Hornet
European hornet, Vespa crabro
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Suborder: Apocrita Family: Vespidae Subfamily: Vespinae Genus: Vespa Linnaeus, 1758

Hornets are the largest eusocial wasps, reaching up to 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) in length. The true hornets make up the genus Vespa, and are distinguished from other vespines by the width of the vertex (part of the head behind the eyes), which is proportionally larger in Vespa; and by the anteriorly rounded gasters (the section of the abdomen behind the wasp waist). See wasp and bee characteristics to help identify an insect. from German Wikipedia I cant find it on the German Wiki. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - Trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - Spiders, Scorpions, etc. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets... Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ... Superfamilies Apoidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Chrysidoidea Cynipoidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea Megalyroidea Proctotrupoidea Sphecoidea Stephanoidea Triganalyoidea Vespoidea Many families, see article Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. ... Genera The vespids are a family of wasps, including all social wasps and some solitary wasps. ... Vespinae is a subfamily in the family Vespidae, order Hymenoptera. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1763) Dolichovespula maculata is a North American insect which, despite commonly being called the Bald-faced hornet (or White-faced hornet), is not a true hornet at all. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Binomial name Abispa ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) The Australian hornet (Abispa ephippium, also known as the potter wasp or mason wasp) is a vespid insect native to the New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia states of Australia. ... Look up Hornet and hornet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Meat Eater ant colony swarming Fire ants Eusociality is the phenomenon of reproductive specialization found in some animals. ... For other uses, see Wasp (disambiguation). ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... Vespine Of, relating to, or resembling a wasp. ... In arthropod and vertebrate anatomy, the vertex (or cranial vertex) refers to the upper surface of the head. ... In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... Theodor Herzl Gaster (1906 - 1992) was an American Biblical scholar known for work on comparative religion, mythology and the history of religions. ... The abdomen is a part of the body. ... While easily confusable at a distance or without close observation, there are many different characteristics of bees and wasps which can be used to identify them. ...

Geographical distribution

The genus Vespa comprises about 20 species, most of which are native to tropical Asia, but there is a species found across temperate Eurasia from Britain to Japan, the European hornet (V. crabro), and another, Oriental hornet (V. orientalis), that extends via southern and central Asia to the Arabian peninsula, up to northern and eastern Africa and the Mediterranean basin (including southern Italy and Sicily). Another occurs in temperate eastern Asia, Yellow hornet (V. simillima), and some tropical species also range as far north as China, Siberia, or Japan. The Asian giant hornet (V. mandarinia) is a native of temperate and tropical Asia. The European hornet V. crabro, has been accidentally introduced to North America and is present in many eastern regions. The hierarchy of scientific classification. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Eurasia Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is an immense landmass covering about 54,000,000 km² (or about 10. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 Also see hornet, and European hornet . ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), the worlds largest hornet, is a native to the mountains of Japan. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

Life cycle

The structure of the nest

In Vespa crabro, the nest is founded in spring by a fertilized female, known as the queen. She generally selects sheltered places like hollow tree trunks. She builds a first series of cells (up to 50) out of chewed tree bark. The cells are arranged in horizontal layers named combs, each cell being vertical and closed at the top. An egg is then laid in each cell. After 5-8 days it hatches, and in the next two weeks the larva undergoes its five stages. During this time the queen feeds it a protein-rich diet of insects. Then the larva spins a silk cap over the cell's opening, and during the next two weeks transforms into an adult, a process called metamorphosis. Then the adult eats her way through the silk cap. This first generation of workers, invariably females, will now gradually undertake all the tasks that were formerly carried out by the queen (foraging, nest building, taking care of the brood, etc) with one exception: egg-laying, which remains exclusive to the queen. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 1725 KB) empty paper wasp nest seen from below - - own picture File links The following pages link to this file: Hornet Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 1725 KB) empty paper wasp nest seen from below - - own picture File links The following pages link to this file: Hornet Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... A Pieris rapae larva An older Pieris rapae larva A Pieris rapae pupa A Pieris rapae adult Metamorphosis is a process in biology by which an individual physically develops after birth or hatching, and involves significant change in form as well as growth and differentiation. ... Foraging just means looking for food (or, metaphorically, anything else). ... Recently hatched honeybee larvae are feeding on royal jelly for three days. ...

Life history

As the colony size grows, new combs are added, and an envelope is built around the cell layers, until the nest is entirely covered, with the exception of an entry hole. At the peak of its population the colony can reach a size of 700 workers. This occurs in late summer. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixelsFull resolution (990 × 642 pixel, file size: 323 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hornet ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixelsFull resolution (990 × 642 pixel, file size: 323 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hornet ...

