It has been suggested that Naturalist Intelligence be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Howard Gardner (born in 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is a psychologist who is based at Harvard University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences. In 1981, he was awarded a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Howard Gardner. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... The City of Scranton is the county seat of Lackawanna CountyGR6 in Northeastern Pennsylvania, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 76,415 (2003 estimate: 74,320). ... A psychologist is a scientist and/or clinician who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior and cognition. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) , is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The theory of multiple intelligences is a theory proposed by developmental psychologist Howard Gardner in 1983. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation is a private, independent grantmaking institution. ...

Overview

His most famous work is probably Frames of Mind, which details seven dimensions of intelligence (Visual / Spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence, Logical/Mathematical Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, and Bodily / Kinesthetic Intelligence). Gardner's claim is that pencil and paper IQ tests do not capture the full range of human intelligences. He has garnered much praise within the field of education but has also met criticism, largely from psychometricians. Since the publication of Frames of Mind, Gardner has additionally identified the 8th dimension of intelligence: Naturalist Intelligence, and is still considering a possible ninth: Existentialist Intelligence. (See Intelligence Reframed). Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Howard Gardner. ...

He recently has written a book, Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People's Minds.

Howard Gardner believes that we all have individual tendencies (areas that we enjoy and excel at) and that these tendencies can be placed within one of the intelligences listed above.

He explored the concepts of creativity and intelligences and the parts they play in children's learning, including the major role that arts education can play in developing basic cognitive skills.

While Gardner based his original theory on empirically derived sources of evidence such as selective impairment of a specific intelligence following brain injury and the presence of prodigies in each intelligence domain, there is little empirical work to support more specific predictions derived from his theory, and his ideas have often been overlooked within psychology.

Works

Gardner is the author of 18 books, including:

• Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligence (1983) ISBN 0-465-02510-2 (1993 ed.)
• The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (1991) ISBN 0-465-08896-1 (1993 ed.)
• Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi (1994) ISBN 0-465-01454-2
• Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (1993) ISBN 0-465-01822-X (1993 ed.)
• Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years, 2003. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 21, 2003. [1]

See below for research into validity of Gardner's theory: 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856–September 23, 1939; IPA pronunciation: []) was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist and the co-founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... Young Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. ... Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, Igor Fëdorovič Stravinskij) (June 17, 1882 – April 6, 1971) was a Russian composer who first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Serge Diaghilev and performed by Diaghilevs Ballets Russes (Russian Ballet): LOiseau de feu (The Firebird) (1910), Petrushka (1911... Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26, 1888–January 4, 1965) was a poet, dramatist and literary critic, whose works, such as The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, and Four Quartets, are considered major achievements of twentieth century Modernist poetry. ... Martha Graham and Bertram Ross in Visionary Recital, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1961 Martha Graham (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991), an American dancer and choreographer, is known as one of the foremost pioneers of modern dance. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: , Hindi: , IAST: mohandās karamcand gāndhÄ«, IPA: ) (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of the Indian Independence Movement. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

• Bennett, M. (2000). Self-estimates and population estimates of ability in men and women. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 23–28.

External links

• Howard Gardner's Project Zero home page at Harvard University
• Howard Gardner's personal home page
• Howard Gardner School for Discovery in Scranton, PA
• The Howard Gardner School in Alexandria, VA