Parts of a Horse

The anatomy of the horse comes with a large number of horse specific terms. Download high resolution version (979x817, 87 KB)Scanned and modified engraving from 1882 book, now labels parts of horses body that have special names. ... Download high resolution version (979x817, 87 KB)Scanned and modified engraving from 1882 book, now labels parts of horses body that have special names. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ...

External anatomy

• back: the area where the saddle goes, begins at the end of the withers, extends to the last thoracic vertebrae. (Colloquially includes the loin or "coupling," though technically incorrect usage)
• barrel: the main body area of the horse, enclosing the rib cage and the major internal organs.
• cannon or cannon bone: The area between the knee or hock and the fetlock joint, sometimes called the "shin" of the horse, though technically it is the metacarpal III.
• chestnut: a callosity on the inside of each leg
• chin groove: the part of the horse's head behind the lower lip and chin. (the area that dips down slightly on the lower jaw). Area where the curb chain of certain bits is fastened.
• coupling: see "Loin" below.
• coronet or coronary band: The ring of soft tissue just above the horny hoof that blends into the skin of the leg.
• crest: the upper portion of the neck where the mane grows.
• croup: the topline of the horse's hindquarters, beginning at the hip, extending proximate to the sacral vertebrae and stopping at the dock of the tail (where the coccygeal vertebrae begin).
• dock: the point where the tail connects to the rear of the horse.
• elbow: The joint of the front leg at the point where the belly of the horse meets the leg. Homologous to the elbow in humans.
• fetlock: Sometimes (incorrectly) called the "ankle" of the horse, though it is not the same skeletal structure as an ankle in humans. Known to anatomists as the metacarpophalangeal joint; homologous to the "ball" of the foot or the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers in humans.
• flank: Where the hind legs and the barrel of the horse meet, specifically the area right behind the rib cage and in front of the stifle joint.
• forearm: the area of the front leg above the knee. Consists of the fused radius and ulna, and all the tissue around these bones. Anatomically the antebrachium.
• forelock: the continuation of the mane, which hangs from between the ears down onto the forehead of the horse.
• frog: the highly elastic wedge-shaped mass on the underside of the hoof, which normally makes contact with the ground every stride, supports both the locomotion and circulation of the horse.
• gaskin: the large muscle on the hind leg, just above the hock, below the stifle. Homologous to the calf of a human.
• girth' or heartgirth: the area right behind the elbow of the horse, where the girth of the saddle would go, this area should be where the barrel is at its greatest diameter in a properly-conditioned horse that is not pregnant or obese.
• hindquarters: the large, muscular area of the hind legs, above the stifle and behind the barrel of the horse.
• hock: The tarsus of the horse (hindlimb equivalent to the human ankle and heel), the large joint on the hind leg.
• hoof: The foot of the horse. The hoof wall is the tough outside covering of the hoof that comes into contact with the ground. The hoof wall is, in many respects, a much larger and stronger version of the human fingernail.
• jugular groove: the line of indentation on the lower portion of the neck, can be seen from either side, just above the windpipe. Beneath this area run the jugular vein, the carotid artery and part of the sympathetic trunk.
• knee: the carpus of the horse (equivalent to the human wrist), the large joint in the front legs, above the cannon bone
• loin: the area right behind the saddle, going from the last rib of the horse to the croup. Anatomically approximate to the lumbar spine.
• mane: long and relatively coarse hair growing from the dorsal ridge of the neck, lying on either the left or right side of the neck).
• muzzle: the chin, mouth, and nostrils of the horse's face.
• pastern: The connection between the coronet and the fetlock. Made up of the middle and proximal phalanx.
• poll: commonly refers to the poll joint at the beginning of the horse's neck, immediately behind the ears, a slight depression at the joint where the atlas (C1) meets the occipital crest. Anatomically, the occipital crest itself is the "poll."
• splints: bones found on each of the legs, on either side of the cannon bone (8 total). Thought to be vestigages, serve no known purpose to the horse. Anatomically referred to as Metacarpals II (on the medial aspect (inside)) and IV (on the lateral aspect (outside)).
• shoulder: made up of the scapula and associated muscles. Runs from the withers to the point of shoulder (the joint at the front of the chest, i.e. the glenoid). The angle of the shoulder has a great affect on the horse's movement and jumping ability, and is an important aspect of equine conformation.
• stifle: The patella, corresponds to the kneecap of a human.
• tail: consists of both the living part of the tail (which consists of the coccygeal vertebrae, muscules, and ligaments), as well as the long hairs which grow from the living part
• throatlatch: The point at which the windpipe meets the head at the underside of the jaw.
• withers: the highest point of the thoracic vertebrae, the point just above the tops of the shoulder blades. Seen best with horse standing square and head slightly lowered. The height of the horse is measured at the withers in "hands."