At this time the queen starts producing the first reproductive individuals. Fertilized eggs develop into females (called "gynes" by entomologists), unfertilized ones into males (sometimes called "drones"). Adult males do not participate in nest maintenance, foraging, or caretaking of the larvae. In early to mid-autumn they leave the nest and mate during "nuptial flights". Males die shortly after mating. The workers and queens survive at most until mid to late autumn; only the fertilized queens survive over winter. Gyne is the primary reproductive female caste of social insects (especially ants, wasps, and bees). ... Nuptial flight is an important phase in the reproduction of most ant species. ...

Other temperate species (e.g. the yellow hornet V. simillima or the Oriental hornet V. orientalis) have similar cycles. In the case of tropical species (e.g., V. tropica), life histories may well differ; and in species with both tropical and temperate distributions (such as the Asian giant hornet Vespa mandarinia), it is conceivable that the cycle depends on latitude. Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 For general information see hornet, and the related European hornet. ...

Ritualistic fighting of European hornets over more than 15 minutes - no injuries

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (521x700, 73 KB) en: Description: Hornets were fighting over 20 minutes, but no injuries de: Beschreibung: Hornissen beim Kommentkampf Source: picture taken by Frank Mikley on 2006-09-12 License: CC-BY-SA-2. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (521x700, 73 KB) en: Description: Hornets were fighting over 20 minutes, but no injuries de: Beschreibung: Hornissen beim Kommentkampf Source: picture taken by Frank Mikley on 2006-09-12 License: CC-BY-SA-2. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ...

Worker tasks

The workers accomplish a variety of tasks during the colony's lifetime. These include:

• Foraging. Workers feed mainly on carbohydrate-rich fluids such as tree sap. They also hunt other insects, primarily flies but also other species including smaller wasps and bees; they have been known to attack dragonflies. After subduing the prey, the hornet may discard all nutrient-poor parts such as the wings, legs, head, and/or abdomen. This leaves only the thorax with the protein-rich flight muscles, which constitutes the main food of the larvae. On hot days, workers will bring water to the nest and deposit it on the envelope, thus cooling the interior.
• Expanding and rearranging the nest. This includes building new combs and new cells.
• Feeding the larvae. On returning back to the nest, masticated prey flesh is fed to the larvae, which have higher protein needs (for growth) than the workers, since they no longer grow. The larvae, in turn, produce a nutrient fluid, rich in amino acids, which is consumed by the adults, especially the queen.

Suborders Nematocera (includes Eudiptera) Brachycera Wikispecies has information related to: Diptera True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron = wing), possessing a single pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax. ... This article is about the insect. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ...

Stings

A Hornet's sting is harmful, but the sting toxicity varies greatly by hornet species. Some deliver just a typical insect sting, while others are among the most venomous known insects^[1]. Allergic reactions can occur. Depending on the severity, these may result in death.

European hornet sting

• in itself is not fatal (for those without an allergy).^[1]
• multiple stings (several hundred) may be fatal due to the amount of venom (similar to wasps and bees).^{[citation needed]}
• is similar to a wasp's.
• is less toxic than a bee sting.

A bee A bee sting strictly means a sting from a bee (honeybee, bumblebee, sweat bee etc). ...

Non-European hornet sting

• in itself is not fatal (for those without an allergy).^[1]
• multiple stings (a nest full) can be fatal due to highly toxic species-specific additions in the venom^[2].
• is more toxic than a wasp's or bee's sting
• Vespa mandarinia japonica is the most venomous known insect (per sting)^[1].

Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 For general information see hornet, and the related European hornet. ...

All hornet stings

• are an allergen for people with an allergy to wasp venom - they can suffer anaphylactic shock - a condition which can be fatal, and must be treated immediately (within a few minutes) in hospital, or before.
• the allergy (wasp allergy) is a separate allergy to bee sting allergy.
• contains less volume of venom than a bee sting.
• are primarily for killing insect prey.
• are not evolved to sting vertebrates / mammals - in contrast with a bee sting which is used for defending the nest against vertebrates/mammals (from taking honey).
• are slightly more painful than a typical wasp's due to a large amount - 5% - of acetylcholine ^[3]. See Schmidt Sting Pain Index ^[4].

As in all stinging wasps, hornets can sting multiple times - they do not die after stinging like a worker honey bee (honey bees actually survive when stinging other insects). They can also bite and sting at the same time. Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction. ... A bee A bee sting strictly means a sting from a bee (honeybee, bumblebee, sweat bee etc). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in... A bee A bee sting strictly means a sting from a bee (honeybee, bumblebee, sweat bee etc). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... Schmidt Sting Pain Index or The Justin O. Schmidt Pain Index was created by Justin O. Schmidt, an entomologist. ... The honeybee is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers. ...

