Hugh Montague Trenchard
3 February 1873 – February 10, 1956 (aged 83)
Trenchard in RAF full dress
Nickname	Boom
Place of birth	Taunton, England
Place of death	London, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Air Force
Years of service	1893 – 1 January 1930
Rank	Marshal of the Royal Air Force
Commands	Southern Nigeria Regiment First Wing, RFC Royal Flying Corps in the Field Independent Air Force Royal Air Force
Battles/wars	South African War, World War I
Awards	GCB OM GCVO DSO
Other work	Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard GCB OM GCVO DSO (3 February 1873 - 10 February 1956) was a commander of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and British Chief of the Air Staff during World War I and the 1920s. He was instrumental in establishing the Royal Air Force (RAF) and served as Metropolitan Police Commissioner in the 1930s. Trenchard is recognized today as one of the first advocates of strategic bombing and he has been described as the Father of the Royal Air Force. is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Taunton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Ensign_of_the_Royal_Air_Force. ... RAF redirects here. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marshal of the RAF sleeve/shoulder insignia Marshal of the Royal Air Force was the highest rank in the Royal Air Force. ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. // Formed by Royal Warrant on 13 May 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. // Formed by Royal Warrant on 13 May 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... RAF redirects here. ... Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War There were two Boer wars, one in 1880-81 and the second from October 11, 1899-1902 both between the British and the settlers of Dutch origin (called Boere, Afrikaners or Voortrekkers) in South Africa that put an end to the two independent... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division) Ribbon of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on May 18, 1725. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... Queen Victoria founded the Royal Victorian Order. ... DSO medal The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat. ... The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (usually just referred to as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner or, more colloquially, as the Met Commissioner) is the head of the Metropolitan Police Service in London. ... Marshal of the RAF sleeve/shoulder insignia Marshal of the Royal Air Force was the highest rank in the Royal Air Force. ... Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division) Ribbon of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on May 18, 1725. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... Queen Victoria founded the Royal Victorian Order. ... DSO medal The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. // Formed by Royal Warrant on 13 May 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... The Chief of the Air Staffs command flag, the Royal Air Force Ensign The Chief of the Air Staff is the professional head of the Royal Air Force and a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... RAF redirects here. ... The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (usually just referred to as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner or, more colloquially, as the Met Commissioner) is the head of the Metropolitan Police Service in London. ... The city heart of Rotterdam after being terror bombed by Germany in 1940, the ruin of the (now restored) Laurens Kerk is the only building that reminds people of Rotterdams medieval architecture. ...

Early life

Hugh Montague Trenchard was born at Windsor Lodge on Haines Hill in Taunton, England on 3 February 1873. He was the third child and second son Henry Montague Trenchard and his wife Georgina Louisa Catherine Tower. Georgina Tower was the daughter of the Royal Navy captain John McDowall Skene.^[1] For other uses, see Taunton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... A Royal Navy captains rank insignia. ...

Although in the 1870s the Trenchards were living in an unremarkable fashion, their forebears had played notable roles in English history. The family claimed descent from Raoul de Trenchant, a knight and one of the close companions of William the Conqueror who fought alongside him at the Battle of Hastings. Other notable ancestors were Sir Thomas Trenchard, a High Sheriff of Dorset in the 16th century and Sir John Trenchard the Secretary of State under William III.^[2] William I ( 1027 – September 9, 1087), was King of England from 1066 to 1087. ... Combatants Normans supported by: Bretons (one third of total), Flemings, French Anglo-Saxons, the Þingalið Commanders William of Normandy, Odo of Bayeux Harold Godwinson † Strength 7,000-8,000 7,000-8,000 Casualties Unknown, thought to be around 2,000 killed and wounded Unknown, thought to be around 4... Sir John Trenchard ( 30 March 1640 - 27 April 1695), English politician belonged to an old Dorset family, his father being Thomas Trenchard (1615-1671), of Wolverton, and his grandfather Sir Thomas Trenchard (1582-1657), also of Wolverton, who was knighted by James I in 1613. ... William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was the Prince of Orange from his birth, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic from 28 June 1672, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots (under the name William II) from...

When Hugh Trenchard was two, the family moved to a Courtlands, a farm-cum-manor house three miles from the centre of Taunton. The country setting meant that the young Hugh could enjoy an outdoor life, including spending time hunting rabbits and other small animals with the rifle he was given on his eighth birthday.

It was during his junior years that Hugh and his siblings were educated at home by a resident tutor. Unfortunately for Hugh's education, the tutor was neither strict enough nor skillful enough to overcome the children's mischievous attempts to avoid receiving instruction.^[3] As a consequence, Trenchard did not excel academically; his enthusiasm for games and riding was however evident. A young rider at a horse show in Australia. ...

