NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Huey P. Newton

Dr. Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989), was co-founder and inspirational leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, a black internationalist/racial equality organization that began in October 1966. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as Black Americans. ... Military history of African Americans is that of African Americans in the United States since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619 to the present day. ... 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Early life

Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, the seventh and youngest child in his family, from Amelia and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist minister. Newton's family moved to Oakland, California when he was three. Despite "completing" his secondary education at Oakland Technical High School, Newton still did not know how to read. During his course of self-study, he struggled to read Plato's Republic, which he believed he understood after persistently reading it through five times. This success, he told an interviewer, was the spark that caused him to become a leader.^{[citation needed]} Image:Pics2. ... Sharecropping is a system of farming in which employee farmers work a parcel of land in return for a fraction of the parcels crops. ... Baptist is a term describing a tradition within Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. ... Oakland, founded in 1852, is the eighth-largest city in California[1] and the county seat of Alameda County. ... Oakland Technical High School Oakland Technical High School, in Oakland, California U.S.A., known locally as Oakland Tech, is a public high school located on 4351 Broadway in North Oakland. ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... Plato. ...

Founding of the Black Panthers

While at Oakland City College, Newton had become involved in politics in the Bay Area. He joined the Afro-American Association, became a member of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc., and played a role in getting the first black history course adopted as part of the college's curriculum. He read the works of Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, Mao Tse-tung, and Che Guevara. It was during his time at Oakland City College^{[citation needed]} that Newton, along with Bobby Seale, organized the Black Panther Party for Self Defense in October 1966. Bobby Seale assumed the role of Chairman, while Huey P. Newton became Minister of Defense^[1] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 â€“ February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893—September 9, 1976) was the chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1935 until his death. ... Comandante Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14,[1] 1928 â€“ October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or El Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, medic, political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Bobby Seale Bobby Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American civil rights activist, who along with Dr. Huey P. Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party For Self Defense in 1966. ...

Huey Newton and the Black Panthers

Newton and Seale decided early on that the police abuse of power in Oakland against African-Americans 'must be stopped'. From his college study of law, Newton understood the California penal code and the state's law regarding weapons and was thus able to persuade a number of African-Americans to exercise their legal right to openly bear arms (concealed firearms were illegal). Members of the Black Panther Party carrying rifles and shotguns began patrolling areas where the Oakland police were said to commit racially-motivated crimes against the community's black citizens, in order to stop such crimes. This program was widely supported in the local African-American community. In addition to patrolling, Newton and Seale were responsible for writing the Black Panther Party Platform and Program, which drew largely upon Newton’s Maoist influences. Newton was also instrumental in the creation of a breakfast program that fed hundreds of children of the local communities before they went to school each day. Former Panther Earl Anthony (black panther) said the party was created with the goal to organize America for an armed Maoist revolution to change the social situation to help black people. For Black Panthers this meant the realignment of economic policies in the United States to benefit everyone (including other races) who were being crushed under the weight of American big-business capitalism. Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211...

Accusation of Murder

In the predawn hours of October 28, 1967, Newton was stopped by Oakland police officer John Frey who attempted to disarm and discourage the patrols. But, after fellow officer Herbert Heanes arrived for backup, shots were fired, with all three individuals wounded. Frey was hit four times and died within an hour, while Heanes was in serious condition with three bullet wounds. Newton, also being hit by gunfire, but apparently not as seriously wounded, staggered into the city's Kaiser Hospital. He was admitted, but shocked to find himself chained to his bed. Within moments the police arrived where, even while he bled profusely from his bullet wound in the abdomen, the policemen supposedly continued to beat him into unconsciousness, however this has never been considered factual.^{[citation needed]} October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

Accused of murdering Frey, Newton was convicted in September, 1968 of "voluntary manslaughter", and was sentenced from 2 to 15 years in prison. In May, 1970, the California Appellate Court reversed Newton's conviction, and ordered a new trial. The State of California dropped its case against Newton after two subsequent mistrials. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into manslaughter. ...

While Newton had been imprisoned, party membership had declined significantly in several cities. The FBI had been actively involved in a campaign to eliminate the Black Panthers' 'community outreach' programs such as free breakfasts for children, sickle-cell disease tests, and free food and shoes. Funding for several of their programs was raised as the result of the co-operation with the only independent commerce in the area: drug dealers and prostitution-ring leaders. Bobby Seale later wrote about his belief in Newton’s involvement and attempted takeover of the Oakland drug trade. Seale further claimed Newton attempted to 'shake down' pimps and drug dealers, and as a result, a contract was taken out on Newton’s life.^{[citation needed]} This story, however, was never proven. It is suggested that this mutual paranoia between long-time friends and party co-founders, Seale and Newton, was created by Hoover and the FBI. The FBI sent numerous "brown" letters to Panther leaders causing great alarm. The letters would have a false name, acting as if a Panther member had written and sent the letter; they often included death threats. This fear caused a fall-off in number of members and eventually the failure of the Party. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Sickle-cell disease is a group of genetic disorders caused by sickle hemoglobin (Hgb S or Hb S). ...

