Close relationships

Affinity • Attachment • Bonding • Casual • Cohabitation • Compersion • Concubinage • Courtship • Divorce • Dower/-ry • Friendship • Family • Husband • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Marriage • Monogamy • Nonmonogamy • Office romance • Passion • Partner • Pederasty • Platonic love • Psychology of monogamy • Relationship abuse • Romance • Sexuality • Separation • Wedding • Widowhood • Wife Image File history File links KarenWhimseyValentineMain. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Attachment in adults deals with the theory of attachment in adult romantic relationships. ... A casual relationship is a term used to describe the physical and emotional relationship between two people who may have a sexual relationship or a near-sexual relationship without necessarily demanding or expecting a more formal relationship as a goal. ... “Living in sin” redirects here. ... Compersion is a term used by practitioners of polyamory to describe the experience of taking pleasure when ones partner is with another person. ... Concubinage refers to the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing, quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the record label, see Divorce Records. ... Dower (Lat. ... A dowry (also known as trousseau) is a gift of money or valuables given to the family of the bridegroom by the family of the bride or vice versa at the time of their marriage. ... Friendship is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more humans. ... a family of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 1997 Family is a Western term used to denote a domestic group of people, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent (demonstrated or stipulated) from a common ancestor, marriage or adoption. ... For other uses, see Husband (disambiguation). ... Infatuation is the state of being completely carried away by unreasoning passion or love; addictive love. ... Definition Intimacy is complex in that its meaning varies from relationship to relationship, and within a given relationship over time. ... Jealousy typically refers to the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur when a person believes a valued relationship is being threatened by a rival. ... Limerence, as posited by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, is an involuntary cognitive and emotional state in which a person feels an intense romantic desire for another person (the limerent object). ... Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection or profound oneness. ... Marriage is an interpersonal relationship with governmental, social, or religious recognition, usually intimate and sexual, and often created as a contract, or through civil process. ... Faithfulness redirects here. ... Nonmonogamy is a blanket term covering several different types of interpersonal relationship in which some or all participants have multiple marital, sexual, and/or romantic partners. ... An office romance, work romance, or corporate affair is a romance that occurs between two people who work together in the same office, work location, or business. ... In psychology and common terminology, emotion is the language of a persons internal state of being, normally based in or tied to their internal (physical) and external (social) sensory feeling. ... Domestic partner or domestic partnership identifies the personal relationship between individuals who are living together and sharing a common domestic life together but are not joined in any type of legal partnership, marriage or civil union. ... In the past century, the term pederasty has seen a number of different uses. ... Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. ... The psychology of monogamy deals with the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that commonly occur in monogamous relationships. ... Abuser redirects here. ... This article primarily discusses philosophical ideologies in relation to the subject of romantic love. ... This article is about sexual practices (i. ... Legal separation is a possible step towards divorce under United States law. ... Nuptial is the adjective of wedding. It is used for example in zoology to denote plumage, coloration, behavior, etc related to or occurring in the mating season. ... A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. ... For other uses, see Wife (disambiguation). ... v • d • e

The term human bond -- or, more generally, human bonding -- refers to the process or formation of a close personal relationship, as between a parent and child, especially through frequent or constant association.^[1] When pairs have favorable bonds, the nature of this bonding is usually attributed to "good" interpersonal chemistry. The word bond derives from the 12th century Middle English word band, meaning something that binds, ties, or restrains. Its application to interpersonal human relationships has been used intermittently ever since. Italic text This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In the fields of sociology, behavioral psychology, and evolutionary psychology, with specific reference to intimate relationships, romantic relationships, or friendships, interpersonal chemistry is a reaction between two people or the spontaneous reaction of two people to each other, especially a mutual sense of attraction or understanding. ... Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the...

The term social network or "interconnected group of people", which may include up to 150 people (Dunbar's number), is from 1947.^[2] The concept of nuclear family or bonded unit of two parents plus one or more children was coined by American anthropologist George Murdock in his 1949 work Social Structure.^[3] According to Merriam-Webster, the application of the term “bonding” to interpersonal relationships came of use in 1976. With the recent popularity of the Internet, sites such as MySpace encourage people to increase the size of their friendship networks.^[4] A social network is a social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations) that are tied by one or more specific types of relations, such as values, visions, idea, financial exchange, friends, kinship, dislike, trade, web links, sexual relations, disease transmission (epidemiology), or airline routes. ... Dunbars number, which is 150, represents a theoretical maximum number of individuals with whom a set of people can maintain a social relationship, the kind of relationship that goes with knowing who each person is and how each person relates socially to every other person. ... The term nuclear family developed in the western world to distinguish the family group consisting of parents (usually a father and mother) and their children, from what is known as an extended family. ... For the first mayor of Calgary, Alberta, see George Murdoch George Peter Murdock (May 11, 1897 - March 29, 1985) was a notable anthropologist. ... Merriam-Webster, originally known as the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is a United States company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Websters An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). ... MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. ... Friendship networks colloquially describes interconnected networks of people who are connected through friendship, often described as overlapping circles of friends. ...