At the age of 10, Hugh Trenchard was sent to board at Allens Preparatory School near Botley in Hampshire. Although he did well at arithmetic, he struggled with the rest of the curriculum. However, Hugh's parents were not greatly concerned by his educational difficulties as they had already decided that he should follow a military career. His mother wanted her son to enter the Royal Navy and in 1884 Hugh was moved to Dover where he attended Hammond's, a cramming school for prospective entrants to HMS Britannia. Hugh failed the Navy's entrance papers and at the age of 13 he was sent to the Reverend Albert Pritchard's crammer, Hill Lands in Wargrave, Berkshire. Hill Lands prepared its pupils for Army commissions and as before Hugh did not apply himself to his studies. Botley is a historic village in Hampshire, England that obtained a charter for a market from Henry III in 1267. ... For other uses, see Hampshire (disambiguation). ... Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC) is the initial officer training establishment of the Royal Navy, located on a hill overlooking Dartmouth, Devon, England. ... Wargrave is a village in Berkshire, England beside the River Thames, near Henley-on-Thames and opposite the village of Shiplake. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In 1889, when Hugh Trenchard was 16 years old, his father, who was a solicitor, was declared bankrupt. The young Trenchard then depended upon the charity of his relatives for the remainder of his education at Pritchard's.^[1] Trenchard failed the Woolwich examinations twice and was then relegated to applying for the Militia which had lower entry standards. Even the Militia's examinations proved difficult for Trenchard and he failed in 1891 and 1892. During this time, Trenchard underwent a period of training as a probationary subaltern with the Kincardine and Forfar Artillery. Following his return to Pritchard's, Trenchard finally scraped a pass in March 1893. At the age of 20, he was gazetted as a second-lieutenant in the Second Battalion the Royal Scots Fusiliers and posted to India.^[4] A solicitor is a type of lawyer in many common law jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and in a few regions of the United States. ... The Royal Military Academy (RMA) at Woolwich, in south-east London, was a British Army military academy for the training of commissioned officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. ... A subaltern is a military term for a junior officer. ... The London Gazette , front page from Monday 3 - 10 September 1666, reporting on the Great Fire of London. ... The Royal Scots Fusiliers was a Regiment of the British Army. ...

Early military career

India

Trenchard arrived in India in late 1893, joining his regiment at Sialkot in the Punjab. Not long after his arrival, Trenchard was called upon to make a speech at a mess dinner night. It was common practice for the youngest subaltern to make such a speech and Trenchard was expected to cover several highlights of the Royal Scots Fusiliers' history. Instead, he simply said "I am deeply proud to belong to this great regiment", followed by "I hope one day I shall live to command it." His 'speech' was received with hoots of incredulous laughter, although some appreciated his nerve.^[5] Sialkot (Urdu/Punjabi: ), the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Pakistan at the feet of the snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. ... Punjab was a province of British India. ... For other uses, see Mess (disambiguation). ... Mess Night at Camp Lejeune Dining in is a formal military function for Harrison Burrows of a company or other unit. ...

Young officers stationed in India in the 1890s enjoyed many social and sporting diversions. Although every regiment was required to a period of duty beyond the Khyber Pass, for the most part conditions of peace and prosperity were evident. The fact that Trenchard was not a man of indepedent means did not prevent him engaging in sporting activities. In early 1894 he won the All-India Rifle Championship. After his success at shooting, Trenchard set about establishing a battalion polo team. Being of the infantry, his regiment had no history of playing polo and there were many obstacles for Trenchard to overcome. However, within six months the battalion polo team was competing and holding its own. It was during a polo match in 1896 that Trenchard first met Winston Churchill, with whom he clashed on field of play.^[6] The Khyber Pass, also referred to as The Khyber (also spelt the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: درہ خیبر) (altitude: 1,070 m , 3,510 ft) is the mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan. ... For other uses, see Polo (disambiguation). ... Churchill redirects here. ...

It was also during Trenchard's time in India that he took up reading. His first choice was for biographies, particularly of British heroes. Trenchard kept the long hours he spent reading quiet but in so doing succeeded in providing himself with an education where the service crammers had failed.^[7]

With the outbreak of the South African War in October 1899, Trenchard applied several times to join his old battalion which had been sent to the Cape as part of the expeditionary corps. Trenchard's requests were rejected by his Colonel and when Lord Curzon, who was concerned about the drain of leaders to South Africa, banned the dispatch of any further officers, Trenchard's prospect for seeing action looked bleak. However, a year or two previously, it had so happened that Trenchard had been promised help or advice from Sir Edmund Elles, as a gesture of thanks after Trenchard had rescued a rifle-shooting contest from disaster. By 1900, Elles was Military Secretary to Lord Curzon and Trenchard (by now a captain) sent a priority signal to Elles requesting that he be permitted to rejoin his unit overseas. This bold move worked and Trenchard received his orders for South Africa several weeks later.^[8] Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War There were two Boer wars, one in 1880-81 and the second from October 11, 1899-1902 both between the British and the settlers of Dutch origin (called Boere, Afrikaners or Voortrekkers) in South Africa that put an end to the two independent... Anthem: God Save the Queen Cape Colony Capital Cape Town Language(s) English and Dutch1 Religion Dutch Reformed Church, Anglican Government Constitutional monarchy Last Monarch King George VI Last Prime Minister  - 1908 – 1910 John X. Merriman Last Governor  - 1901 - 1910 Walter Hely-Hutchinson Historical era 19th century  - Dutch East India... The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925) was a British Conservative statesman who served as Viceroy of India and Foreign Secretary. ...

