NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Horse meat

Horse meat is the culinary name for meat cut from a horse. It is slightly sweet, tender, low in fat, and high in protein.^[1] Like beef and pork, it is a taboo food in some religions and cultures. Asian cuisine is a term for the various cuisines of South, East and Southeast Asia and for fusion dishes based on combining them. ... See the individual entries for: // Belarusian cuisine Bulgarian cuisine Czech cuisine Hungarian cuisine Jewish cuisine Polish cuisine Romanian cuisine Russian cuisine Slovak cuisine Slovenian cuisine Ukrainian cuisine British cuisine English cuisine Scottish cuisine Welsh cuisine Anglo-Indian cuisine Modern British cuisine Nordic cuisine Danish cuisine Finnish cuisine Icelandic cuisine Lappish... Caribbean cuisine is a fusion of African, Amerindian, French, Indian, and Spanish cuisine. ... South Asian cuisine includes the cuisines of the South Asia. ... Latin American cuisine is a phrase that refers to typical foods, beverages, and cooking styles common to many of the countries and cultures in Latin America. ... The term Middle Eastern cuisine refers to the various cuisines of the Middle East. ... North American cuisine is a term used for foods native to or popular in countries of North America. ... Cuisine of Africa reflects indigenous traditions, as well as influences from Arabs, Europeans, and Asians. ... Cooking is the act of preparing food. ... This is a list of food preparation utensils, also known as kitchenware. ... In recipes, quantities of ingredients may be specified by mass (weight), by volume, or by count. ... A kitchen is a room used for food preparation and sometimes entertainment. ... For the coarsely ground flour, see flour. ... Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses for meat (to be consumed by humans). ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... In many cultures, certain foods are thought of as forbidden or taboo. ...

History

In the late Paleolithic (Magdalenian Era), wild horses formed an important source of food. The Magdalenian, also spelt MagdalÃ©nien, refers to one of the later culture of the Upper Palaeolithic in western Europe. ... This article is about genetically wild horses which have never been domesticated. ...

In pre-Christian times, horse meat was eaten in northern Europe as part of indigenous Germanic pagan religious ceremonies, particularly those associated with the worship of Odin. Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ... ROSIE IS A GERMN LADYGermanic paganism refers to the religion of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization. ... For other meanings of Odin,Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ...

France dates its taste for horse meat to the Battle of Eylau in 1807, when the surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's Grand Army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, advised the starving troops to eat the flesh of horses that had died on the battlefield. The cavalry used breastplates as cooking pans and gunpowder as seasoning, and thus founded a tradition, according to French folklore.^{[citation needed]} Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in French cuisine during the later years of the Second French Empire. The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working-class citizens from buying meat such as pork or beef, so in 1866 the French government legalized the eating of horse meat and the first butcher's shop specializing in horse meat opened in eastern Paris, providing quality meat at lower prices.^[2] During the Siege of 1870-71, horse meat was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain which was needed by the human populace. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. The Battle of Eylau, fought on February 7â€“8, 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive contest between the forces of NapolÃ©on and a mostly Russian army under General Bennigsen. ... Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... La Grande Armée (in English, the Big or Grand Army) is the French military term for the main force in a military campaign. ... Dominique Jean Larrey, portrait by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, beginning of 19th century. ... French folklore encompasses the fables, folklore and fairy tales and legends of the Gauls, Franks, Normans, Bretons, and other peoples living in France. ... French cuisine is a style of cooking derived from the nation of France. ... Map of the French Second Empire Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor - 1852-1870 Napoleon III Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house Corps lÃ©gislatif History - French coup of 1851 December 2 1851 - Established 1852 - Disestablished September 4, 1870 Currency French Franc The Second French Empire or... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Beef (disambiguation). ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Combatants Prussia, Baden Bavaria, WÃ¼rttemberg (later German Empire) France Commanders Wilhelm I of Germany Helmuth von Moltke Louis Jules Trochu Joseph Vinoy Strength 240,000 regulars 200,000 regulars 200,000 militia and sailors Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 24,000 dead or wounded 146,000 captured 47...