Alarm escalation

Hornets, like many social wasps, can mobilize the entire nest to sting in defense. This situation is highly dangerous and must be avoided. The hornet alarm pheromone is used to raise alarm of nest attack, and to identify prey, for example bees ^[5]. It is not advised to kill a hornet anywhere near a nest, as the distress signal can trigger the entire nest to attack. Remove any materials - well away from hornets - that come in contact with pheromone, either on clothes, skin or dead prey or hornet. Perfumes, and other volatile chemicals can be falsely recognized as pheromone.

Pest status

Hornets and yellowjackets prey on many insects that are considered to be pests, so are actually beneficial. They do also prey on bees, but unlike honey bees, hornet and yellowjacket colonies die out every winter.

Actions to avoid

• Disturbing a nest (including vibrations and loud noises)
• Being within a few meters or yards of a nest
• Disturbing or killing a hornet within a few meters of a nest
• Blocking the path of a hornet
• Breathing on the nest or hornet
• Rapid air movements
• Never pour gasoline or petroleum down a nest hole. This is extremely hazardous and environmentally unsound.

Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

Hornets and other Vespidae

While taxonomically well-defined, there may be some ambiguity about the differences between hornets and other wasps of the family Vespidae, specifically the yellowjackets, which are members of the same subfamily. Yellowjackets are generally smaller than hornets and are bright yellow and black, whereas hornets may be darker in color - see wasp and bee characteristics. Genera The vespids are a family of wasps, including all social wasps and some solitary wasps. ... Yellowjacket or yellow-jacket is the common name in North America for wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. ... While easily confusable at a distance or without close observation, there are many different characteristics of bees and wasps which can be used to identify them. ...

Another major difference between yellowjackets and hornets are their food choices and aggression towards humans. In the fall, yellowjackets may be attracted to human foods and food wastes, increasing potentially aggressive contact between yellowjackets and humans. Hornets, on the other hand, tend to stick to live insects.

Some other large wasps are sometimes referred to as hornets, most notably the bald-faced hornet (Dolichovespula maculata) found in North America. It is set apart by its black and ivory coloration. The name "hornet" is used for this and related species primarily because of their habit of making aerial nests (similar to the true hornets) rather than subterranean nests. Another example is the Australian hornet (Abispa ephippium), which is actually a species of potter wasp. Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1763) Dolichovespula maculata is a North American insect which, despite commonly being called the Bald-faced hornet (or White-faced hornet), is not a true hornet at all. ... Binomial name Abispa ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) The Australian hornet (Abispa ephippium, also known as the potter wasp or mason wasp) is a vespid insect native to the New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia states of Australia. ... Genera many (>200) Potter wasps (or mason wasps)also known as Dirt daubers are cosmopolitan wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae, but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, Eumenidae. ...

Species

• V. aethale
• V. affinis
• V. analis
• V. auraria
• V. basalis
• V. bellicosa
• V. bicincta
• V. bicolor
• V. bilineata
• V. binhami
• V. bipustulata
• V. capitata
• V. cayana
• V. chrysoptera
• V. chrysopteraarmata
• V. communis
• V. condigna
• V. conifera
• V. consimilis
• V. consobrina
• V. cordifera
• V. crabro
• V. crabroniformis
• V. crassipes
• V. cribriformis
• V. curvipes
• V. daedalea
• V. dentata
• V. diadema
• V. distincta
• V. ducalis
• V. dybowskii
• V. erythrycephala
• V. exotica
• V. ferruginata
• V. ferruginea
• V. fervida
• V. flavitarsus
• V. florisequa
• V. fluva
• V. fulvipes
• V. fumida
• V. fusus
• V. geniculata
• V. guttata
• V. hirsutissima
• V. horticola
• V. intersecta
• V. italica
• V. ligata
• V. longicornis
• V. luctuosa
• V. macrocephala
• V. magnifica
• V. mandarinia
• V. menstrua
• V. minima
• V. minuta
• V. mocsaryana
• V. mucronata
• V. multimaculata
• V. nigra Statz
• V. nigra Geoffroy
• V. ochropygos
• V. ochrosticta
• V. ocreata
• V. ordinata
• V. orientalis
• V. pacicephala
• V. petiolata
• V. philippinensis
• V. picipes
• V. pilosella
• V. pteropoda
• V. quadripunctata
• V. quinquefasciata Muller
• V. quinquefasciata Schrank
• V. scutellata
• V. sericea
• V. sessilis
• V. sexmaculata
• V. sexpustulata
• V. simillima
• V. sinuata
• V. soror
• V. sphaerogaster
• V. taenia
• V. tahitensis
• V. tenebricosa
• V. tesserazonia
• V. trizonata
• V. tropica
• V. unicolor
• V. usta
• V. velox
• V. velutina
• V. vivax
• V. xanthoptera

Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), the worlds largest hornet, is a native to the mountains of Japan. ... Binomial name Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 Also see hornet, and European hornet . ...