A horses back The back describes the area of horse anatomy where the saddle goes, and in popular usage extends to include the loin or lumbar region behind the thoracic vertebrae that also is crucial to a horses weight-carying ability. ... The withers is the highest point on an animals back, on the ridge between its shoulder blades. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... A curb chain is used on curb bits when riding a horse. ... The horse hoof is the distal phalanx of the III digit of the four limbs of Equus species, and it is covered by complex horny structures. ... Sacrum, pelvic surface The sacrum (os sacrum) is a large, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. ... The coccyx is formed of four fused vertebrae. ... Homology is an important concept in several disciplines: Homology (anthropology) in archaeology and anthropology. ... For a review of anatomical terms, see Anatomical position and Anatomical terms of location. ... This article is about an authentication, authorization, and accounting protocol. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ... The frog is triangular in shape. ... The horse hoof is the distal phalanx of the III digit of the four limbs of Equus species, and it is covered by complex horny structures. ... A dressage girth is buckled lower on the belly. ... The hock is the tarsal joint of a digitigrade quadruped, such as a horse or dog. ... FIG. 268– Bones of the right foot. ... The horse hoof is the distal phalanx of the III digit of the four limbs of Equus species, and it is covered by complex horny structures. ... The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. ... In human anatomy, the carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. ... The sympathetic trunk (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) is a bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the skull to the coccyx. ... This article is about Carpal bones. ... A typical lumbar vertebra The lumbar vertebrae are the largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column, and can be distinguished by the absence of a foramen (hole) in the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. ... The mane runs from the withers to the poll. ... The poll is a name of the part of the horses head, right between the ears. ... The occipital bone [Fig. ... A vestigial organ is an organ whose original function has been lost during evolution. ... The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the fingers distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. ... Human anatomical terms make up a distinct nomenclature to describe areas of the body, to provide orientation when describing parts of human anatomy,[1] and to distinguish different movements of the body. ... Human anatomical terms make up a distinct nomenclature to describe areas of the body, to provide orientation when describing parts of human anatomy,[1] and to distinguish different movements of the body. ... Left scapula - front view () Left scapula - rear view () In anatomy, the scapula, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). ... Left scapula - front view () Left scapula - rear view () In anatomy, the scapula, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). ... Horse conformation refers to the correctness of a horses bone structure, musculature, and its body proportions in relation to each other. ... For other uses, see Patella (disambiguation). ... The withers is the highest point on an animals back, on the ridge between its shoulder blades. ... A hand is a unit of length measurement, usually based on the breadth of a male human hand and thus around 1 dm. ...

Digestive system

See also: Equine nutrition

Horses and other Equids evolved as grazing animals, adapted to eating small amounts of the same kind of food all day long. In the wild, the horse adapted to eating prairie grasses in semi-arid regions and traveling significant distances each day in order to obtain adequate nutrition.^[1] Therefore, the digestive system of a horse is about 100 feet (30 m) long, and most of this is intestines. Grass is a natural source of nutrition for a horse Equine nutrition refers to the feeding of horses, ponies, mules, donkeys and other equids. ... Grazing To feed on growing herbage, attached algae, or phytoplankton. ... For other uses, see Prairie (disambiguation). ...