Early views

In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Plato argues that love, in a way, directs the bonds of human society. In his Symposium, Eryximachus, one of the narrators in the dialog, states that love goes far beyond simple attraction to human beauty: It occurs all throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, as well as all throughout the universe. Love directs everything that occurs, in the realm of the gods as well as that of humans (186a-b). PLATO was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ... Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection or profound oneness. ... The Symposium is a philosophical dialogue written by Plato sometime after 385 BC. It is a discussion on the nature of love, taking the form of a series of speeches, both satirical and serious, given by a group of men at a symposion or drinking party at the house of... Ernst Haeckels presentation of a three-kingdom system (Plantae, Protista, Animalia) in his 1866 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen). ... For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ...

Eyrximachus reasons that when various opposing elements such as wet and dry are "animated by the proper species of Love, they are in harmony with one another . . . But when the sort of Love that is crude and impulsive controls the seasons, he brings death and destruction" (188a). As it is love that guides the relations between these sets of opposites throughout existence, in every case it is the higher form of love that brings harmony and cleaves toward the good, while the impulsive vulgar love creates disharmony.

He concludes that the highest form of love is the greatest; when love "is directed, in temperance and justice, towards the good, whether in heaven or on earth: happiness and good fortune, the bonds of human society, concord with the gods above- all these are among his gifts" (188d).

A javelin throwing competition at the Heiva Festival in Papeete – an activity that facilitates social bonding

In the 1660s, the Dutch philosopher Spinoza writes, in his Ethics of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions, that the term “bondage” relates to the human infirmity in moderating and checking the emotions. That is, according to Spinoza ‘when a man is prey to his emotions, he is not his own master, but lies at the mercy of fortune.’ Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (600x800, 157 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tahiti Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (600x800, 157 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tahiti Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... The javelin throw is an athletics (track and field) throwing event where the object to be thrown is the javelin, a spear-like object made of metal and fibreglass. ... Papeete Waterfront Papeete is the capital of French Polynesia, and is located on the island of Tahiti, which is part of the Society Islands, in French Polynesia. ... Baruch Spinoza Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 - February 21, 1677), named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Spinoza or Bento dEspiñoza in the community in which he grew up. ...

In 1809 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in his classic novella Elective Affinities, speaks of the marriage tie and by analogy shows how strong marriage unions are similar in character to that by which the particles of quicksilver find a unity together though the process of chemical affinity. Goethe’s novella, in its time, was regarded as treatise on chemical origins of love. Humans in passionate relationships, according to Goethe, are analogous to reactive substances in a chemical equation.  , IPA: , (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath. ... Elective Affinities (in German, Die Wahlverwandtschaften) is an 1809 novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. ... Quicksilver is a common name for the chemical element mercury, literally meaning living silver based on its appearance and its unusual liquidity at room temperature. ... Chemical affinity results from electronic properties by which dissimilar substances are capable of forming chemical compounds. ... A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction where the reactant entities are given on the left hand side and the product entities on the right hand side. ...

Bond varieties

The term “bonding” applies aptly to all variations of connections within interpersonal relationships, social networks, economic nexuses, political ties, etc. The term male bonding refers to bonding between males through shared activities excluding females or the formation of a close personal relationship between men; for example: "the rituals known as male bonding do not necessarily involve drinking beer together".^[5] The analog concept female bonding, although less frequently used, refers to the formation of a close personal relationship between women.^[6] Male bonding is a term that is used in ethology, social science, and in general usage to describe patterns of friendship and/or cooperation in men (or in the case of ethology: males of various species). ... Female bonding is an important component in the structure of female social life. ...