Notable species

• Asian giant hornet Vespa mandarinia
  • Vespa mandarinia japonica (sometimes known as Japanese giant hornet) - the largest wasp, and the most venomous known insect (per sting)^[1].
• Black-bellied hornet Vespa basalis
• European hornet Vespa crabro, (sometimes known as Giant Hornet, Old World Hornet, or Brown Hornet).
• Greater banded hornet Vespa tropica
• Japanese hornet Vespa xanthoptera (sometimes known as Japanese yellow hornet).
• Lesser banded hornet Vespa affinis
• Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis
• Yellow hornet Vespa simillima
• Yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina
• Vespa luctuosa the most lethal wasp venom (per volume)^[1].

Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 For general information see hornet, and the related European hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), the worlds largest hornet, is a native to the mountains of Japan. ... Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), the worlds largest hornet, is a native to the mountains of Japan. ... Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), the worlds largest hornet, is a native to the mountains of Japan. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852 The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), the worlds largest hornet, is a native to the mountains of Japan. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa crabro L., 1761 For main article see hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 The Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis looks very similar to the European hornet. ... Binomial name Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 Also see hornet, and European hornet . ...

See also

• Australian hornet
• Bald-faced hornet
• Bee-eater, predator
• Characteristics of common wasps and bees
• German wasp
• Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga
• Median wasp
• Paper wasp
• Pollen wasp
• Potter wasp
• Vespid
• Yellowjacket

Binomial name Abispa ephippium (Fabricius, 1775) The Australian hornet (Abispa ephippium, also known as the potter wasp or mason wasp) is a vespid insect native to the New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia states of Australia. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1763) Dolichovespula maculata is a North American insect which, despite commonly being called the Bald-faced hornet (or White-faced hornet), is not a true hornet at all. ... Genera Nyctyornis Meropogon Merops The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. ... While easily confusable at a distance or without close observation, there are many different characteristics of bees and wasps which can be used to identify them. ... Binomial name (Fabricius, 1793) The three dots on the German wasps face The German wasp, or European wasp, Vespula germanica, is a wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, native to Europe, northern Africa, and temperate Asia. ... Binomial name Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga is a parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider Plesiometa argyra. ... Binomial name Dolichovespula media Retzius 1783 The Median wasp, Dolichovespula media, is a wasp genus native to Europe. ... In this image of a female Polistes wasp tending to a nest, a long, black petiole, by which the nest is attached to the branch, is quite apparent. ... Genera Celonites Ceramius Quartinia Pseudomasaris >10 others Pollen wasps are unusual wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae, but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, Masaridae. ... Genera many (>200) Potter wasps (or mason wasps)also known as Dirt daubers are cosmopolitan wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae, but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, Eumenidae. ... Genera The vespids are a family of wasps, including all social wasps and some solitary wasps. ... Yellowjacket or yellow-jacket is the common name in North America for wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} J.O. Schmidt, S. Yamane, M. Matsuura, C.K. Starr (1986). "Hornet venoms: lethalities and lethal capacities.". Toxicon 24 (9): 950-4. 
2. ^ P. Barss (1989). "Renal failure and death after multiple stings in Papua New Guinea. Ecology, prevention and management of attacks by vespid wasps". Med J Aust. 151 (11-12): 659-63. 
3. ^ K. D. Bhoola, J. D. Calle, and M. Schachter (1961). "Identification of acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, and a new kinin in hornet venom (V. crabro)". J Physiol. 159 (1): 167–182. 
4. ^ Stung - How tiny little insects get us to do exactly as they wish.
5. ^ Volatile fragrance chemicals may attract unwanted attention from hornets and bees.

External links

Look up hornet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• European hornet protection site (in English, also available in French, German, Russian, Spanish and Swedish)
• Differences between Yellowjackets and HornetsPDF (218 KiB)
• Paper Wasps and Hornets
• Hornetboy's homepage
• Controlling Wasps, Hornets, and Yellowjackets
• Hornets & Yellowjackets
• Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for document exchange. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...