The mouth

Digestion begins in the mouth, which is also called the "oral cavity." It is made up of the teeth, the hard palate, the soft palate, the tongue and related muscles, the cheeks and the lips. Horses also have three pairs of salivary glands, the parotid (largest salivary gland and located near the poll), submaxillary (located in the jaw), and sublingual (located under the tongue). Horses select pieces of forage and pick up finer foods, such as grain, with their sensitive, prehensile lips. The front teeth of the horse, called incisors, clip forage, and food is then pushed back in the mouth by the tongue, and ground up for swallowing by the premolars and molars. ^[2] For other uses, see Mouth (disambiguation). ... Forage is the herbaceous plant material (mainly grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing animals. ... The word grain has several meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. ... Prehensility is the quality of an organ that has adapted for grasping or holding. ... For other uses, see Lip (disambiguation). ... A view of the upper half of a horses mouth. ... Incisors (from Latin incidere, to cut) are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. ... Forage is the herbaceous plant material (mainly grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing animals. ... For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). ... The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. ... A molar is the fourth kind of tooth in mammals. ...

The esophagus

The esophagus is about 4-5 feet in length, and carries food to the stomach. A muscular ring, called the cardiac sphincter, connects the stomach to the esophagus. This sphincter is very well developed in horses. This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus connects to the stomach explains why horses cannot vomit.^[2] The esophagus is also the area of the digestive tract where horses may suffer from choke. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences), sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ... Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ... Choke is a condition in horses in which the esophagus is blocked, usually by food material. ...

The stomach

Horses have a relatively small stomach for their size, and this limits the amount of feed a horse can take in at one time. The average sized horse (800 to 1200 lb) has a stomach with a capacity of only four gallons, and works best when it contains about two gallons. Because the stomach empties when 2/3 full, whether stomach enzymes have completed their processing of the food or not, and doing so prevents full digestion and proper utilization of feed, continuous foraging or several small feedings per day are preferable to one or two large ones.^[2] The horse stomach consists of a non-glandular proximal region (saccus cecus), divided by a distinct border, the margo plicata, from the glandular distal stomach^[3]. In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ...

In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains.^[2] Other enzymes include resin and lipase. Additionally, the stomach absorbs some water, as well as ions and lipid soluble compounds. The end product is food broken down into chyme.^{[citation needed]} It then leaves the stomach through the pyloric valve, which controls the flow of food out of stomach.^{[citation needed]} Gastric juice is a strong acidic liquid, pH 1 to 3, which is close to being colourless. ... Pepsin is a digestive protease (EC 3. ... This article is about the class of chemicals. ... A computer-generated image of a type of pancreatic lipase (PLRP2) from the guinea pig. ... Chyme, also known as Chymus is the liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. ... From Greek pylorus; pyl- = gate, -orus = guard. ...

The small intestine

The horse’s small intestine is 50 to 70 feet (21 m) long and holds 10 to 12 gallons. This is the major digestive organ, and where most nutrients are absorbed.^[4] It has three parts, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The majority of digestion occurs in the duodenum while the majority of absorption occurs in the jejunum. Bile from the liver aids in digesting fats in the duodenum combined with enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine . Horses do not have a gall bladder, so bile flows constantly. ^[2] Most food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, including proteins, simple carbohydrate, fats, and vitamines A, D, and E. Any remaining liquids and roughage move into the large intestine. In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. ... The gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...

The large intestine

Cecum

The cecum is the first section of the large intestine. It is also known as the "water gut" or "hind gut." It is a cul-de-sac pouch,^[4] about 4 feet (1.2 m) long that holds 7 to 8 gallons. It contains bacteria that digest cellulose plant fiber through fermentation.^[5] These bacteria feed upon digestive chyme, and also produce certain fat-soluble vitamins which are absorbed by the horse.^[2] The reason horses must have their diets changed slowly is so the bacteria in the cecum are able to modify and adapt to the different chemical structure of new feedstuffs.^[4] Too abrupt a change in diet can cause colic, as the new food is not properly digested. The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. ... The large intestine, an organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ... Fiber or fibre[1] is a class o f materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... Colic in horses is defined as abdominal pain, but is a clinical sign or a symptom rather than a diagnosis. ...