The familial bond defines as a uniting force, tie, or link between related family members.^[7] A related concept is bondage, being the tenure of service of a villager, serf, or slave and generally refers to a state of being bound by compulsion as via law or mastery; a bondmaid is a woman servant, a bondman is a male servant, and a bondsman is a person who provides bonds or surety for another. In the 14th century, a bondwoman was considered a female slave. The distinction is that "bonding" almost always implies a voluntary act, of entering in or remaining in relationship from a wish to do so. Look up bondage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A surety is a person who agrees to be responsible for the debt or obligation of another. ...

A comparable analog is labor union, originating in 1866, being an organization of united workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members’ interests in respect to wages, benefits, and working conditions. The cohesion of the group is facilitated by the exchange of union dues for benefits. By uniting, the bonded group has more leverage than as compared to a collection of separate individuals.

Similar to the marriage bond, is concept of civil union. A civil union is one of several terms for a civil status similar to marriage, typically created for the purposes of allowing same-sex couples access to the benefits enjoyed by married opposite-sex peoples (see also same-sex marriage); it can also be used by opposite-sex couples who do not prefer to enter into the legal institution of marriage but who would rather be in a union more similar to a common-law marriage. With the popular success of the hit television show Queer Eye For The Straight Guy and others such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show, the term gay-straight bonding as well as gay bonding have come into vogue.^[8] As unregistered cohabitation Recognised in some regions Recognised prior to legalisation of same-sex marriage Netherlands (nationwide) (1998) Spain (12 of 17 communities) (1998) South Africa (nationwide) (1999) Belgium (nationwide) (2000) Canada (QC, NS and MB) (2001) Recognition debated See also Same-sex marriage Registered partnership Domestic partnership Common-law... Marriage is an interpersonal relationship with governmental, social, or religious recognition, usually intimate and sexual, and often created as a contract, or through civil process. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love or sexual desire exclusively for members of the opposite sex or gender, contrasted with homosexuality and distinguished from bisexuality and asexuality. ... International recognition Civil unions and Domestic partnerships Recognized in some regions Unregistered co-habitation Recognition debated See also Same-sex marriage Civil union Registered partnership Domestic partnership Timeline of same-sex marriage Listings by country This box:      Same-sex marriage is a term for a governmentally, socially, or religiously recognized... Common-law marriage (or common law marriage), sometimes called informal marriage or marriage by habit and repute is, historically, a form of interpersonal status in which a man and a woman are legally married. ... Queer Eye for the Straight Guy is an hour-long American television series that premiered on the Bravo cable television network on July 15, 2003, and promptly became both a surprise hit (at least by the standards of cable TV) and one of the most talked-about television programs of... The Ellen DeGeneres Show, often shortened to Ellen, is a syndicated television talk show hosted by actress/comedienne Ellen DeGeneres and distributed by Warner Brothers Television. ...

Other

• Connector - people in a community who know large numbers of people and who are in the habit of making introductions.
• Homophily, i.e., love of the same, is the tendency of individuals to associate and "bond" with similar others.
• Gemeinschaft - a spontaneous organic social relationship characterized by strong reciprocal "bonds" of sentiment and kinship with in a common tradition.^[9]
• Clique - an informal and restricted social group formed by people who share common interests, which are often associated with teenagers.
• Mother-bonded - a term for a man who is excessively attached to his mother at an age when men are expected to be independent, e.g. living on their own, being economically independent, etc.^[10]

Connectors are people in a community who know large numbers of people and who are in the habit of making introductions. ... Homophily is the tendency for people to associate and develop friendships, marriages, work relationships, etc. ... Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection or profound oneness. ... Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In sociology, a group is usually defined as a collection consisting of a number of people who share certain aspects, interact with one another, accept rights and obligations as members of the group and share a common identity. ... “Young Men” redirects here. ... Mothers boy, also called mamas boy or mother-bonded, is a term for a man who is excessively attached to his mother at an age when men are expected to be independent (e. ... Mother and child. ... For other uses, see Mother (disambiguation). ...

