Hula Valley, seen from the Golan Heights.

The Hulah Valley or Hula Valley (in Hebrew: עמק החולה, `Emeq ha-Hūlāh) is an agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water. It is an important bottleneck site for birds migrating along the Syrian-African Rift Valley between Africa, Europe, and Asia Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1616x1072, 225 KB) Hula Valley, Northern Israel Description: Hula Valley in Northern Israel seen from the Golan Heights Blick von den Golanhöhen auf die Huleebene (Nordisrael) Source: Photo taken by Grauesel Date: Unknown Author: Grauesel Permission: Grauesel put it under... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1616x1072, 225 KB) Hula Valley, Northern Israel Description: Hula Valley in Northern Israel seen from the Golan Heights Blick von den Golanhöhen auf die Huleebene (Nordisrael) Source: Photo taken by Grauesel Date: Unknown Author: Grauesel Permission: Grauesel put it under... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

Lake Hulah or Lake Hula (the Biblical Lake Merom) and its surrounding swamps were drained in the 1950s as an attempt to alter the environment to suit agricultural needs. Though initially perceived as a great national achievement for Israel, with time it became evident that the benefits from transforming the "wasteland" of Lake Hula and its swamps were limited. In the past few years, following nearly 50 years of an unsuccessful struggle to utilize the drained valley's resources, the Israeli government has finally recognized that successful development can endure only if a balanced compromise between nature and development is reached. Thus, a small section of the former lake and swamp region was recently reflooded in an attempt to prevent further soil deterioration and to revive the nearly extinct ecosystem. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Topography

The Hula Valley lies within the northern part of the Syrian-African Rift Valley at an elevation of about 70 metres above sea level. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

On both sides of the valley are steep slopes -- the Golan Heights to the east and the Upper Galilee mountains to the west, rise to 400 to 900 metres above sea level. The Golan Heights (Hebrew: Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-ūlān) or Golan is a plateau on the border of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. ... Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel الجليل, Hebrew hagalil הגליל), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ... Lyskamm, 4 527 m, Pennine Alps A mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...

Basaltic hills of about 200 metres above sea level along the southern side of the valley intercept the Jordan River, and are commonly referred to as the basalt "plug" (actually a temporary geologic base level), as they restrict water drainage downstream into the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret). Basalt Basalt (IPA: ) is a common gray to black extrusive volcanic rock. ... The Jordan River runs along the border between the West Bank and the Kingdom of Jordan Northern part of the Great Rift Valley as seen from space (NASA) The Jordan River Road sign In spring The Jordan River (Hebrew: נהר הירדן nehar hayarden, Arabic: نهر الأردن nahr al-urdun) is a river in Southwest... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The base level of a river or stream is the lowest point to which it can flow, often referred to as the mouth of the river. ... The Sea of Galilee is Israels largest freshwater lake. ...

The Hula Valley covers an area of 177 square kilometres (25 km by 6-8 km).

Climate

The climate of the Hula Valley today is Mediterranean, with hot dry summers and cool rainy winters. However, the mountain-enclosed topography of the Hula Valley leads to more extreme seasonal, as well as daily, temperature fluctuations. A Mediterranean climate is a climate that resembles the climate of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. ... Summer is one of the four seasons of the year. ... Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ...

Annual rainfall varies greatly between different parts of the valley and ranges from about 400 millimetres in the south of the valley, to up to 800 millimetres in the north of the valley . In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. ...

More than 1,500 millimetres of precipitation falls on the Hermon mountain range (mostly in the form of snow), feeding underground springs, including the sources of the Jordan River, all eventually flowing through the valley. Mount Hermon (top of photo) supplies the bulk of the Jordan River water Mount Hermon (Arabic: Jabalu sh-Shaykh) is a mountain in the Anti-Lebanon range, on the border between Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. ... The Jordan River runs along the border between the West Bank and the Kingdom of Jordan Northern part of the Great Rift Valley as seen from space (NASA) The Jordan River Road sign In spring The Jordan River (Hebrew: נהר הירדן nehar hayarden, Arabic: نهر الأردن nahr al-urdun) is a river in Southwest...