Colon

The large colon, small colon, and rectum make up the remainder of the large intestine. The large colon is 10-12 feet long and holds up to 20 gallons of semi-liquid matter. It is made up of the right lower (ventral) colon, the left lower (ventral) colon, the left upper (dorsal) colon, the right upper (dorsal) colon, and the transverse colon.^[2] Its main purpose it to absorb carbohydrates which were broken down from cellulose in the cecum. Due to its many twists and turns, it is a common place for a type of horse colic called an impaction.^[5][4] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... The large intestine, an organ which is now more commonly referred to by its Greek name, the colon, is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. ... Colic in horses is defined as abdominal pain, but is a clinical sign or a symptom rather than a diagnosis. ...

The small colon leads is 10-12 feet in length and holds only 5 gallons of material. It is the area where the majority of water in the horse's diet is absorbed, and is also it is the place where fecal balls are formed. The rectum is about one foot long, and acts as a holding chamber for waste matter, which is then expelled from the body via the anus.^[2] Feces (also spelled faeces in British English, or fæces) are semi-solid waste products from the digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... This article is about the bodily orifice. ...

Reproductive system

See also: Horse breeding

Horse breeding is the process of using selective breeding to produce additional individuals of a given phenotype, that is, continuing a breed. ...

Mare

Main articles: Mare (horse) and Horse breeding

The reproductive system of the mare is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, lactation, as well as the estrus cycle and mating behavior of the mare. It lies ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebrae, although its position within the mare can vary depending on the movement of the intestines and distention of the bladder. 13 year old Peruvian Paso mare A broodmare and foal In English, a mare (an old Germanic word) is a female horse; the word is also an etymological root of marshal (originally marescalcus horse servant). Mares are considered easier to handle than males, which are called stallions or after castration... Horse breeding is the process of using selective breeding to produce additional individuals of a given phenotype, that is, continuing a breed. ...

The mare has two ovaries, usually 7-8 cm in length and 3-4 cm thick, that generally tend to decrease in size as the mare ages. The ovaries connect to the fallopian tubes (oviducts), which serve to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. To do so, the oviducts are lined with a layer of cilia, which produce a current that flows toward the uterus. Each oviduct attaches to one of the two horns of the uterus, which are approximately 20-25 cm in length. These horns attach to the body of the uterus (18-20 cm long). Caudal to the uterus is the cervix, about 5-7 cm long, which enters the vagina. Usually 3.5-4 cm in diameter, it can expand to allow the passage of the foal. The vagina of the mare is 15-20 cm long, and is quite elastic, allowing it to expand. The vulva is the external opening of the vagina, and consists of the clitoris and two labia. It lies ventral to the rectum. The mare has two mammary glands, which are smaller in virgin mares. They have two ducts each, which open externally. cross-section of two cilia, showing 9+2 structure A cilium (plural cilia) is a fine projection from a eukaryotic cell that constantly beats in one direction. ...

Stallion

Main article: Stallion (horse)

The reproductive system of the stallion is responsible for the sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics (such as a large crest) of the stallion. The external genitalia comprise: A stallion A stallion is a male horse that has not been castrated. ...

• the testes, which are suspended horizontally within the scrotum. The testes of an average stallion are ovoids 8 to 12 cm long;
• the penis, within the prepuce, also known as the "sheath." When not erect, the penis is housed within the prepuce, 50 cm long and 2.5 to 6 cm in diameter with the distal end 15 to 20 cm. When erect, the penis doubles in length and thickness and the glans increases by 3 to 4 times. The urethra opens within the urethral fossa, a small pouch at the distal end of the glans.

The internal genitalia comprise the accessory sex glands: Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... In some male mammals the scrotum is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ... The prepuce is a retractable piece of skin which covers part of the genitals of primates and other mammals. ... In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. ...

• vesicular glands;
• prostate gland; and
• bulbourethral glands.