Interpersonal chemistry

Main article: Interpersonal chemistry

In a chemical sense, a chemical reaction between two people involves either the formation of a bond or dissolution of a bond, or some combination thereof, and the energetics or psychodynamics associated with this process.^[11][12] In this direction, in the fields of sociology, behavioral psychology, and evolutionary psychology, with specific reference to intimate relationships or romantic relationships, interpersonal chemistry is a reaction between two people or the spontaneous reaction of two people to each other, especially a mutual sense of attraction or understanding.^[13] In a colloquial sense, it is often intuited that people can have either good chemistry or bad chemistry together. Other related terms are team chemistry, a phrase often used in sports, and business chemistry, as between two companies.^[14] Recent developments in neurochemistry have begun to shed light on the nature of the "chemistry of love", in terms of measurable changes in neurotransmitters such as oxytocin, serotonin, and dopamine. In the fields of sociology, behavioral psychology, and evolutionary psychology, with specific reference to intimate relationships, romantic relationships, or friendships, interpersonal chemistry is a reaction between two people or the spontaneous reaction of two people to each other, especially a mutual sense of attraction or understanding. ... Vapours of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances. ... Sigmund Freud - the central founder of psychodynamics Psychodynamics is the application of the principles of thermodynamics to psychology. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge) is an academic and applied discipline that studies society and human social interaction. ... Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior is interesting and worthy of scientific research. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... An intimate relationship is a particularly close interpersonal relationship. ... Romantic love is a form of love that is often regarded as different from simply sexual love, or lust. ... Neurochemistry is a branch of neuroscience that is heavily devoted to the study of neurochemicals. ... Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection or profound oneness. ... Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... Dopamine is a phenethylamine naturally produced by the human body. ...

Bond distinctions

Musician (2006) - Neurological attractiveness, such as musical ability, is an important part of human bonding.

A common division when referring to the structural integrity of relationships or unions is to divide such bonds via a physical and a neurological component, which may or may not co-occur, i.e. into: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (952x714, 255 KB) Dewey Redman at moers festival 2006 own photo, june 5, 2006- photo: nomo/michael hoefner http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (952x714, 255 KB) Dewey Redman at moers festival 2006 own photo, june 5, 2006- photo: nomo/michael hoefner http://www. ... “Instrumentalist” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ...

Miss Virginia Teen (2006) – physical attractiveness, such as beauty, is an important part of human bonding

1. Physical bond – two people bonded owing to physical adhesion.
2. Neurological bond – two people bonded owing to neurological adhesion.

The physical bond is typically sexual in nature, i.e. a sexual bond, although it may refer to individuals bonded by proximity as neighbors or by blood as siblings. People bonded physically typically have a visceral connection, either via pheromone exchange, visual attraction, hormonal adhesion, etc. The neurological bond covers all varieties of mental attachment, as psychological bonds, intellectual bonds, emotional bonds, financial bonds, synergistic bonds, altruistic bonds, etc. Image File history File links Samantha_Casey. ... Image File history File links Samantha_Casey. ... The Miss Virginia competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Virginia in the Miss America pageant. ... Features such as a symmetrical face, full lips, and low waist-hip ratio, are commonly considered physically attractive because they are thought to indicate physical health and high fertility to a potential mate. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A personal relationship may result in a psychological bond. ...

In 1939 psychologist Godfrey Thomson, in his Factorial Analysis of Human Ability, for example, posited theoretical “bonds” of intelligence which function in loving relationships. In Sternberg’s 1986 Triangular Theory of Love, he defined Thomson’s theory as a structural model of love where we might conceptualize love in terms of feelings that, when sampled together, yield the composite experience that we label love. Here, the composite is not an undifferentiated unity; rather, it can be decomposed into a large number of underlying bonds that tend to co-occur in certain close relationships. With reference to the triangle theory, Sternberg relates the passion component of his triangle to the physical bond and the intimacy and decision/commitment components of the triangle to the neurological bond, both of which vary in strength and intensity throughout each stage of the relationship, i.e. dating, transition, marriage, etc. Robert J. Sternberg (8 December 1949-) is the Dean of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University and is the former IBM Professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University. ... The triangular theory of love characterizes love in an interpersonal relationship on three different scales: intimacy, passion and commitment. ...

Similarly, in recent the 2006 National Geographic article “Love the Chemical Reaction” photo journalist Lauren Slater asks: “Does passion necessarily diminish over time? Can a marriage be good when Eros is replaced with friendship, or even economic partnership, two people bound by bank accounts?” Referring to her eight-year marriage, she states: “The ties that bind have been frayed by money and mortgages and children, those little imps who somehow manage to tighten the knot while weakening its actual fibers.” The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ...

Neurochemistry

See also: Love (scientific views)

Recent magnetic resonance imaging studies have begun to shed light on the neurochemical basis of human bonding.^[15]

Main bonding chemicals^[16][17] Throughout history, predominantly, philosophy and religion have speculated the most into the phenomena of love. ... Made from an fMRI scan I had done. ... Made from an fMRI scan I had done. ... “MRI” redirects here. ...