South Africa

On his arrival in South Africa, Trenchard rejoined the Royal Scots Fusiliers before being ordered to raise and train a mounted company of the Imperial Yeomanry.^[9] The Boers were accomplished horsemen and the tactics of the day placed a heavy strain upon the British cavalry. Accordingly, the British sought to raise mounted infantry units and Trenchard's polo playing experiences led to him being selected to raise a mounted company for service west of Johannesburg. The bulk of Trenchard's new unit consisted of a group of volunteer Australian horsemen who, thus far being under-employed, had largely been noticed for excessive drinking, gambling and debauchery.^[10] The Royal Scots Fusiliers was a Regiment of the British Army. ... The Imperial Yeomanry was created on December 24, 1899 — most units being raised during 1900 and 1901 — to allow volunteer cavalry troops to fight as mounted infantry alongside regular troops of the British Army in the Second Boer War as, at that time, Yeomanry regiments had no obligation to fight... This article is about the Boer people (Boerevolk). ... This article is about the city in South Africa. ...

Trenchard's company came under the command of the 6th (Fusilier) Brigade which was headquartered Krugersdorp. During September and early October 1900 Trenchard's riders were involved in several skirmishes in the surrounding countryside. On 5 October 6th Brigade, including Trenchard, departed Krugersdorp with the intention of drawing the Boers into battle on the plain where they might be defeated. However, before the Brigade could reach the plain it had to pass through undulating terrain which favoured the Boer guerrilla tactics.^[11] Krugersdorp is a mining city in the West Rand of Gauteng, South Africa. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Guerrilla redirects here. ...

The Brigade travelled by night and at dawn on 9 October the Ayrshire Yeomanry, who were in the vanguard, disturbed a Boer encampment. The Boers fled on horseback and Trenchard with his Australians pursued them for 10 miles. The Boers, finding themselves unable to shake off Trenchard's unit, led them into a trap. The Boers rode up a steep slope and disappeared into the valley beyond. When Trenchard made the ridge he saw the Dwarsvlei farmhouse with smoke coming from the chimney. It appeared to Trenchard that the Boers thought they had got away and were eating breakfast unawares. Trenchard placed his troops on the heights around the building and after half an hour's observation, he led a patrol of four men down towards the farmhouse. The remainder of Trenchard's troops were to close in on his signal. However, when Trenchard and his patrol reached the valley floor and broke cover, the Boers opened fire from about a dozen points and bullets whistled past Trenchard and his men. Trenchard pressed forward and reached the sheltering wall of the farmhouse. As he headed for the door, Trenchard was felled by a Boer bullet to the chest. The Australians, seeing their leader fall, decended from the heights and engaged the Boers at close quarters in and around the farmhouse. Many of the Boers were killed or wounded, a few fled and several were taken prisoner. Trenchard was critically wounded and medically evacuated to Krugersdorp.^[12] is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up vanguard in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Mêlée be merged into this article or section. ...

Medical treatment and convalescence

After Trenchard was brought to the hospital in Krugersdorp, he slipped from semi-consciousness into unconsciousness. The surgeons believed that he would die as the bullet had punctured his left lung and they had removed six and a half pints of blood from his pleural cavity through a tube. On the third day, Trenchard regained consciousness but spent most of that day sleeping. After three weeks, Trenchard had shown some improvement and was moved to Johannesburg where he made further progress. However when he tried to rise from his bed, Trenchard discovered that he was unable to put weight on his feet, leading him to suspect that he was partially paralysed. He was next moved to Maraisburg for convalescing and there Trenchard confirmed that he was half-paralysed in his legs. The doctors surmised that after passing through his lung, the bullet had grazed his spine.^[13] The lungs are surrounded by two membranes, the pleurae. ...

In December 1900, Trenchard returned to England, arriving by hospital ship at Southampton. He hobbled with the aid of sticks down the gangplank where his concerned parents met him. As an disabled soldier without independent financial means, Trenchard was now at his lowest point. He spent the next fortnight at the Mayfair nursing home for disabled officers which was run by the Red Cross. Trenchard's case came to the attention of Lady Dudley by whose philanthropic efforts the Mayfair nursing home operated. Through her generosity she arranged for Trenchard to see a specialist who told Trenchard that he needed to spend several months in Switzerland where the air was likely to be of benefit to his lung. Trenchard and his family could not afford the expense and Trenchard was too embarrassed to explain the situation. However without asking any questions, Lady Dudley presented Trenchard with a cheque to cover the costs.^[14] For other uses, see Southampton (disambiguation). ... Mayfair is an area in the City of Westminster London, named after the fortnight-long May Fair that took place there from 1686 until it was banned in that location in 1764. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Example of a Canadian cheque. ...

On Sunday 30 December, Trenchard arrived in St Moritz to begin his Swiss convalescence. Boredom saw him take up bobsleighing as it did not require much use of his legs. Initially he was prone to leave the run and end up in the snow but after some days of practice he usually managed to stay on track. It was during a heavy crash from the Cresta Run that his spine was jolted back into line, enabling him to walk freely immediately after regaining consciousness. Around a week later, Trenchard won the Freshman and Novices' Cups for 1901 which was a remarkable triumph for a man who had been unable to walk unaided only a few days before.^[15] is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... St. ... Historic bobteam from Davos around 1910 Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2006-02-04, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... The Top at Cresta Run The Cresta Run is a natural ice three-quarter mile (1212. ...