These contribute fluid to the semen at ejaculation, but are not strictly necessary for fertility^[6] Male Anatomy The prostate is a gland that is part of male mammalian sex organs. ... Male Anatomy In the anatomy of the male human body, the bulbourethral glands (or Cowpers glands) are two small, rounded, and somewhat lobulated bodies, of a yellow color, about the size of peas, placed behind and lateral to the membranous portion of the urethra, between the two layers of... Horse semen being collected for breeding purposes. ... Ejaculation is the ejecting of semen from the penis, and is usually accompanied by orgasm. ...

Teeth

Main article: Horse teeth

A horse's teeth include incisors, premolars, molars, and sometimes canine teeth. A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt throughout its lifetime as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. Because of this pattern of wear, a rough estimate of a horse's age can be made from an examination of the teeth. A view of the upper half of a horses mouth. ... Incisors (from Latin incidere, to cut) are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. ... The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. ... Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. ...

Feet/Hooves

Main article: Horse hoof

1- Heel perioplium, 2-Bulb, 3-Frog, 4-Frog cleft, 5-Lateral groove, 6-Heel, 7-Bar, 8-Seat-of-corn, 9-Pigmented walls 10-Water line, 11-White line, 12-Apex of the frog, 13-Sole, 14-Toe, 15-How to measure hoof width (blue dotted line), 16-Quarter, 17-How to measure length (blue dotted line)

The hoof of the horse encases the second and third phalanx of the lower limbs, analogous to the fingertip or toe tip of a human. In essence, a horse travels on its "tiptoes." The hoof wall is a much larger, thicker and stronger version of the human fingernail or toenail, made up of similar materials, primarily keratin, a very strong protein molecule. The horse's hoof contains a high proportion of sulfur-containing amino acids which contribute to its resilience and toughness. The horse hoof is the distal phalanx of the III digit of the four limbs of Equus species, and it is covered by complex horny structures. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (738x981, 156 KB) Summary Author: User:Alex brollo Horse hoof, bottom view, quoted. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (738x981, 156 KB) Summary Author: User:Alex brollo Horse hoof, bottom view, quoted. ... The horse hoof is the distal phalanx of the III digit of the four limbs of Equus species, and it is covered by complex horny structures. ... The phalanges in a human hand The name Phalanges is commonly given to the bones that form fingers and toes. ... This article discusses the anatomical nail. ... Not to be confused with kerogen or carotene. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ...

Skeletal system

A horse's skeleton

Main article: Skeletal system of the horse

The skeleton of the horse has three major functions in the body. It protects vital organs, provides framework, and supports soft parts of the body. Horses have 205 bones, which are divided into the appendicular skeleton (the legs) and the axial skeleton (the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs). Both pelvic and thoracic limbs contain the same number of bones, 20 bones per limb. Bones are connected to muscles via tendons and other bones via ligaments. Bones are also used to store minerals, and are the site of red blood cell formation. For other uses, see Skeleton (disambiguation). ... For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ... The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ... The sternum (from Greek στέρνον, sternon, chest) or breastbone is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). ... This article is about the bones called ribs. ... “Red cell” redirects here. ...

Ligaments and tendons

Ligaments

Main article: Skeletal system of the horse

Ligaments attach bone to bone or bone to tendon, and are vital in stabilizing joints as well as supporting structures. They are made up of fibrous material that is generally quite strong. Due to their relatively poor blood supply, ligament injuries generally take a long time to heal. In anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote three different types of structures:[1] Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones. ...

Tendons

Main article: Muscular system of the horse

Tendons attach muscles to bone, and are classified as flexors (flex a joint) or extensors (extend a joint). However, some tendons will flex multiple joints and extend another (the flexor tendons of the hind limb, for example, will flex the fetlock, pastern, and coffin joint, but extend the hock joint). In this case, they keep the name they received on the front leg. Tendons are easily damaged if placed under too much strain, which can result in a painful, and possibly career-ending, injury. Tendonitis is most commonly seen in high performance horses that gallop or jump. See also: Horse anatomy // There are 3 types of muscle, all found within the equine: Skeletal muscle: Contraction of these muscles leads to the muscle pulling a tendon, which in turn pulls a bone. ... A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is built to withstand tension. ... Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of the horse. ... Tendonitis (also tenonitis or tendinitis) is an inflammation of a tendon. ...