Despite the general Anglophone taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in Yorkshire, until the 1930s.^[3] Look up Anglophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England. ...

The taboo

This article is about practices and beliefs in relation to various animals as food. ...

Which cultures

Horse is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia. It is a taboo food in English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, the US, and Australia; it is also taboo amongst the Romany people and in Brazil and India. In Sweden horse meat is generally eaten, but regarded by some scepticism because of the previous religious taboo. Horse sport's people tend to refrain from eating it. Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, although the country exports horses both "on the hoof and on the hook" (i.e., live animals and slaughtered meat) for the French and Italian market; however, horse meat is consumed in some Latin American countries such as Mexico. It is illegal in some countries.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Swine are considered treyf, non-kosher (unfit or unclean) in Judaism or haraam in Islam Taboo food and drinks are food and drink which people abstain from consuming for religious or cultural reasons. ... Definitions of the Anglosphere vary: Countries in which English is the first language of a large fraction of the population are shown in blue. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... Romany (or Romani) relates to: The Roma: a people sometimes pejoratively called Gypsies. Their language Romany was the pseudonym of a broadcaster and writer of Roma descent, George Bramwell Evens. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

In many Islamic countries horse meat is generally forbidden or considered makruh, meaning it is not forbidden, but it is better not to eat because of some minor side-effects it might cause. However, horse meat is eaten in some Muslim Central Asian countries with a tradition of nomadic pastoralism, e.g., Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. In other majority-Muslim countries there have been many instances, especially wars and famine, when horses were slaughtered and eaten.^{[citation needed]} Islamic countries may be defined as either the countries which have Muslims making up more than half of their population, or as countries which have Islam as an official religion or countries where the most popular religion is Islam. ... Acts and substances which should be evaded by muslims. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... For the 2006 historical epic set in Kazakhstan, see Nomad (2006 film). ... Pastoralism is a form of farming, such as agriculture and horticulture. ... Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. ...

Horse meat is forbidden by Jewish dietary laws because horses do not have cloven hooves. The circled U indicates that this product is certified as kosher by the Orthodox Union (OU). ... A cloven-hoof is a type of hoof that is found on some animals. ...

In the eighth century, Popes Gregory III and Zachary instructed Saint Boniface, missionary to the Germans, to forbid the eating of horse flesh to those he converted, due to its association with Germanic pagan ceremonies.^[4]^[5] The people of Iceland allegedly expressed reluctance to embrace Christianity for some time, largely over the issue of giving up horse meat. ^[6] Pope Gregory III, pope (731-741), a Syrian by birth, succeeded Gregory II in March 731. ... Pope Saint Zachary (Greek Zacharias), pope (741-752). ... For the Roman general of this name, see Bonifacius. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is...

Reasons for the taboo

In some countries the effects of this prohibition by the Roman Catholic Church have lingered (e.g. in italy horse meat is on average highly praised for its qualities), and horse meat prejudices have progressed from taboos, to avoidance, to abhorrence.^[6] In other parts of the world, horse meat has the stigma of being something poor people eat and is seen as a cheap substitute for other meats, such as pork and beef. The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... For the Taboo party game, see Taboo (game). ... Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms. ... For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Beef (disambiguation). ...

According to the anthropologist Marvin Harris, some cultures class horsemeat as taboo because the horse converts grass into meat less efficiently than ruminants. When breeding cattle for meat, a cow or a sheep will produce more meat than a horse if fed with the same amount of grass. However, these cattle (apart from the ox) cannot be used as working animals, and this argument does not address the issue of meat wastage. Marvin Harris Marvin Harris (August 18, 1927 â€“ October 25, 2001) was an American anthropologist. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Ruminantia. ...