On arriving back in England, Trenchard visited Lady Dudley to thank her^[16] and then set about engineering his return to South Africa. His lung was not fully healed causing him pain and leaving him breathless. Furthermore, the War Office were sceptical about Trenchard's claim to be fully fit and were disinclined to allow him to forego his remaining nine months of sick leave. Trenchard then took several months of tennis coaching in order to strengthen his remaining lung. Early in the summer of 1901 he entered two tennis competitions, reaching the semi-finals both times and gaining favourable press coverage. He then sent the newspaper clippings to the doctors at the War Office, arguing that this tennis ability proved he was fit for active duty. Not waiting for a reply, Trenchard boarded a troop ship in May 1901 passing himself off as a volunteer for a second tour of duty.^[17] Old War Office Building, seen from Whitehall, London - the former location of the War Office The War Office was a former department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence. ... For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ...

Return to Africa

Back in South Africa

On Trenchard's return to South Africa he made his way to Pretoria, arriving there in late July 1901. He was assigned to a company of the 12th Mounted Infantry where his patrolling duties required him to spend long days in the saddle. Trenchard's wound still caused him considerable pain and entry and exit scars frequently bled.^[18] Motto: Praestantia Praevaleat Pretoria (May Pretoria Be Pre-eminent In Excellence) Country South Africa Province Gauteng Established 1855 Area  - City 1,644 km²  (634. ...

Later in the year, Trenchard was summoned to see Kitchener, who was by then the Commander-in-Chief. Trenchard was tasked with reorganizing a demoralized mounted infantry company, which he completed in under a month. Kitchener then called for Trenchard once more. This time Trenchard was sent to D'Aar in the Cape Colony to expedite the training of a new corps of mounted infantry. Kitchener summoned Trenchard for the third time in October 1901. This time Trenchard was sent on a mission to capture the Boer Government who were in hiding. Kitchener had received intelligence on their location and he hoped to damage the morale of Boer commandos at large by sending a small group of men to capture the Boer Government. Trenchard was accompanied by a column of so-called loyalist Boers whose motives he suspected. Also with Trenchard were several British NCOs and nine mixed race guides. After riding through the night, Trenchard's party were ambushed the next morning. Trenchard and his men took cover and gave fight. After Trenchard's column had suffered casualties, the ambush party withdrew. Although this last mission failed, Trenchard was praised for his efforts with a mention in dispatches.^[19] Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916) was an Anglo-Irish British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman popularly referred to as Lord Kitchener. ... Anthem: God Save the Queen Cape Colony Capital Cape Town Language(s) English and Dutch1 Religion Dutch Reformed Church, Anglican Government Constitutional monarchy Last Monarch King George VI Last Prime Minister  - 1908 – 1910 John X. Merriman Last Governor  - 1901 - 1910 Walter Hely-Hutchinson Historical era 19th century  - Dutch East India... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. ... Mentioned in Dispatches (MID) is a military award for gallantry or otherwise commendable service. ...

Trenchard spent the remainder of 1901 on patrolling duties and in early 1902 he was appointed acting commander of the 23rd Mounted Infantry Regiment. During the last few months of the War, Trenchard only once got to lead his Regiment into action. In response to Boer cattle rustling, Zulu raiders crossed the border into the Transvaal and the 23rd Mounted Infantry Regiment took action.^[20] Cattle rustling or cattle raiding is the act of stealing livestock. ... Languages Zulu Religions Christian, African Traditional Religion Related ethnic groups Bantu Nguni Basotho Xhosa Swazi Matabele Khoisan The Zulu (South African English and isiZulu: amaZulu) are a South African ethnic group of an estimated 17-22 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ... Flag of Transvaal For the Russian theme park, see Transvaal Park. ...

After peace terms were agreed in May 1902, Trenchard was involved in supervising the disarming of the Boers and later took leave. In July, the 23rd Mounted Infantry was recalled to Middleburg four hundred miles to the south and after the trek Trenchard occupied himself with polo and race meetings.^[21] Trenchard was promoted to brevet major in August 1902.^[9] Horse-racing is an equestrian sporting activity which has been practiced over the centuries; the chariot races of Roman times were an early example, as was the contest of the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. ... In the US military, brevet referred to a warrant authorizing a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily, but usually without receiving the pay of that higher rank. ... Major is a military rank of the British Army which is used by both the British Army and Royal Marines. ...

Nigeria

In September 1903 whilst Trenchard was on leave in England, he considered his future options. He was undecided between staying in the Army or taking up gold prospecting in the Transvaal. After a chance meeting with Colonel Gilman, whom the War Office had appointed to recruit officers for the Southern Nigeria Regiment, he opted for remaining in the Army. After an interview in London with General Kemball, Trenchard was granted the position of Deputy Commandant of the Southern Nigeria Regiment with the promise that he was entitled to lead all regimental expeditions.^[22]

Trenchard arrived in Nigeria in early December 1903, disembarking at the port of Bonny. He then travelled along the coast by steamer to Calabar where he reported to the commanding officer, Colonel Montanaro. Montanaro was preparing an expedition to quell inter-tribal violence in the interior. On the day before the expedition was due to depart, Montanaro told Trenchard that he would not be accompanying him as he believed that Trenchard, being unacclimatized, would be a liability in the field. Despite Trenchard's protests, he remained behind.^[23] Bonny is a town in southeast Nigeria, on the Bight of Biafra. ... Calabar is a city in southeastern Nigeria. ...