The wind regime is dominated by regional patterns in the winter, with occasional strong north-easterly wind storms (in Arabic these storms are called Sharkiyah). Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ...

Names

Lake Hula was referred to by many different names: In the 14th century BCE, the Egyptians called the lake - Samchuna. The Tanakh records it as Merom. In the 1st century CE, the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus termed it Semechonitis. In Aramaic the lake was called Hulata or Ulata. In the Talmud it is called Yam Sumchi - i.e. Sea of Sumchi. Currently the lake is called Buheirat el Huleh in Arabic and Agam ha-Hula in Hebrew. (Redirected from 14th century BCE) (15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC - other centuries) (1400s BC - 1390s BC - 1380s BC - 1370s BC - 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC - 1330s BC - 1320s BC - 1310s BC - 1300s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events... Tanakh (Hebrew: ‎) (also Tanach, IPA: or , or Tenak, is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... (Redirected from 1st century CE) (1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century - other centuries) The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 99. ... Josephus, also known as Flavius Josephus (c. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ...

The "Waters of Merom" has sometimes been used erroneously in scientific literature, although that term refers specifically to springs on the western side of the valley. A natural spring on Mackinac Island in Michigan. ...

History

Prior to its drainage in the 1950s, Lake Hula was 5.3 kilometres long and 4.4 kilometres wide, extending over 12-14 square kilometres. It was about one and a half metres deep in summer and three metres deep in winter.

The lake attracted human settlement from early prehistoric times. Paleolithic archaeological remains were found near the Bnot Yaakov ("Daughters of Jacob") bridge at the southern end of the valley. The first permanent settlements, Enan (Mallaha), dating from 9,000-10,000 years ago was discovered in the valley. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Prehistoric man. ... This cranium, of Homo heidelbergensis, a Lower Paleolithic predecessor to Homo neanderthalensis, dates to between 400,000 BCE to 500,000 BCE The Paleolithic is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools. ... Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek: αρχαίος, archae, ancient; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...

The Hula Valley was a main junction on the important trade route connecting the large commercial centre of Damascus with the eastern Mediterranean coast and Egypt. During the Bronze Age, the cities of Hazor and Layish were built at key locations on this route approximately 4,000 years ago. At the end of the 13th century BCE, the Israelite tribe of Dan destroyed the city of Layish and built in its place a new city which they named Dan, and for about 400 years, the Israelites ruled over the Hula Valley until it was captured by the Assyrian armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and its inhabitants were driven away. The Bible records the lake "Merom" as the site of a victory of Joshua over the Canaanites. (Josh. 11:5-7) Damascus ( transliteration: , also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Hazor (Hebrew: courtyard or settlement) is the name of several places in ancient and modern Israel: // Locations in ancient Israel One of the most important Caananite towns. ... (Redirected from 13th century BCE) (14th century BC - 13th century BC - 12th century BC - other centuries) (1300s BC - 1290s BC - 1280s BC - 1270s BC - 1260s BC - 1250s BC - 1240s BC - 1230s BC - 1220s BC - 1210s BC - 1200s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events... Look up Dan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Tiglath-Pileser III — stela from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London) Tiglath-Pileser III (Akkadian: Tukultī-Apil-Ešarra) was a prominent king of Assyria in the 8th century BC (ruled 745–727 BC) and is widely regarded as the founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. ... Joshua, Jehoshuah or Yehoshua. ... This article is about the land called Canaan. ...

