Dedication of Stemmatographia from Pavel Nenadović to Hristofor Zhefarovich

Hristofor Zhefarovich (original Cyrillic Христофоръ Жефаровичъ; Bulgarian: Христофор Жеварович; Macedonian: Христофор Жефаровиќ; Serbian: Христофор Жефаровић and Hristofor Žefarović) was an 18th-century South Slavic painter, engraver, writer and poet and a figure of the Illyrian movement. The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Å tokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and by Serbs everywhere. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Slavic peoples are defined by their usage of the Slavic languages. ... The Illyrian movement was a cultural-literary movement in the 19th century Habsburg Empire. ...

Biography

Born in the end of the 17th century, Zhefarovich descended from a priestly family from Dojran in Macedonia and became a monk himself. As a highly-educated and well-learned vagrant monk he painted and traded with books, icons and church plate. He spent some time in the St Naum Monastery in Ohrid. His name was first mentioned in Belgrade in 1734, when he was well-known as a good painter. His first well-preserved work are the frescoes in the churches of the Bođani Monastery in Bačka (part of Vojvodina) from 1737 and the Šikloš Monastery from 1739. He was exclusively engaged in copper engraving and book illustration after 1740. The city of Dojran is located on the western shore of Dojran Lake in the south-eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia. ... Ohrid (in Macedonian: Охрид, see also different names) is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid in western Republic of Macedonia. ... Belgrade (Serbian: Beograd, Београд ) is the capital of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. ... Events January 8 - Premiere of George Frideric Handels opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. ... Bačka (Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia      â€“ Vojvodina   â€“ Montenegro Kosovo (UN administration) Official languages Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn1 Capital Novi Sad Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  21,500 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)  â€“ Density  2,031,992  94. ... Events 12 February — The San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated. ... Events January 1 - Bouvet Island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ...

Zhefarovich made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem through Thessaloniki and Jaffa and later established himself in the Epiphany Monastery in Moscow, where he died on 18 September 1753. Zhefrovich was the author of two religious works, an instruction to newly-appointed priests ("Поучение святителское к новопоставленному йерею") from 1742 and a description of Jerusalem from 1748 ("Описание светаго божия града Йерусалима"). His name is also associated with two textbooks — a primer and a grammar book, as well as numerous copper gravures of renowned personalities from Vojvodina. A pilgrimage is a term primarily used in religion and spirituality of a long journey or search of great moral significance. ... Jerusalem (; Hebrew: Yerushalayim; Arabic: al-Quds; Greek Ιεροσόλυμα) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meters. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Jaffa port Jaffa (Hebrew יָפוֹ, Standard Hebrew Yafo, Tiberian Hebrew Yāp̄ô; Arabic يَافَا ; also Japho, Joppa; also, ~1350 B.C.E. Amarna Letters, Yapu), is an ancient port city located in Israel on the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Epiphany Monastery (Bogoyavlensky monastery, Богоявленский монастырь in Russian) is the oldest male monastery in Moscow, situated in the Kitai gorod, just one block away from the Moscow Kremlin. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of...

