Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning "lord". The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ...

The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia (only occasionally joined) were styled hospodars in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866, alongside the title of voivod. They were calling themselves Domn (from Latin dominus) when writing in Romanian. At the end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the Ottoman Sultan, its retention was considered inconsistent with the growth of Romanian independence (formalized only in 1878 instead of tributary status). It was therefore discarded in favour of domnitor or, in short, domn, which continued to be the official princely title up to the proclamation of a Kingdom of Romania in 1881 (not including Transylvania until 1918). Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Voivod or (more common) voivoda is a Slavic term initially denoting first in command of a military unit. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Dominus is the Latin word for master or owner. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Sogut (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanlı Dynasty... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... Domnitor (pl. ... From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Etymology and Slavic usage

It is a derivative of gospod, lord, and is akin to gosudar, which primarily means sovereign, and was also used in Russia as a polite form of address, equivalent to Sir. The pronunciation as hospodar of a word written gospodar in all but one of the Slavonic languages which retain the Cyrillic alphabet is not, as is sometimes alleged, due to the influence of Ukrainian, but to that of Church Slavonic. In both of these "g" is frequently pronounced "h". (In Ukrainian, the title is especially applied to the master of a house or the head of a family. The word gospodar still covers the first of these two meanings in Romanian.) In Bulgarian gospodar (господар, gospodar) means a 'master'. Other derivatives of the Russian word gospod include the Polish gospo'd (the lord, master), the Czech Hospod and similarly the Ukrainian Hospod' (господь) both meaning the Lord. All forms stem from the Proto-Slavic word gospodü (господу). A style of office, or honorific, is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the political office itself. ... Sir is an English honorary title, one formerly associated with knighthood. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Page from the Spiridon Psalter in Church Slavonic. ...

See also

• Voivod
• List of rulers of Moldavia
• List of rulers of Wallachia

Voivod or (more common) voivoda is a Slavic term initially denoting first in command of a military unit. ... This is a list of rulers of Moldavia. ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ...

Reference

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.