Throughout the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and early Arab periods (fourth century BCE to eighth centuries CE) rural settlement in the Hula Valley was uninterrupted. During the Seleucid Empire, a town Seleucia Samulias was founded on the lake. The term Hellenistic (derived from Héllēn, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... It has been suggested that Eastern Roman Empire be merged into this article or section. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... Seleucia Samulias – Seleucia (Greek: Σέλεύχεια) also transliterated as Seleukeia or Seleukheia; in the Talmud, Selik, Selika, and Selikos; in the Aramaic Targum, Salwaḳia or Salwaḳya – was a Hellenistic colony founded about the end of the third century BC on Lake Merom. ...

Traditional crops were rice (as early as the Hellenistic period), cotton and sugar cane (Brought by the Arabs following their conquest in 636), sorghum and maize. Water buffalo were introduced in the eighth century supplying milk and serving as beasts of burden. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ... “Corn” redirects here. ... For the controversy at the University of Pennsylvania, see Water buffalo incident. ... A glass of cows milk. ...

The first modern Jewish settlement in the Hula Valley, Yesod Hamaala on the western shore of the lake, was established in 1883 during the first aliyah. In total, by 1948 there were 12 Jewish and 23 Arab settlements in the Hula Valley. Following the establishment of Israel and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Arab inhabitants fled the valley to neighbouring Arab countries. 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Members of the Bilu movement in Palestine The First Aliyah is the first Zionist aliyah, having taken place between 1882 and 1903. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Combatants  Israel Egypt, Syria, Transjordan,  Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji Strength  Israel: 29,677 initially rising to 115,000 by March 1949 Egypt: 10,000 initially rising...

Numerous kibbutzim, including Kfar Blum, are in the Hula Valley. Kibbutz Dan, near Qiryat Shemona, in the Upper Galilee, 1990s A kibbutz (Hebrew: ; plural: kibbutzim: קיבוצים; gathering or together) is an Israeli collective intentional community. ... Kfar Blum (כפר בלום) is an Israeli kibbutz in the Hula Valley, in the Upper Galilee region of Israel, not far from the town of Qiryat Shemona. ...

The Drainage of the Lake

The draining operations, carried out by the Jewish National Fund (JNF), began in 1951 and were completed by 1958. It was achieved by two main engineering operations: The deepening and widening of the Jordan River downstream; and two newly-dug peripheral canals diverting the Jordan at the north of the valley. The JNF logo found on all JNF charity boxes. ...

As concern was voiced by scientists and naturalists who opposed the project because they viewed the swamps as an ecological treasure that must be preserved for future generations, a small (3.50 km²) area of papyrus swampland in the southwest of the valley was set aside and in 1963, became Israel's first nature reserve. It has been suggested that Reserve design be merged into this article or section. ...

Lake Agmon

Lake Agmon, located in the southern part of the Hula Valley in the area that once served as the transition between Lake Hula and the surrounding swamps was created as part of the rehabilitation program of the valley. This new lake is shallower and much smaller than the original lake. It has an irregular shape, covering an area of one square kilometre with mostly less than one metre depth of water. Several smaller islands were created in the middle of the lake, to provide protected nesting sites for birds.

האכלת עגורים באגמון החולה Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 242 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Crane (bird) feeding in Agmon Hachula, Israel האכלת עגורים באגמון החולה Author: MathKnight File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to...	ג'מוסים בשמורת החולה, דצמבר 2004 Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ...	צבי ביצה בשמורה, דצמבר 2004 Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ...	שדה חיטה בשמורה לנוף החרמון, מרץ 2007 Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 770 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wheat Metadata This...
חיטה בשמורה לנוף Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...	חיטה בשמורה לנוף Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...	עגורים באגמון החולה Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...	עגורים באגמון החולה Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
ציפורים במעוף מעל שדות החיטה שבשמורה Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...	חיטה בשמורה לנוף Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...	נוף השמורה Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...	נוף השמורה Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
נוף השמורה Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...

Sources

• Lake Hula and Lake Agmon, Jewish Virtual Library
• Photos of Hulah Valley
• Photos of Hulah Valley