There is also an element of sentimentality, as horses have long enjoyed a close relationship with many humans, on a similar level to household pets – this can be seen projected in such Anglophone popular culture icons as Black Beauty or even My Little Pony. Compare with the anthropomorphic pigs in Babe and Charlotte's Web. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the widespread cultural elements in any given society that are perpetuated through that societys vernacular language or lingua franca. ... For other uses, see Black Beauty (disambiguation). ... Fizzy and Galaxy, the unicorns from the My Little Pony animated series My Little Pony is a line of colorful toy ponies marketed primarily to young girls and produced by the toy manufacturer Hasbro. ... 7th millennium BC anthropomorphized rocks, with slits for eyes, found in modern-day Israel. ... Babe is an Academy Award-winning 1995 Australian film that tells the story of a pig who wants to be a sheep dog. ... This article is about the book. ...

Totemistic taboo is also a possible reason for refusal to eat horsemeat. Roman sources state that the horse goddess Epona was widely worshipped in Gaul and southern Britain; the Uffington White Horse is probable evidence of ancient horse worship. The ancient Indian Brahmins engaged in horse sacrifice, as recorded in the Vedas.^[7] In 1913, the Finnic Mari people of the Volga region were observed to practice a horse sacrifice.^[7] (Folklorist Joseph Campbell argues that the Aryans came from these northern steppe folk, showing the connectedness of the European and Asian rituals). A totem is any entity which watches over or assists a group of people, such as a family, clan or tribe (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary [1] and Websters New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition). ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses of Epona, see Epona (disambiguation) Image:Epona link. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... As seen from an altitude of 2000 feet, from the cockpit of a glider The Uffington White Horse is a highly stylised hillfigure, 374 feet (110m) long, cut out of the turf on the upper slopes of Uffington Castle, an Iron Age hill fort near The Ridgeway, in southern England. ... Motto Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit) (Devanagari) Truth Alone Triumphs[1] Anthem Jana Gana Mana Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people[2] Vande Mataram I bow to thee, Mother[4] Capital New Delhi Largest city Mumbai Official Languages: Scheduled Languages: Hindi, English Hindi in the Devanagari script is... The term Brahmin denotes both a member of the priestly class in the Hindu varna system, and a member of the highest caste in the caste system of Hindu society. ... Veda redirects here. ... The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Ã‡irmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... For other uses, see Joseph Campbell (disambiguation). ... Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘ËrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... This article is about the ecological zone type. ...

In old norse religion the horse was very important, both as a living, working creature, as a sign of the owners status and in the religion. Horses were slaughtered as a sacrifice to the gods and the meat was eaten by the people taking part in the religious feasts. When the nordic countries were christened eating horsemeat was regarded as a sign of paganism and prohibited. A slight skepticism against eating horsemeat is still common as a remnicent of this in these countries even today. Nordic religion is a termed used to abbreviate the religion preferably amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries under pre-Christian period that are supported by archaeology findings and early written materials. ... Marcus Aurelius and members of the Imperial family offer sacrifice in gratitude for success against Germanic tribes: contemporary bas-relief, Capitoline Museum, Rome For other uses, see Sacrifice (disambiguation). ...

It is notable that, despite horses having been bred in England since pre-Roman times, the English language has no widely used term for horse meat, as opposed to four for pig meat (pork, bacon, ham, gammon), three for sheep meat (lamb, hogget and mutton), two for cow meat (beef and veal), and so on. English speaking countries, however, have sometimes marketed horsemeat under the euphemism "cheval meat" (cheval being the French for horse). Also, note that the words pork, bacon, mutton, veal, and beef all derive from an old version of French, because of the class structure of England after the Norman Conquest in 1066 CE: the poor (Saxons) tended the animals, while the rich (French-speaking Normans) ate the meat. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bacon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the cut of meat. ... Gammon is a particular cut of bacon. ... Species See text. ... An unweaned lamb Legs of lamb in a supermarket cabinet The terms lamb, hoggett or mutton are culinary names for the meat of a domestic sheep. ... COW is an acronym for a number of things: Can of worms The COW programming language, an esoteric programming language. ... For other uses, see Beef (disambiguation). ... Veal is the meat of young calves (usually male) appreciated for its delicate taste and tender texture. ... The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where English is an official language, in order of population. ... Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener; or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings and the events leading to it. ... BCE redirects here. ...