• Oxytocin [C₄₃H₆₆N₁₂O₁₂S₂] – bonding molecule (hormone): high levels correlate with strong pair-bonding.

sometimes called the ‘cuddle chemical’.

levels rise during kissing and foreplay, and peak during orgasm.

• Vasopressin – monogamy molecule (hormone)

responsible for creating intense loving memories during passionate situations.

responsible for clarity of thought and alertness during passionate situations.

• Endorphin - calming natural pain killer

levels increase in response to touch, pleasing visual stimulus (as a smile), or after having positive thoughts.

thought to be the main attachment chemical in longterm relationships.^[18]

Related bonding chemicals^[16][17] Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. ... Runners high redirects here. ...

• PEA [C₈H₁₁N] – amphetamine molecule (neurotransmitter)

speeds up the flow of information between nerve cells.^[18]

keeps one alert, confident, and ready to try something new.^[18]

• Dopamine [C₈H₁₁NO₂] – desire molecule (neurotransmitter): levels increase as passion levels increase.

elavated levels are associated with romantic love.^[19]

• Serotonin [C₁₀H₁₂N₂O] – stability molecule (neurotransmitter)
• DHEA [C₁₉H₂₈O₂] – most abundant hormone

increases sex drive and influences who one finds attractive.

levels increase to three to five times that of baseline before and during orgasm.

• Prolactin – motherly hormone (stops female and male sex-drive)
• Testosterone [C₁₉H₂₈O₂] – masculinization hormone (high testosterone-laden males tend to bond with high estrogen-laden females)

levels drop in men who are involved in long-term monogamous relationships.

functions as the main sex drive hormone for both men and women.^[19]

• Cortisol - the primary hormone product of the adrenal glands; helps restore homeostasis after a state of stress.

heightened levels are associated with those newly in love and with the establishment of new relationships.^[20]

• Estrogen – feminization hormone (high estrogen-laden females tend to bond with high testosterone-laden males)
• Androsterone [C₁₉H₃₀O₂] – a pheromone attractor
• Squalene [C₃₀H₅0] – a pheromone repellant (stops male courtship behavior in snakes)
• Progesterone [C₂₁H₃₀O₂] – reverse sex-drive hormone
• Norepinephrine [C₈H₁₁NO₃] - elevated levels are associated with romantic love.^[19]
• Nerve growth factor - neuro-protein that stimulates cell growth; higher levels are found with those newly in love as compared to those single or in long-term relationships.^[21]

Related facts^[22][17] Phenethylamine is an alkaloid and monoamine. ... Dopamine is a phenethylamine naturally produced by the human body. ... Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. ... Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone primarily associated with lactation. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... In mammals, the adrenal glands are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys. ... Estriol. ... Androsterone(ADT) is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. ... Squalene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanic sources as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF), is a small secreted protein which induces the differentiation and survival of particular target neurons (nerve cells). ...

• The ventral tegmental area and the caudate nucleus become more active when madly in love.
• When looking at a lover’s photo the anterior cingulated cortex and the basal ganglia become more active.
• When looking at a lover’s photo the posterior cingulated gyrus and the right pre-frontal cortex become less active.
• During the first six months of love, serotonin levels drop to 40 percent below those in normal subjects.
• Women are vomeronasally-attracted to men with dissimilar major histocompatibilty complexes.
• Males in love have decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).^[20] In men, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes and is critical for spermatogenesis.

The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus. ... Grays Fig. ... The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. ... The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. ... Cingulate gyrus is a gyrus in the medial part of the brain. ... The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. ... MHC I (1hsa) vs MHC II (1dlh) (more details. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ...

Types

Pair bond

Bonding interaction

Main article: Pair bond

Pair-bond, originating in 1940 in reference to birds in mating, is a generic term signifying a monogamous relationship or a socially monogamous relationship of either the human or animal variety, commonly used in sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.^[23] Pair-bonding, usually of a fairly short duration, occurs in a variety of primate species. Some scientists speculate that prolonged bonds developed in humans along with increased sharing of food.^[24] In recent years, some have begun to apply the term to human relationships arguing, for example, that a recent shift in technology, namely birth control and DNA testing, have created a shift in the male-female power balance thus resulting in the formation of dynamic pair-bond that do not exist in other species.^[25] Image File history File links Soc_psy_relation. ... Image File history File links Soc_psy_relation. ... In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between the male and female in a breeding pair. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

A new mother breast feeding - a process that facilitates mother-infant bonding.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2645x3316, 265 KB) from a old home medical adviser, from about 1900 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): User:Markaci/Nudity Human bonding ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2645x3316, 265 KB) from a old home medical adviser, from about 1900 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): User:Markaci/Nudity Human bonding ... A breastfeeding infant Breastfeeding is the practice of a woman feeding an infant (or sometimes a toddler or a young child) with milk produced from her mammary glands, usually directly from the nipples. ...