Tendons are fibrous cords of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone, cartilage or other muscle. They are the major force for shock absorption and are necessary for support of the horse’s body. Tendons are connective tissue. They are composed of bundles of collagenous fibres that lie parallel to each other, arranged in order of contraction. Tendons are classified as flexors (flex a joint) or extensors (extend a joint). Tendons are easily damaged if placed under too much strain, which can result in a painful, and possibly career-ending, injury. Tendons form in the embryo from fibroblasts which become more tightly packed as the tendon grows. As tendons develop they secrete collagen. Collagen is the main supporting protein of connective tissue. When tendons pass near prominent bones there is an additional sac of synovial membrane to protect the tendon which is called bursa. Tendons are easily damaged if placed under too much strain, which can result in a painful, and possibly career-ending. When a tendon is damaged the healing process is slowed down because blood supply to the tendon is poor and there is a reduced supply of nutrients and oxygen to the tendon. Once a tendon is damaged the tendon will always be weaker, this is because of the collagen fibres will not all line up together or overlap and heal improper.

Muscular system

Main article: Muscular system of the horse

When a muscle contracts, it pulls tendons, and in turn the horse's bones, to move them. Muscles are arranged in pairs so that they oppose each other (they are "antagonists"), with one flexing the joint (a flexor muscle) and the other extending it (extensor muscle). Therefore, one muscle of the pair must be relaxed in order for the other muscle in the pair to contract and bend the joint properly. A muscle is made up of several muscle bundles, which in turn are made up of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers have myofibrils, which are able to contract due to actin and myosin. A muscle together with its tendon and bony attachments form an extensor or flexor unit. See also: Horse anatomy // There are 3 types of muscle, all found within the equine: Skeletal muscle: Contraction of these muscles leads to the muscle pulling a tendon, which in turn pulls a bone. ... A diagram of the structure of a Myofybril Myofibrils (obsolete term: sarcostyles) are cylindrical organelles, found within muscle cells. ... G-Actin (PDB code: 1j6z). ... Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...

Respiratory system and smell

Main article: Respiratory system of the horse

The horse's respiratory system consists of the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, diaphragm, and lungs. Additionally, the nasolacrimal duct and sinuses are connected to the nasal passage. The horse's respiratory system not only allows the animal to breathe, but also is important in the horse's sense of smell (olfactory ability) as well as in communicating. // The nostrils of a horse The respiratory system begins with the nares, commonly known as the nostrils, which can expand greatly during intense exercise. ...

Circulatory system

Main article: Circulatory system of the horse

The horse's circulatory system includes the four-chambered heart, averaging 8.5 lb (3.9 kg) in weight, as well as the blood and blood vessels. Its main purpose is to circulate blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and to remove waste from these tissues. The heart of the great racehorse Phar Lap. ...

The eye

Main article: Equine vision

A horse's eye

The horse has the largest eye of all land mammals, ^[7] and is designed to help the horse as a prey animal. It provides the horse with a wide field of monocular vision, as well as good visual acuity and some ability to see color. Because the horse's vision is closely tied to his behavior, the horse's visual abilities are often taken into account when handling and training the animal. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

1. ^ Budiansky, Stephen. The Nature of Horses. Free Press, 1997. ISBN 0-684-82768-9
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Giffen, James M. and Tom Gore. ‘’Horse Owner’s Veterinary Handbook., 2nd ed. New York:Howell Book House, 1989, 1998. ISBN 0876056060
3. ^ Andrews FM, Buchanan BR, Elliot SB, Clariday NA and Edwards LH (2005) "Gastric ulcers in horses" J. Anim. Sci. 83:E18-E21
4. ^ ^{a b c d} "Horse Nutrition - The Horse's Digestive System." Bulletin 762-00, Ohio State University. Web site accessed February 9, 2007.
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