Production

In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory slaughter houses (abbatoirs) where they are stunned with a captive bolt gun and bled to death. Wall Ball is one name of a type of group-game played throughout the U.S. and Canada, primarily by elementary and junior high school children, (usually boys). ... Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious prior to their being slaughtered for food. ... A captive bolt pistol (stunner) is a device used for stunning animals prior to slaughter. ... Exsanguination (also known colloquially as bleeding out) is the fatal process of total blood loss. ...

In 2002, the 14 principal horsemeat producing countries produced 700,000 tonnes of this product, with over two-thirds produced by the top six: 1 China, 2 Mexico, 3 Kazakhstan, 4 Italy, 5 Argentina, 6 Mongolia.^[8]^{[not in citation given]} The consumption of horse meat in Europe in 2001 was 153,000 tonnes.^[9] Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

The British newspaper The Daily Mail reports that every year, 100,000 live horses are transported into and around the European Union for human consumption, mainly to Italy but also to France and Belgium.^[10] The Daily Mail and its Sunday edition the Mail on Sunday are British newspapers, first published in 1896. ...

A UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) 2003 investigation has revealed that salami sometimes contains horse meat, without this ingredient being listed. Listing is legally required. The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Salami Salami is cured sausage, fermented and air-dried. ...

Very few horsemeat producing countries raise horses just for meat; instead they use ex-racehorses, riding horses, and other horses sold at auction, sometimes stolen or purchased under false pretenses.^[11] The 1986 Kentucky Derby winner and 1987 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year winner, Ferdinand, is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, likely for pet food.^[12] Meat from horses that veterinarians have put down with a lethal injection is not consumed, as the toxin remains in the meat; the carcasses of such animals are cremated (all other means of disposal are problematic, due to the toxin). Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The Hannah Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... The Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year is the highest honor given in American thoroughbred horse racing. ... Put down redirects here. ... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ...

Opposition to production

The killing of horses for human consumption is widely opposed in countries such as USA and Britain where horses are generally considered to be companion and sporting animals only.^{[citation needed]} French animal rights activist Brigitte Bardot has spent years crusading against the eating of horse meat. However, the opposition is far from unanimous; a 2007 readers' poll in the London magazine Time Out showed that 82% of respondents supported Gordon Ramsay's decision to serve horsemeat in his restaurants (see further discussion in the Ramsay article). ^[13] Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses for meat (to be consumed by humans). ... Animal liberation redirects here. ... Brigitte Bardot (French IPA: ) (born September 28, 1934) is a BAFTA Awards-nominated French actress, former fashion model, singer, known nationalist, animal rights activist, and considered the embodiment of the 1950s and 1960s sex kitten. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Time-out can mean: sport time-out, a break in play that may be called by a side to formulate strategy or respond to an players injury. ... Gordon James Ramsay OBE (born November 8, 1966 in Johnstone) is a Scottish celebrity chef and currently one of only three chefs in the UK whose restaurant is rated at three Michelin stars. ...

Preparation

Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of a combination of beef and venison. Meat from younger horses tends to be lighter in color while older horses produce richer color and flavor, as with most mammals. Horse meat can be used to replace beef, pork, mutton, and any other meat in virtually any recipe. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1460x1084, 325 KB) Smoked and salted horse meat on a sandwich. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1460x1084, 325 KB) Smoked and salted horse meat on a sandwich. ... Leg of venison on apple sauce with dumplings and vegetables Venison is meat of the family Cervidae. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary...