In 1974, several charges were filed against Newton, and he was also accused of murdering a 17 year-old prostitute, Kathleen Smith. Newton failed to make his court appearance. His bail was revoked, a bench warrant was issued, and Newton's name was added to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's 'most wanted' list. Newton had jumped bail and escaped to Cuba, where he spent three years in exile. He returned home in 1977 to face murder charges because, he said, the 'climate' in the United States had changed, and he believed he could get a 'fair trial'. Because the evidence was largely circumstantial and not solid beyond hearsay, Newton was acquitted of the murder of Kathleen Smith after two trials were deadlocked.

Later life

Newton earned a bachelor's degree from University of California, Santa Cruz in 1974 where he met Edward E. Young Jr. a great man in the Black Pather movement . He was enrolled as a graduate student in History of Consciousness at UC Santa Cruz in 1978, when he arranged (while in prison) to take a reading course from famed evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. He and Trivers became close friends. Trivers and Newton published an influential analysis of the role of flight crew self-deception in crash of Air Florida Flight 90.^[2] Later, Newton's widow, Frederika Newton, would discuss her husband's often-ignored academic leanings on C-SPAN's "American Perspectives" program on February 18, 2006, mentioning that Newton earned a Ph.D. from UC Santa Cruz in 1980.^[3] The University of California, Santa Cruz, also known as UCSC or UC Santa Cruz, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California. ... The University of California, Santa Cruz, also known as UCSC or UC Santa Cruz, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California. ... Robert L. Trivers, (born 19 February 1943) is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist, most noted for proposing the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), and parent-offspring conflict (1974). ... U.S. National Transportation Safety Board diagram of flight path for Air Florida flight 90 which crashed on takeoff at Washington, D.C. on January 13, 1982, killing 78 persons. ... The University of California, Santa Cruz, also known as UCSC or UC Santa Cruz, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California. ...

In 1985, Newton was charged with embezzling state and federal funds from the Black Panthers' community education and nutrition programs. He was convicted in 1989. It was later rumored that Newton had embezzled the money to support an alcohol and drug addiction. By this time, however, the Panthers had toned down its image and activism in order to get and maintain government grants.

Death

On August 22, 1989, Newton was shot and killed while on the park bench . Official accounts claim the killer was a man known for drug dealing in Oakland.^[4] The media theorized Newton had become involved in drug dealing and was shot during a "drug deal gone sour".^[5] August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The 2Pac song, Changes, hints at his death being a conspiracy for his active involvement in the Black Panther Party, with the line "It's time to fight back, that's what Huey said/Two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead/" Years after his death, Tupac Shakur is still considered one of the most influential hip hop artists of all time. ... Changes is a rap song by Tupac Shakur, first released posthumously on his album Greatest Hits. ...

The dead prez song "Propaganda" is more direct. In this song the two rappers make it clear that they think Newton was killed for his controversial opinions: "They killed Huey cause they knew he had the answer." . The initial letter is shown capitalized due to technical restrictions. ...

In popular culture

The Boo Radleys were a British guitar band of the 1990s who made experimental indie music, and were briefly associated with the Britpop movement. ... Changes is a rap song by Tupac Shakur, first released posthumously on his album Greatest Hits. ... Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 â€“ September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli, or simply as Pac, was an American artist renowned for his rap music, movie roles, poetry, and his social activism. ... This article is about the American political organization. ... Afeni Shakur Afeni Shakur (born Alice Faye Walker) (born January 10, 1947, in Lumberton, North Carolina) is the mother of the famous American rapper Tupac Shakur and was an important member of the Black Panther Party. ... Jayceon Terell Taylor (born November 27, 1979 in Los Angeles,[1] California), better known by his stage name The Game, is a multi-platinum American rapper signed to Interscope Records. ... For the originating definition of Boondocks, see Boondock. ... Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a seminal hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community. ... Carlton Douglas Chuck D Ridenhour (born August 1, 1960) is an American rapper, composer, actor, author, radio personality and producer. ... . The initial letter is shown capitalized due to technical restrictions. ... The Coup is a hip-hop group based in Oakland, California. ... Talib Kweli (born Talib Kweli Greene in Brooklyn, New York City on October 3, 1975) is an American MC from Brooklyn, New York. ... Pick A Bigger Weapon is the sixth studio album of The Coup, a hip hop group that originated from Oakland, California. ... Jayceon Terell Taylor (born November 27, 1979 in Los Angeles,[1] California), better known by his stage name The Game, is a multi-platinum American rapper signed to Interscope Records. ... Moving Hearts was an Irish folk-rock band, formed in about 1980 by seven established musicians. ... Robert Gerard Sands (Irish: [1][2]), commonly known as Bobby Sands (9 March 1954 â€“ 5 May 1981), was an Northern Irish Provisional IRA member who died on hunger strike whilst in prison for the possession of firearms. ...

Bibliography

Books and Articles by, or with Dr. Huey P. Newton

Notes

External links

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | 1942 births | 1989 deaths | African Americans | African Americans' rights activists | American murder victims | American revolutionaries | Black Panther Party members | COINTELPRO targets | Deaths by firearm in the United States | Black Panther Party | Murdered activists Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... This article contains a trivia section. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ...

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