The population was 803 at the 2000 census. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Gates led his Continental forces and militia south, to their stand-up fight with British general Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Camden on August 16, where he was overwhelmingly defeated. Gates' only notable accomplishment in the unsuccessful campaign was to cover 170 miles in three days on horseback, headed north. His bitter disappointment was compounded by the news of his son Robert's death in combat in October. Nathanael Greene replaced Gates as commander on December 3, and he returned home to Virginia. Because of the debacle at Camden, Congress passed a resolution requiring a board of inquiry (prelude to a court martial) to look into Gates' conduct in that affair. Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (December 31, 1738-October 5, British general and colonial governor. ... Combatants Britain United States Commanders Charles Cornwallis Horatio Gates Johann de Kalb† Strength 2,239 3,052 Casualties 68 killed 245 wounded 64 missing 1,000 killed or wounded 1,000 captured 132 missing The Battle of Camden was an important battle in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles Willson Peale painted a portrait of General Greene from life in 1783, which was then copied several times by C.W. Peale and his son, Rembrandt Peale. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Staff service and Newburgh

Always one to support a court martial of other officers (particularly those with whom he was in competition for advancement - Arnold, for one), Gates vehemently opposed the court of inquiry into his conduct of the Battle of Camden. While he was never placed in field command again, Gates' New England supporters in Congress again came to his aid in 1782, when Congress repealed its resolution requiring a board of inquiry into the Camden disaster. Gates then rejoined Washington's staff at Newburgh, New York. Rumors implicated some of his aides in the Newburgh conspiracy of 1783 . Gates may have agreed to involve himself, though this remains unclear. Newburgh is both a city and a town in Orange County, New York. ... The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years. ...

After the war

Gates' wife Elizabeth died in the summer of 1783. Gates retired in 1784 and again returned to Virginia. He served as the president of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati, and worked to rebuild his life. He proposed marriage to Janet Montgomery, the widow of General Richard Montgomery, but she refused. In 1786 he married Mary Vallance, a wealthy widow. Seal of the Society of the Cincinnati The General Society of the Cincinnati is a historic association in the United States and France with limited and strict membership requirements. ... An engraving depicting the death of General Montgomery at the Battle of Quebec. ...

Gates sold his Virginia estate and freed his slaves at the urging of his friend John Adams. The aging couple retired to an estate on northern Manhattan Island. His later support for Jefferson's presidential candidacy ended his friendship with Adams. Gates and his wife remained active in New York City's society, and he was elected to a single term in the New York state legislature in 1800 . He died on April 10, 1806, and was buried in Trinity Church's graveyard on Wall Street, though the current location of his grave is unknown. For other persons named John Adams, see John Adams (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... This article is about the state. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ...

Gallery

Fresco in Senate corridor in U.S. Capitol, Horatio Gates. Image File history File links Fresco_in_Senate_corridor_in_U.S._Capitol. ...	Horatio Gates Esqr., major general of the American forces. 1778. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1044x1536, 146 KB) Horatio Gates Esqr. ...	The honble. Horatio Gates, major general of the American forces. 1780. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (830x1446, 240 KB) The honble. ...	The honle. Horatio Gates, Esqr., major general in the American Army 1781. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (928x1414, 304 KB) The honle. ...
Horatio Gates / drawn from the life by Du Simitier in Philadelphia 1781. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1124x1536, 266 KB) Horatio Gates / drawn from the life by Du Simitier in Philadelphia ; engraved by B.L. Prevost at Paris. ...	General Gates 1782. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 457 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (780 × 1024 pixel, file size: 571 KB, MIME type: image/png) Quelle: http://memory. ...	1. General George Washington 2. General Horatio Gates 3. Dr. [[Benjamin Franklin]] 4. Präsid Henry Laurens 5. John Paul Jones. 1784. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (897x1536, 249 KB) 1. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Henry Laurens Henry Laurens (1724–1792) was an American merchant and rice planter from South Carolina who became a political leader during the Revolutionary War. ... John Paul Jones (July 11, 1747–July 18, 1792) was Americas first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary War. ...

References

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