Those preparing sandwiches or cold meals with horse meat usually use it smoked and salted. Horse meat forms an ingredient in several traditional recipes of salami. This article is about the food item. ... Salami Salami is cured sausage, fermented and air-dried. ...

Horse meat in various countries

Austria

Horse leberkäse is available and quite popular at various hot dog stands. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (660x626, 94 KB) Image of a fastfood shop advertising PferdeleberkÃ¤se (LeberkÃ¤se from horse meat) in Vienna/Austria. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (660x626, 94 KB) Image of a fastfood shop advertising PferdeleberkÃ¤se (LeberkÃ¤se from horse meat) in Vienna/Austria. ... LeberkÃ¤se LeberkÃ¤se (sometimes spelled LeberkÃ¤s or Leberka(a)s in Austria and the Swabian and Bavarian parts of Germany) is a specialty food found in the south of Germany, in Austria and parts of Switzerland, similar to meat pie. ...

Kare is a stew made with horse meat and a variety of vegetables.^{[citation needed]} The base of the dish is made from a peanut sauce (sometimes spiced), horse meat, and occasionally offal or tripe.

Dumplings can also be prepared with horse meat, spinach or Tyrolean Graukäse (a sour milk cheese). They are occasionally eaten on their own, in a soup, or as a side-dish.

Belgium

In Belgium, horse meat (paardenvlees in Flemish and viande chevaline in French) is highly prized. It is used in steak tartare, in which, compared to the beef equivalent, the richer flavor of the horse meat lends itself better to the pungent seasoning used in preparation. Besides being served raw, it can be broiled for a short period, producing a crusty exterior and a raw, moist interior. Smoked horse meat is very popular as breakfast and sandwich meat. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Steak tartare with egg, capers and onions Steak tartare is a meat dish made from finely chopped or ground raw beef. ...

Horse steaks are also very popular; the town of Vilvoorde has a few restaurants specializing in this dish. Vilvoorde (French: Vilvorde) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. ...

It is widely believed that traditional Belgian fried potatoes (pommes frites) were cooked in horse fat, but in fact ox fat (suet) was used, although for health reasons this has been supplanted by nut oil (considered inferior by many). Suet is raw beef or mutton fat, especially that found around the loins and kidneys. ...

Canada

Agriculture in the province of Québec seems to prosper under the prohibitions from the United States. There is a thriving horse meat business in this French-influenced province; the meat is available at supermarket chains such as Loblaws and its subsidiary Maxi. Horse meat is also for sale at the other end of the country, in Granville Island Market in downtown Vancouver where, according to a Time magazine reviewer who smuggled it into the United States, it turned out to be a "sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, closer to beef than venison" ^[14]. During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libÃ©ration du QuÃ©bec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ... The culture of Quebec is a Western culture that is rooted in the history and society of the French-speaking majority. ... Loblaws, Toronto, 2007 Loblaws is a supermarket chain of 68 stores, headquartered in Brampton, with stores across Ontario and Quebec. ... Maxi is a grocery store located in Quebec, Canada. ... Granville Island in 2005. ... [[Image:downtown Vancouver has many high rise office and residential buildings that tower over the skyline of trees and forests. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ...

Chile

In Chile it is used in charqui. Charqui is a form of jerky common in South America made from dried and salted meat, usually from horse, but also beef. ...