By this time General Kemball was in the Gold Coast and Trenchard was able to send a wire to Kemball threatening to return to Great Britain. Kemball contacted Sir Ralph Moore, the Governor of Southern Nigeria who issued instructions for Trenchard to replace Montanaro as leader of the expedition.^[24] Flag of Gold Coast Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony. ...

Trenchard caught up with the expedition several days' march from Itu. After a brief exchange, Trenchard handed Montanaro the text of the Governor's wire, which he accepted. After dealing with discontent from some of the Regiment's officers, Trenchard led the expedition on towards the disturbed area. Several days later, Trenchard's expedition saw evidence of ritual killings and was then ambushed by Ibo tribesmen. After defeating the attackers, Trenchard's men occupied the local village overnight. The next morning the local tribal chief and his men handed in their arms. Trenchard then set bringing those responsible for the ritual killings to justice and fighting bellicose tribesmen. In time, six more chiefs with a little under 10,000 men surrendered their arms to Trenchard's expedition of around 250 men.^[25] The Igbo, sometimes (especially formerly) referred to as the Ibo/Ebo, are an ethnic group in West Africa numbering in the tens of millions. ...

In March 1904, Trenchard headed to the upper Cross River as the tribal revolt in neighbouring German Cameroons was spilling over into Nigerian terrority. Trenchard put down the revolt in Aparabong and thousands of tribesmen surrendered firearms to his troops.^[26] Cross River might mean: A river that flows through West Africa Cross River State in southeastern Nigeria which is named after the river above. ...

From summer 1904 to the late summer 1905, Trenchard was acting Commandant of the Southern Nigeria Regiment. During his time in command, Trenchard set about bringing firm discipline to what he had considered an unruly unit. Gambling was banned, drunkenness and laziness were punished and action was taken against anyone caught with local women.^[27]

With the appointment of a new commanding officer, Trenchard presented his plans for bring the uncharted region 200 miles north-west of Calabar under British control. The uncharted region between the Cross and Niger Rivers was around 1200 square miles in area with Bende to the south and Onitsha to the west. Early in the so-called Bende-Onitsha hinterland expedition, a British doctor was captured by Ibo tribesmen and then killed and eaten. Trenchard then fought a pitched battle with the tribesmen and defeated then with the use of his Maxim guns. The chiefs were brought to terms and the doctor's skull and bones recovered. Thousands of Ibo tribesmen were pressed into service as labourers, constructing roads through the jungle. His service during the Bende-Onitsha expedition saw Trenchard appointed to the Distinguished Service Order in 1906.^[28] Map of Niger River with Niger River basin in green The Niger River is the principal river of western Africa, extending over 2500 miles (about 4180 km). ... Onitsha (pop 7 million 2005 est. ... Cannibal redirects here. ... An early Maxim gun in operation with the Royal Navy 1895 . ... DSO medal The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat. ...

Towards the end of Trenchard's 1906 expedition he contracted blackwater fever and was sent back to England on sick leave. On his return to Nigeria, Trenchard became Commandant and spent time completely redeveloping the barracks in Lagos, to where the regiment had relocated some months earlier. He also acted as an agent for Harrods, importing goods and undercutting local merchants.^[29] Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria characterized by intravascular haemolysis, haemoglobinuria and kidney failure. ... Harrods is a department store on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London, England. ...

From November 1907 to spring 1908, Trenchard led his last expedition, consisting of only four officers, an interpreter, 25 men and three machine guns. During the expedition, Trenchard made contact with the Munshi tribe, sending gifts to their chiefs. Subsequently, roads were built and trade links established with the tribe.^[30]

England and Ireland

In early 1910, Trenchard became seriously ill and after several months he returned home once again, this time with an liver abscess. Back in England, Trenchard did not recover quickly but by the late summer he was well enough to take his parents on holiday to the West Country.^[31]

October 1910 saw Trenchard posted to Londonderry as a company commander and reduced from a temporary lieutenant-colonel to major. As before, Trenchard occupied himself with playing polo and he took up hunting. Finding peace-time regimental life dull, Trenchard took to involving himself in the details of other officers duties which created some friction.^[32] Derry or Londonderry (in Irish , Doire Cholm Chille or Doire), often called the Maiden City, is a city in Northern Ireland. ...

Flying school

The Central Flying School staff in January 1913. Trenchard is in the front row, shown thrid from the right.

It was during his time in Ireland, that Trenchard received a letter from Captain Eustace Loraine, urging him to take up flying. Trenchard and Loraine had been friends in Nigeria and on his return to England, Loraine had learnt to fly. After some effort, Trenchard persuaded his commanding officer to grant him three months of paid leave so that he might train as a pilot. Trenchard arrived in London on 6 July 1912 only to discover that Captain Loraine had been killed in a flying accident the day before his arrival. At the age of 39, Trenchard was just short of 40, the maximum age for military student pilots at the Central Flying School and so he did not postpone his plan to become an aviator.^[33] is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Central Flying School is the Royal Air Forces primary institution for the training of flying instructors. ...