Maternal bond

Main article: Maternal bond

Of all human bonds, the mother-infant bond or maternal bond is the first to develop and considered to be one of the strongest. The maternal bond begins to develop during pregnancy; following pregnancy, the production of oxytocin during lactation increases parasympathetic activity, thus reducing anxiety and theoretically fostering bonding. It is generally understood that maternal oxytocin circulation can predispose some mammals to show caregiving behavior in response to young of their species. A mother holds up her child. ... Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Kittens nursing Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. ... Anatomy and Physiology of the A.N.S. In contrast to the voluntary nervous system, the involuntary or autonomic nervous system is responsible for homeostasis, maintaining a relatively constant internal environment by controlling such involuntary functions as digestion, respiration, and metabolism, and by modulating blood pressure. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Breastfeeding has been reported to foster the early post-partum maternal bond, via touch, response, and mutual gazing.^[26]. This effect is not universal, however, especially if problems with breastfeeding occur. It is difficult to determine the extent of causality due to a number of confounding variables, such as the varied reasons families choose different feeding methods. Many believe that early bonding ideally increases response and sensitivity to the child's needs, bolstering the quality of the mother-baby relationship – however, many exceptions can be found of highly successful mother-baby bonds, even though early breastfeeding did not occur, such as with premature infants who may lack the necessary sucking strength to successfully breastfeed. Breastfeeding an infant Symbol for breastfeeding (Matt Daigle, Mothering magazine contest winner 2006) Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a womans breasts. ...

Paternal bond

Main article: Paternal bond

In contrast to the maternal bond, in terms of variation in strength and stability, the father-infant bond or paternal bond tends to vary greatly over the lifespan of a child’s development and growth and in many cases does not exist. Many children, for example, in modern times, grow up in fatherless households. In general, paternal bonding is more dominant later in a child’s life after language develops. Father-child bonds tend to develop with respect to topics and areas such as political views or money; whereas mother-child bonds tend to develop in relation to topics such as religious views or general outlooks on life.^[27] The paternal bond is typically the relationship between a father and his child. ...

In 2003, researcher from Northwestern University in Illinois found that progesterone, a hormone more usually associated with pregnancy and maternal bonding, may also control the way men react towards their children. Specifically, they found that a lack of progesterone reduced aggressive behaviour in male mice and stimulated them to act in a fatherly way towards their offspring.^[28] Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ...

Affectional bond

Main articles: Affectional bond and Attachment theory

In 1958, British developmental psychologist John Bowlby published the ground-breaking paper "the Nature of the Child's Tie to his Mother", in which the precursory concepts of "attachment" were developed. This later led to the development of the concept of the affectional bond, sometimes referred to as the emotional bond, which is based on the universal tendency for humans to attach, i.e. to seek closeness to another person and to feel secure when that person is present. Attachment theory has its origins in the observation of and experiments with animals. Much of the early research on attachment in humans was done by John Bowlby and his associates. Bowlby proposed that babies have an inbuilt need from birth to make emotional attachments, i.e. bonds, because this increases the chances of survival by ensuring that they receive the care they need.^[29][11][17] In psychology, the term affectional bond is a type of attachment behavior one individual has for another individual, typically a mother for her child, in which the two partners tend to remain in proximity to one another. ... Mother and child. ... John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) was a British developmental psychologist in the psychoanalytic tradition, notable for his pioneering work in attachment theory. ... Look up Attachment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Weak ties

Main article: Interpersonal ties

In 1962, Mark Granovetter, a freshman history major at Harvard, became enamored with the concepts underlying the classic chemistry lecture in which "weak" hydrogen bonds hold huge water molecule together, which themselves are held together by "strong" covalent bonds. This model was the stimulus behind his famous 1973 paper The Strength of the Weak Tie, which is now considered a classic paper in sociology. In mathematical sociology, interpersonal ties are defined as information-carrying connections between people. ... Mark Granovetter is a sociologist who gave some of the most influential theories in modern sociology, since the 1970s. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... An example of a quadruple hydrogen bond between a self-assembled dimer complex reported by Meijer and coworkers. ... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or sometimes between atoms and other covalent bonds. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge) is an academic and applied discipline that studies society and human social interaction. ...