China

Horse meat is not available in most parts of China, although it is generally acceptable to Chinese. Its lack of popularity is mostly due to its low availability and some rumors saying that horse meat tastes bad or it is bad for health, even poisonous. In Compendium of Materia Medica, a pharmaceutical text published in 1596, Li Shizhen wrote "To relieve toxin caused by eating horse meat, one can drink carrot juice and eat almond." Today, in southwestern China, there are locally famous dishes such as Horse Meat Rice Vermicelli (马肉米粉) in Guilin. In the northwest, Kazakhs eat horse meat. For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). ... The Compendium of Materia Medica (Chinese: æœ¬è‰ç¶±ç›®; pinyin: BÄ›ncÇŽo GÄngmÃ¹) is a pharmaceutical text written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD) during the Ming Dynasty of China. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Li Shizhen (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Shih-Chen) (1518 - 1593 CE, Ming Dynasty), was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. ... Carrot juice is juice produced from carrots, often marketed as a health drink. ... For other uses, see Almond (disambiguation). ... Rice vermicelli (Chinese: ç±³ç²‰; pinyin: ; POJ: bÃ-hÃºn; Hokkien: Bee hoon; Malay: Bihun; Cantonese: Mai fun; Filipino: Bihon or Bijon) are thin noodles made from rice, sometimes also known as rice noodles, rice sticks or glass noodles. ... position of Guilin in Guangxi Guilin in Guangxi Guilin (Chinese: æ¡‚æž—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuei-lin, Postal System Pinyin: Kweilin; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is one of Chinas most picturesque cities, with a population of 670,000, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the Peoples... Languages Kazakh (and/or languages in country of residence) Religions Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò›Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ []; Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ…Ð¸; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and...

France

In France, specialized butcher shops (boucheries chevalines) sell horsemeat, as ordinary butcher shops have been for a long time forbidden to deal in it. However, since the 1990s, it can be found in supermarket butcher shops and others. An organization called La Viande Chevaline (literally, "horsemeat") exists to promote the industry, offering consumer information such as recipes, nutrition, purchase locations, and so on. According to its website, approximately 15 000 horses a year are raised for meat production, mostly draft breeds. It argues that the economic importance of horsemeat helps maintain the genetic heritage of traditional French breeds.

Germany

In Germany, horse meat is traditionally used in sauerbraten, a strongly marinated type of sweet-sour braised meat dish; in the last couple of decades, beef has become more commonly used. this dish is mainly eaten on a light toast for a breakfast. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Iceland

In Iceland it is both eaten minced and as steak, also used in stews and fondue, prized for its strong flavor. Beef Stew A stew is a common dish made of vegetables (particularly potatoes or beans), meat, poultry, or seafood cooked in some sort of broth or sauce. ... Fondue refers to several French Swiss communal dishes shared at the table in an earthenware pot (caquelon) over a small burner (rechaud). The term fondue comes from the French fondre (to melt), referring to the fact that the contents of the pot are kept in a liquid state so that...

Indonesia

In Indonesia, one type of satay (chunks of grilled meat served with spicy sauce) known as sate jaran is made from horse meat. This delicacy from Yogyakarta is served with sliced fresh shallot (small red onion), pepper, and sweet soy sauce.^{[citation needed]} Grilled beef satay. ... The Special Region of Yogyakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY), is a province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ... Binomial name Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch For other uses, see Shallot (disambiguation). ...

Italy

Italian cuisine is highly regional. Horse meat is used in a stew called pastissada, served as horse or colt steaks, as carpaccio, or made into bresaola. Horse fat is used in recipes such as pezzetti di cavallo. In the province of Veneto a dish is prepared which consists of shredded, cured horsemeat on a bed of arugula, dressed with olive oil and fresh lemon juice. Also in Veneto, horsemeat sausages called salsiccia equino and salami called sfilacci are sold. The straight horsemeat steak carne di cavallo, similar to classic bloody American Porterhouse steak, is generally available in the Tyrol and Südtyrol regions of the Italian Alps. Chefs and consumers tend to prize its uniqueness by serving it as rare as possible. Donkey is also cooked, for example as a pasta sauce called stracotto d'asino. According to British food writer Matthew Fort, "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."^[15] Italian cuisine as a national cuisine known today has evolved from centuries of social and political change. ... Carpaccio is a dish of raw beef, veal or tuna traditionally thinly sliced or pounded thin served as an appetizer. ... Bresaola is air-dried salted beef fillet that has been aged about 2-3 months until it becomes hard and a dark red, almost purple colour. ... Veneto or Venetia, is one of the 20 regions of Italy. ... The T-bone is a steak cut of beef. ... Coat of arms of the Counts of Tyrol Austria-Hungary in 1914, showing Tirolâ€“Vorarlberg as the left-most province, coloured cream Capital Meran (Merano), until 1848 Government Principality Historical era Middle Ages - Created County 1140 - Bequeathed to Habsburgs 1363 or 1369 - Joined Council of Princes 1582 - Trent, Tyrol and... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Donkey (disambiguation). ... Matthew Fort, born January 29, 1954 is a British food writer and critic [1], [2]. Matthew Fort attended Eton College between 1961 and 1965, and later Lancaster University [3]. He has been the Food and Drink editor of The Guardian for over ten years. ...