After taking lessons at Thomas Sopwith's flying school at Brooklands, Trenchard succeeded in going solo on 31 July. The course had cost £75, involved a meagre two-and-a-half weeks tuition and a grand total of 64 minutes in the air.^[1] According to his instructor, "he would never have made a good pilot" but "he was a model pupil." Sir Thomas Octave Murdock Sopwith (January 18, 1888 - January 27, 1989) was a British aviation pioneer as well as a celebrated yachtsman. ... Brooklands was a motor racing circuit built near Weybridge in Surrey, England. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Trenchard arrived at Upavon, where the Central Flying School was based, and was assigned to Arthur Longmore's flight. Bad weather delayed Longmore from assessing Trenchard and before the weather improved, the School's Commandant, Captain Godfrey Paine RN had co-opted Trenchard to the permanent staff. Longmore soon discovered his pupil's deficiencies and Trenchard spent many hours improving his flying technique. As a member of the staff, Trenchard set to work organizing training and establishing procedures.^[34] It was during his time at the Central Flying School that Trenchard earned his nickname "Boom" Trenchard, for his distinctly loud speaking voice.^[1] The former RAF Upavon was a grass airfield and administrative headquarters of the Royal Air Force. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Murray Longmore, GCB, DSO (8 October 1885 – 10 December 1970) was an early naval aviator, before reaching high rank in the Royal Air Force. ... Rear Admiral Sir Godfrey Marshall Paine KCB MVO (21 November 1871 – 23 March 1932) was a senior commander in the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Air Force in the early part of the 20th century. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...

In September 1912 Trenchard acted as an air observer during the Army Manoeuvres. His experiences and actions developed his understanding of the military utility of flying.^[35] The following September, Trenchard was appointed Assistant Commandant^[9] and promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel. Trenchard's paths crossed once more with Winston Churchill, who was by then First Lord of the Admiralty and learning to fly at Eastchurch and Upavon.^[36] The Army Manoeuvres of 1912 was the last exercise of its kind conducted by the British army before the outbreak of the First World War. ... The First Lord of the Admiralty was a British government position in charge of the Admiralty. ...

World War I

Officer Commanding the Military Wing

With the outbreak of World War I, Trenchard was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps, replacing Lieutenant-Colonel Sykes. Trenchard's headquarters were at Farnborough and his new duties included providing replacements and raising new squadrons for service on the continent. Trenchard initially set himself a target of 12 squadrons. However, Sefton Brancker the Assistant Director of Military Aeronautics suggested that this should be raised to 30 and Lord Kitchener later set the target at 60.^[37] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Major-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes (1877–1954) was an English statesman and politician. ... There are several places named Farnborough: United Kingdom Farnborough in the London Borough of Bromley (prior to 1965 in Kent) Farnborough in Warwickshire Farnborough in Berkshire Farnborough in Hampshire Farnborough Airfield formerly the Royal Aircraft Establishment This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the... Sir Sefton Brancker (1877-1930) was an important personality in the history of English civil aviation. ... Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916) was an Anglo-Irish British Field Marshal, diplomat and statesman popularly referred to as Lord Kitchener. ...

In early October 1914, Kitchener sent for Trenchard and tasked him with providing a battle-worthy squadron forthwith. The squadron was to be used to support land and naval forces seeking to prevent the German flanking manoeuvres during the Race to the Sea. On 7 October, only 36 hours later, No. 6 Squadron flew to Belgium, the first of many additional squadrons to be provided.^[38] Course of the Race to the Sea showing dates of encounters and highlighting the significant battles. ... is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The first Royal Air Force squadron to receive the F-4 Phantom II, No. ...

France

Trenchard in the uniform of the Royal Flying Corps

In November 1914, Trenchard was sent to France to command the newly formed First Wing. This consisted of Nos 2 and 3 Squadrons and flew in support of the Fourth Army Corps and the Indian Corps. The next year on 25 August 1915, Trenchard was appointed Officer Commanding the RFC in the Field (this appointment is sometimes described as Officer Commanding the RFC in France as "the Field" was effectively France). Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... No. ... No. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In August 1917 he agreed to return to Britain and re-organise training with Robert Smith-Barry at a new school at Gosport. The curriculum combined classroom training and dual flight instruction. Students were not led away from potentially dangerous manoeuvres but deliberately exposed to them in controlled environments so they could learn to recover from errors of judgement. 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Gosport is a town and district in Hampshire with around 77,000 inhabitants (including Lee-on-the-Solent), situated on the south coast of England. ...

The Air Council was formed in January 1918, and Trenchard became Chief of the Air Staff. He helped establish the RAF in April 1918 when the RFC was merged with the Royal Naval Air Service, but he resigned two weeks before its inauguration after a quarrel with the Air Secretary, Lord Rothermere. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Personnel of No 1 Squadron RNAS in late 1914 The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy until near the end of World War I, when it merged with the British Armys Royal Flying Corps (RFC) to form the Royal Air Force. ... The Secretary of State for Air was a cabinet level British position, in charge of the Air Ministry. ... Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere (1868 - 1940) was a highly successful British newspaper proprietor, owner of Associated Newspapers. ...