Thus, weak social ties, or weak ties, it is argued, are responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure of social networks in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. Specifically, more novel information flows to individuals through weak than through strong ties. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circles that we do, the information they receive overlaps considerably with what we already know. Acquaintances, by contrast, know people that we do not, and thus receive more novel information.^[30] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1191x636, 79 KB) (All user names refer to en. ... A social network is a map of the relationships between individuals, indicating the ways in which they are connected through various social familiarities ranging from casual acquaintance to close familial bonds. ... Young people interacting within an ethnically diverse society. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ...

Limerent bond

Main article: Limerence

According to limerence theory, positioned in 1979 by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, a certain percentage of couples may go through what is called a limerent reaction, in which one or both of the pair may experience a state of passion mixed with continuous intrusive thinking, fear of rejection, and hope. Hence, with all human romantic relationships, one of three varieties of bonds may form, defined over a set duration of time, in relation to the experience or non-experience of limerence: Limerence, as posited by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, is an involuntary cognitive and emotional state in which a person feels an intense romantic desire for another person (the limerent object). ... Dorothy Tennov is an American psychologist who, in her 1979 book Love and Limerence – the Experience of Being in Love, popularized the term now famous term “limerence”. She is one of the foremost experts on the subject of spurned love. ...

1. Affectional bond: define relationships in which neither partner is limerent.
2. Limerent-Nonlimerent bond: define relationships in which one partner is limerent.
3. Limerent-Limerent bond: define relationships in which both partners are limerent.

The constitution of these bonds may vary over the course of the relationship, in ways that may either increase or decrease the intensity of the limerence. The basis and interesting characteristic of this delineation made by Tennov, is that based on her research and interviews with over 500 people, all human bonded relationships can be divided into three varieties being defined by the amount of limerence or non-limerence each partner contributes to the relationship. Limerence, as posited by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, is an involuntary cognitive and emotional state in which a person feels an intense romantic desire for another person (the limerent object). ...

Erotic bond

Main article: Lovemaps

In the 1988 book Love Maps psychologist John Money postulated the existence of the erotic bond. According to Money, each person is theorized to have a correlative love map based on his or her upbringing and experiences.^[31] This concept is frequently referenced in interpersonal-relationship discussions. A lovemap is a concept originated by John Money to assist a discussion of why people like what they like sexuoerotically. ... John William Money, Ph. ... An interpersonal relationship is some relationship or connection between two people. ...

A love map may make note of both positive and negative factors, things that attract or repel the person whose erotic tastes are being mapped. For reasons that are not always easy to understand, one person may be attracted to people of a particular gender, people with particular physical characteristics (such as hair color), people with particular personality traits (e.g., a sardonic sense of humor), and so forth. One may also find certain characteristics so threatening or objectionable (again, for reasons that may be difficult or impossible to ascertain) that it strongly mitigates against an erotic attraction being manifested. Using this love map, a person unconsciously makes note of the personal and environmental factors that facilitate the formation of an erotic bond.^[31]

Limbic bond

In 2000, psychologists Lewis, Amini, and Lannon published their famous A General Theory of Love in which they postulated the concept of the limbic bond, which defines a bodily connection that is limbic in nature. They also refer to this bond as a mammalian bond being that mammals in contrast to reptiles have a limbic system, which is why reptiles abandon their young after birth whereas mammals do not. Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The limbic system (Latin limbus: border or edge) includes the structures in the human brain involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory. ...

In the limbic bond, a mutually synchronizing sensory exchange as bodily warmth, olfactory cues, vocal exchange, visual interactions, etc., function to keep ties or organizing sensory channels between connected individuals. These ties or bonds function to regulate those associated persons. They define this design as an open-loop regulatory system; where, as they state, adults are social animals: they continue to require a source of stabilization outside themselves. The open loop design means that in some important ways, people cannot be stable on their own; stability means finding people who regulate you well and staying near them.^[32]

Fluid bond

Main article: Fluid bonding

Fluid-bonding is the process in which both partners agree not to exchange fluids (other than saliva) with anyone for six months. At the end of six months each gets a full gauntlet including AIDS testing. If both are clean, the pair is then free to exchange fluids with the other person and the pair is then defined to be "fluid-bonded". Where there are exactly two fluid bonded partners, the term fluid monogamy is used. However, larger groups of people have been known to take part in fluid-bonded polyamorous relationships. Fluid bonding is the practice of sexual partners who explicitly choose to expose themselves to each others bodily fluids. ... Start of polyamory contingent at San Francisco Pride 2004. ...