The British newspaper Daily Mail reports that every year, 100,000 live horses are transported into and around the EU for human consumption - mainly to Italy but also to France and Belgium.^[10] The Daily Mail is a British newspaper and the oldest tabloid, first published in 1896. ...

Japan

In Japanese cuisine, raw horse meat is called sakura (桜) or sakuraniku (桜肉, sakura means cherry blossom, niku means meat) because of its pink colour. It can be served raw as very chewy sashimi in thin slices dipped in soy sauce, often with ginger and onions added. In this case, it is called basashi (Japanese: 馬刺し). Fat, typically from the neck, is also found as basashi, though it is white, not pink. Horse meat is also sometimes found on menus for yakiniku (a type of barbecue), where it is called baniku (lit., horse meat) or bagushi (lit., skewered horse); thin slices of raw horse meat are sometimes served wrapped in a shiso leaf. Kumamoto and Matsumoto are famous for basashi, and it is common in the Tohoku region as well. There is also a dessert made from horse meat called basashi ice cream.^[16] The company that makes it is known for its unusual ice cream flavors, many of which have limited popularity. Image File history File links Basashi (raw horsemeat) from Towada. ... Image File history File links Basashi (raw horsemeat) from Towada. ... Towada (åå’Œç”°å¸‚; -shi) is a city located in Aomori, Japan. ... There are many views as to what defines Japanese cuisine, as the everyday food of the Japanese people has diversified immensely over the past century or so. ... Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin showing cherry trees in flower Cherry tree blossoms A cherry is both a tree and its fleshy fruit, a type known as a drupe with a single hard pit enclosing the seed. ... Assorted sashimi Sashimi (Japanese: ) is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw seafoods, thinly sliced into pieces about 2. ... Yakiniku at a yakiniku-ya. ... Perilla is a genus of annual herb that is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae. ... Kumamoto Prefecture (ç†Šæœ¬çœŒ; Kumamoto-ken) is located on Kyushu Island, Japan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tohoku region, Japan The TÅhoku region (æ±åŒ—åœ°æ–¹; TÅhoku-chihÅ) is a geographical area of Japan. ...

See also Japanese cuisine. There are many views as to what defines Japanese cuisine, as the everyday food of the Japanese people has diversified immensely over the past century or so. ...

Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan many parts of a horse are used with the meat usually being salted, dried and smoked.^[17] Some of the dishes include sausages called kazy and shuzhuk made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin, zhaya made from hip meat which is smoked and boiled, zhal made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled, karta made from a section of the rectum which is smoked and boiled, and sur-yet which is kept as dried meat.

See also Kazakh cuisine. Traditional Kazakh food revolves around mutton and horse meat as well as sour milk products. ...

Malta

In Malta stallion meat (Maltese: Laħam taż-żiemel) is a common meat product which is used in various dishes. It is usually fried or baked in a white wine sauce.

See also Maltese cuisine. Maltese cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Islanders and the many foreigners who made Malta their home over the centuries. ...

Mongolia

Mongolia, a nation famous for its nomadic pastures and equestrian skills, also includes horse meat on the menu. See Mongolian cuisine. The traditional Mongolian cuisine primarily consists of Dairy products and meat. ...