Returning to active duty, Major-General Trenchard began in June 1918 to organize intensive strategic bombing attacks on German railways, airfields and industrial centres. These attacks used the RAF's 55 and 100 squadrons as part of the Independent Air Force based near Nancy, France, and continued until the end of the war. No. ... // History No. ... This article is about the city in France named Nancy. ...

Between the wars

Trenchard returned as Chief of the Air Staff in 1919 under Winston Churchill, and remained until retiring on 1 January 1930. On 17 July 1920, Air Marshal Sir Hugh Trenchard married Katherine Boyle, the widow of his friend and brother officer James Boyle, son of Patrick Boyle, 8th Earl of Glasgow, at St. Margaret's Church in Westminster. Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Churchill redirects here. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An air marshals sleeve/shoulder insignia Air Marshal (Air Mshl or AM) is a rank in the Royal Air Force. ... The Anglican church of St. ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ...

After the war, the RAF was budgeted to shrink from over 250 to 25 squadrons. Against this background of demobilisation and continued savage budget cuts, Trenchard fought to keep the air force separate from the British Army and the Royal Navy, and built the basis for a much larger organisation whose time would come in 1940. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Trenchard showed the effectiveness of strategic bombing for colonial counter-insurgency by 1920's operations in Somaliland and Iraq, when poison gas was used against the rebels. In early 1920, he wrote that the RAF could even suppress “industrial disturbances or risings” in Britain itself.^[39] Churchill told him not to refer to this proposal again, but by World War II strategic bombing had become standard military doctrine. Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Trenchard was instrumental in establishing several of the great training institutions of the RAF. In 1919 he oversaw the founding of the RAF (Cadet) College at Cranwell which was the world's first military air academy. The following year in 1920, Trenchard inaugurated the Aircraft Apprentice scheme which provided the RAF with specialist groundcrew for over 70 years. Also, in 1922, the RAF Staff College at Andover was set up to provide air force-specific training to the RAF's middle ranking officers.^[40] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

On 1 January 1927, he became the first person to hold the highest RAF rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force. Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marshal of the RAF sleeve/shoulder insignia Marshal of the Royal Air Force was the highest rank in the Royal Air Force. ...

In 1930 he entered the House of Lords as Baron Trenchard (upgraded to Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton in 1936), and was appointed commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Trenchard carried important police reforms and established the Police College at Hendon. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... Viscount Trenchard is a peerage title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (usually just referred to as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner or, more colloquially, as the Met Commissioner) is the head of the Metropolitan Police Service in London. ... The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the name currently used by the territorial police force which is responsible for Greater London other than the City of London (the responsibility of the City of London Police). ... For other places with the same name, see Hendon (disambiguation). ...

Later years

The Lord Trenchard speaking informally with Sir Arthur Tedder during World War II

Following his service as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Trenchard devoted much of his time to the United Africa Company. However, the looming prospect of war prompted him to speak publicly about air force matters. Trenchard's frequent remarks about the unpreparedness of the RAF did little to endear him to serving senior commanders. With the outbreak of World War II, Trenchard took it upon himself to act as an unofficial Inspector-General for the RAF. He visited many RAF units both in the UK and overseas dispensing advice and giving encouragement. When visiting airfields during WW2, Trenchard liked to pick a pilot and ask him what his RAF service number was. When the pilot would ask him back what his number was Trenchard delighted in telling him "1".^{[citation needed]} Arthur William Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder (July 11, 1890–June 3, 1967) was a significant British Marshal of the Royal Air Force. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Trenchard's funeral in Westminster Abbey in 1956.

After World War II, Trenchard continued to set out his ideas about air power. He died on 10 February 1956 and was buried in the Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey. The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

Legacy

Trenchard's actions in gaining status for the RAF as a separate military branch were highly influential to U.S. General Billy Mitchell. Mitchell would eventually be court-martialled for insubordination in his efforts to create a U.S. Air Force. For other people with the same name, see Billy Mitchell (disambiguation). ...

Several institutions are named after Trenchard. These include the small museum at RAF Halton^[41], one of the five houses at Welbeck College which are named after prominent military figures^[42] and Trenchard House which is currently used by Farnborough Air Sciences Trust to store part of their collection.^[43] RAF Halton is one of the larger Royal Air Force (RAF) stations in the United Kingdom, located near the village of Halton, Buckinghamshire. ... Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College (Welbeck DSFC) is a sixth form college in the United Kingdom [1] providing A-Level education for candidates to the technical branches of the British Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defence Civil Service. ...

Further reading

Bibliography

• Boyle, Andrew [1962]. Trenchard Man of Vision. St James's Place, London: Collins. 
• Orange, Vincent [September 2004]. Trenchard, Hugh Montague, first Viscount Trenchard (1873–1956). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
• Probert, Henry [1991]. High Commanders of the Royal Air Force. London: HMSO, 1 to 4 and 100 to 101. ISBN 0-11-772635-4. 