Stemmatographia

Zhefarovich's work of greatest importance for the South Slavic Revival was his Stemmatographia published in Vienna in 1741. During its composition he used the Stemmatographia of Croatian Pavao Ritter Vitezović of 1701, who on his part used Kingdom of the Slavs of Mauro Orbini of 1601. Stemmatographia was illustrated by Zhefarovich with copper engravings and black and white drawings. It contains 20 images of Bulgarian and Serbian rulers and saints, as well as 56 coats of arms of Slavic and other Balkan countries with descriptive quatrains under them, regarded as the first example of modern secular Bulgarian and Serbian poetry. Stemmatographia had a crucial influence on the Bulgarian (particularly Paisius of Hilendar) and Serbian Revival and made a great impact on the entire Bulgarian heraldry of the 19th century. Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... // Events April 10 - Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz August 10 - Raja of Travancore defeats Dutch East India Company naval expedition at Battle of Colachel December 19 - Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 - Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius... Events January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia. ... Events February 8 - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Elizabeth I of England - revolt is quickly crushed February 25 - Robert Devereux beheaded Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China Bad harvest in Russia due to rainy summer Dutch troops drive Portuguese from Málaga Battle of Kinsale, Ireland Births... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia      â€“ Vojvodina      â€“ Kosovo (UN admin. ... Heraldry is the science and art of describing of coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A quatrain is a poem or a stanza within a poem that consists of four lines. ... Heraldry is the science and art of designing, displaying, describing and recording coats of arms and badges, as well as the formal ceremonies and laws that regulate the use and inheritance of arms. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Bulgarian coat of arms of Stemmatographia was used as the state symbol of the royal Bulgarian administration in 1878, but set in an ermine mantle and with a prince's crown above it. This coat of arms continued to be used on the state seal and the seals of state institutions well after an official one (also influenced by the one in Stemmatographia) was introduced by the National Assembly. The coat of arms of the short-lived Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia was also created after the coat of arms of Constantinople (called "coat of arms of Romania") in Zhefarovich's work. 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The ermine (Mustela erminea) is a dark brown weasel, with a distinctive black-tipped tail. ... The National Assembly of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Народното събрание, transliterated: Narodno Sabranie) is the unicameral parliament and body of the legislative of the Republic of Bulgaria. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Bulgarian: ; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Sarki; Modern Turkish: Sarki Rumeli, Greek Ανατολική Ρωμυλία) was an autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1885 (nominally to 1908). ... Constantinople[1] was the name of the modern-day city of İstanbul, Turkey over the centuries that it served as the second capital of the unified Roman Empire, and after its division into East and West, of the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire (from the city...

Gallery

Coat of arms of Roman (i.e. Byzantine) Thrace Image File history File links Thrace. ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Thrace (Greek Θράκη, Thrákē, Bulgarian Тракия, Trakija, Turkish Trakya; Latin: Thracia or Threcia) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ...	Coat of arms of Ottoman Thrace Image File history File links Thraceottoman. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl...	Coat of arms of "Romania", later adopted as the state symbol of Eastern Rumelia Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Bulgarian: ; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Sarki; Modern Turkish: Sarki Rumeli, Greek Ανατολική Ρωμυλία) was an autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1885 (nominally to 1908). ...	Coat of arms of Bulgaria
Coat of arms of the Serbian House of Nemanjić Nemanjić (Serbian Немањић; in English formerly Nemanyid) was a medieval Serbian ruling dynasty. ...	Engraving of Saint Methodius and Seraphim of Serbia Saint Methodius (Greek: Μεθόδιος; Church Slavonic Мефодии) (b. ...

Nationality and ethnicity

Hristofor Zhefarovich worked for the spiritual resurgence of the Bulgarian and Serbian people, as he considered them to be one and the same South Slavic ("Illyrian") people. Zhefarovich described himself as a "zealot of the Bulgarian homeland" ("ревнитель отечества болгарскаго"), but also discussed "our Serbian motherland" ("отечество сербско наше") and signed as a "universal painter of Illyria and Raška" ("иллирïко рассïанскïи общïй зографъ"). In his testament he explicitly noted that his relatives were "of Bulgarian nationality" ("булгарской нации") and from Dojran. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Illyria (Anc. ... RaÅ¡ka (Raschka, Rascia, Rassa) was the central and most successful medieval Serbian state (or župa, area ruled by a župan) that unified neighboring Serbian tribes into the main medieval Serbian state in Balkans. ...

The nationality and ethnicity of Zhefarovich has been the subject of some dispute between the Bulgarian and Serbian historiography, with the newly-emerged Macedonian one claiming Zhefarovich to be Macedonian since 1944. Historiography is the study of the way history is and has been written. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...