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, smoked horse meat (paardenrookvlees) is sold as sliced meat and eaten on bread, although there are beef-based variants available for those who decline to eat horse meat. Horse meat is also sometimes made into sausage (paardenworst). The popularity of both varies between different parts of the country.

Norway

In some coastal areas in Norway it is traditional to eat horsemeat before the wedding to prevent bad spirits from joining the ceremony. This is usually done by the father of the bride, who proclaims "Hest er best!", lit. Horse is the best, before sending a piece of fresh horsemeat around the table.

Poland

Used in production of kabanos, recently declining in popularity. The Kabanos are the narrow darker sausages. ...

Slovenia

Horse meat is generally available in Slovenia. Colt steak (žrebičkov zrezek) is available in some restaurants.

Sweden

In Sweden horse meat outsells lamb and mutton combined.^[6] Smoked/cured horse meat is widely available as a cold cut under the name hamburgerkött. It tends to be very thinly sliced and fairly salty, slightly reminiscent of deli-style ham. Gustavskorv, a smoked sausage made from horse meat, is also quite popular, especially in the south of Sweden. It is similar to salami or medwurst and is used as an alternative to them, on sandwiches, in salads, on pizza, etc.^{[citation needed]} For English DJ duo, see Coldcut. ... Salami Salami is cured sausage, fermented and air-dried. ...

Switzerland

In Switzerland horse meat may be used in Fondue Bourguignonne. Horse steak is also quite common, especially in the French-speaking West, but also more and more in the German-speaking part. A specialty known as mostbröckli is made with beef or horse meat. Horse meat is also used for a great range of sausages in the German-Speaking North of Switzerland. Fondue refers to several French Swiss communal dishes shared at the table in an earthenware pot (caquelon) over a small burner (rechaud). The term fondue comes from the French fondre (to melt), referring to the fact that the contents of the pot are kept in a liquid state so that...

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom the slaughter and preparation of horses for food is legal, although in practice it has been out of fashion since the 1930s. This is due to both the symbolic status of horses in British culture and their role as pets^{[citation needed]}. Horses were instrumental factors in both the British Agricultural Revolution and transportation up until the 20th century. Additionally, horses made up the principal units of the nation's military from medieval times until World War I. As a result, obtaining good quality horse meat for human consumption in the UK can be challenging. Individuals who do consume or prepare horse meat often acquire it from the South of France, where it is more widely available from specialist butchers. ^[18] Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Mediæval Britain is a term used to suggest that there is a unity to the history of Great Britain from the 5th centurys withdrawal of Roman forces and Germanic invasions until the 16th century Reformations in Scotland and England. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Southern France, colloquially known as Le Midi is a loosely defined geographical area consisting of the regions that border Spain, the Mediterranean Sea and Italy. ...

United States

People in the United States rarely eat horse meat, but during World War II, due to the low supply and high price of beef, the state of New Jersey legalized its sale. At war's end, the state again prohibited the sale of horse meat, possibly in response to pressure from the beef lobby. Harvard University's Faculty Club had horse meat on the menu for over one hundred years, until 1983.^[19] Until 2007, a few horse meat abattoirs still existed in the United States, selling meat to zoos to feed their carnivores, and exporting it for human consumption, but recently the last has closed by court order. ^[20]^[21] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Harvard redirects here. ...

Contents

History

The taboo

Which cultures

Reasons for the taboo

Production

Opposition to production

Preparation

Horse meat in various countries

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Chile

China

France

Germany

Iceland

Indonesia

Italy

Japan

Kazakhstan

Malta

Mongolia

The Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Slovenia

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

See also

References

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

The taboo

Which cultures

Reasons for the taboo

Production

Opposition to production

Preparation

Horse meat in various countries

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Chile

China

France

Germany

Iceland

Indonesia

Italy

Japan

Kazakhstan

Malta

Mongolia

The Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Slovenia

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

See also

References

External links

History