HarperCollins is a publishing company owned by News Corporation. ... Her Majestys Stationery Office (usually abbreviated as HMSO) is part of the Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard

• Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - MRAF Trenchard
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• First World War.com - Who's Who: Hugh Trenchard

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Notes

v • d • e Chiefs of the Air Staff of the Royal Air Force

Sir Hugh Trenchard • Sir Frederick Sykes • Sir Hugh Trenchard • Sir John Salmond • Sir Geoffrey Salmond • Sir John Salmond • Sir Edward Ellington • Sir Cyril Newall • Sir Charles Portal • Sir Arthur Tedder • Sir John Slessor • Sir William Dickson • Sir Dermot Boyle • Sir Thomas Pike • Sir Charles Elworthy • Sir John Grandy • Sir Denis Spotswood • Sir Andrew Humphrey • Sir Neil Cameron • Sir Michael Beetham • Sir Keith Williamson • Sir David Craig • Sir Peter Harding • Sir Michael Graydon • Sir Richard Johns • Sir Peter Squire • Sir Jock Stirrup • Sir Glenn Torpy Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Major-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes (1877–1954) was an English statesman and politician. ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. // Formed by Royal Warrant on 13 May 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Lieutenant General Sir David Henderson was born in 1862 and, following officer training at the Royal Military College Sandhurst, was commissioned into the British Army on 25 August 1882. ... The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the over-land air arm of the British military during most of World War I. // Formed by Royal Warrant on 13 May 1912, the RFC superseded the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Maitland Salmond was born on 17 July 1881. ... The Chief of the Air Staffs command flag, the Royal Air Force Ensign The Chief of the Air Staff is the professional head of the Royal Air Force and a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Major-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes (1877–1954) was an English statesman and politician. ... Major-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes (1877–1954) was an English statesman and politician. ... The Chief of the Air Staffs command flag, the Royal Air Force Ensign The Chief of the Air Staff is the professional head of the Royal Air Force and a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Maitland Salmond was born on 17 July 1881. ... Julian Hedworth George Byng Field Marshal Julian Hedworth George Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, GCB, GCMG, MVO (11 September 1862–6 June 1935) was a career British Army officer who served with distinction during World War I with the British Expeditionary Force in France, in the Battle of Gallipoli... The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (usually just referred to as the Metropolitan Police Commissioner or, more colloquially, as the Met Commissioner) is the head of the Metropolitan Police Service in London. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Air Vice-Marshal Sir Philip Woolcott Game (March 30, 1876–February 4, 1961) was a British Royal Air Force commander and Governor of New South Wales, Australia. ... The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Act of Union in 1801. ... Viscount Trenchard is a peerage title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Chief of the Air Staffs command flag, the Royal Air Force Ensign The Chief of the Air Staff is the professional head of the Royal Air Force and a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. ... RAF redirects here. ... Major-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes (1877–1954) was an English statesman and politician. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Maitland Salmond was born on 17 July 1881. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir William Geoffrey Hanson Salmond, CMG, CVO, DSO, was born on 19 August 1878. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Maitland Salmond was born on 17 July 1881. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Edward Leonard Ellington (born 30 Dec 1877, died 13 June 1967) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall GCB OM GCMG CBE AM (February 15, 1886 – November 30, 1963), was a British pilot and political figure who rose to the Royal Air Forces senior rank and served as Governor-General of New Zealand between... RAF Air Chief Marshal Charles Portal (left) and Polish Commander in Chief Władysław Sikorski (right) visit an airbase of the 300th Polish Bomber Squadron in England. ... Arthur William Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder (July 11, 1890–June 3, 1967) was a significant British Marshal of the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Cotesworth Slessor (born 3 June 1897, died 12 Jul 1979) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir William Forster Dickson, GCB, KBE, DSO, AFC (24 September 1898–12 September 1987) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Dermot Alexander Boyle, GCB, KCVO, KBE, AFC, RAF (born 2 October 1904, died 5 May 1993) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Thomas Geoffrey Pike (born 29 June 1906, died 1 June 1983) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Samuel Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy of Timaru KG GCB CBE DSO LVO DFC AFC (born 23 March 1911, died 4 April 1993) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Grandy (born 8 December 1913, died 2 January 2004) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Denis Frank Spotswood (born 26 September 1916, died 11 November 2001) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Andrew Humphrey (31 December 1920 - 24 January 1977) was the Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom between 24 October 1976 and 24 January 1977. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Neil Cameron, Baron Cameron of Balhousie KT GCB CBE DSO DFC (born 8 July 1920, died 29 January 1985) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael James Beetham, GCB, CBE, DFC, AFC, DL, (17 May 1923 – ) was a World War II bomber pilot and a high-ranking commander in the Royal Air Force from the 1960s to the 1980s. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Keith Williamson GCB AFC is a retired senior officer in the Royal Air Force. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force David Craig, Baron Craig of Radley GCB OBE (born 17 September 1929) is a retired Royal Air Force officer and member of the House of Lords. ... Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Peter Harding, GCB, was British Chief of the Air Staff, and subsequently Chief of Defence Staff from January 1, 1993 until March 13, 1994. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Graydon Air Officer Commanding in Chief Strike Command 5 April 1989 - 4 November 1992. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns, GCB CBE LVO FRAeS RAF has been Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle since 2000. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Squire, KCB DFC AFC ADC FRAeS RAF was Chief of the Air Staff during the start of both Operation Veritas and Operation Telic. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup. ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy. ...