Societal bond

The societal bond refers to those cohesive elements and structural ties, as economic activity, unions, trade, sanctions, etc., which function to bind societies into collective units. According to encyclopedia.com, marriage functions to cement the societal bond. As they state, in many societies marriage links not just nuclear families but larger social formations as well. Some endogamous societies are divided into exogamous groups, as clans or lineages. Here, men form alliances through exchange of women, and the social organization regulates these alliances through marriage rules.^[33] pertaining to or characterized by the custom of marrying only within the limits of a clan or tribe ... Exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which one belongs. ...

Capture bond

Main article: Capture-bonding

Capture-bonding is a bond that in some instances develops between captor and captive, or terrorist and hostage, and is sometimes referred to as Stockholm syndrome. The term originated in the case of a Swedish woman who became so attached to one of the bank robbers who held her hostage that she broke her engagement to her former lover and remained bonded, or in bondage, to her former captor while he served time in prison. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Stockholm syndrome. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Capture-bonding. ...

Human-animal bond - human to animal contact is known to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress.

ImageMetadata File history File links Man_and_dog. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Man_and_dog. ...

Human-animal bond

Main article: Pet

For human bonds with animals, see Animal love.

The human-animal bond can be defined as a connection between people and animals, domestic or wild; be it a cat as a pet or birds outside one’s window. Research into the nature and merit of the human animal bond began in the late 1700s when, in York, England, the Society of Friends established the The Retreat to provide humane treatment for the mentally ill. By having patients care for the many farm animals on the estate, society officials theorized that the combination of animal contact plus productive work would facilitate the patients’ rehabilitation. In the 1870s in Paris, a French surgeon had patients with neurological disorders ride horses. The patients were found to have improved their motor control and balance and were less likely to suffer bouts of depression.^[34] It has been suggested that Residential pets be merged into this article or section. ... Animals seem to return the affection shown to them by their humans. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... The Retreat is a not for profit charitable organisation in the United Kingdom. ...

In the 19th century, in Bielefeld, Germany, epileptic patients were given the prescription to spend time each day taking care of cats and dogs. The contact with the animals was found to reduce the occurrence of seizures. In 1980, a team of scientists at the University of Pennsylvania found that human to animal contact was found to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress; specifically, lowered levels of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and tension were all found to correlated positively with human pet bonding.^[34] This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ...

Historically, animals were domesticated for functional use; for example, dogs for herding and tracking, and cats for killing mice or rats. Today, in Western societies, their function is primarily a bonding function. For example, current studies show that 60-80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either in or on the bed.^[35] Moreover, in the past the majority of cats were kept outside (barn cats) whereas today most cats are kept indoors (housecats) and considered part of the family. Presently, in the US, for example, 1.2 billion animals are kept as pets, primarily for bonding purposes.^[35] In addition, as of 1995 there were over 30 research institutions looking into the potential benefits of the human animal bond.^[34]

Human-insect bond

In entomology, researchers study the human-insect bond or what is called, in some cases, bug bonding, which includes all types of symbiotic or adverse relationships between insects and humans. Examples of the symbiotic variety include butterfly farming or someone who cares for bees in order to harvest honey as an occupation. An example of the adverse variety of human-insect bond or interaction is the West Nile Virus, which is carried by mosquitoes. Not to be confused with Etymology, the study of the origin of words. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... This article is about modern humans. ... A jar of honey, shown with a wooden honey server and scones/biscuits. ... West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus of the family Flaviviridae; part of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. ...

In the recent 2004 book Buzz - the Intimate Bond between Humans and Insects, for example, author Josie Glausiusz and photographer Volker Steger explore the nature of the human-insect bond using electron microscope as a visual guide. In their book, they investigate the subtle and in many cases unnoticed neighborly bonding that goes on between humans and the very small creatures that, for example, pollinate our crops, dispose of our trash, help solve crimes, get stuck to our windshield, and live under the fridge.^[36] A large number of insects, such as lice, cockroaches, clothes moths, bedbugs, carpet beetles, silverfish, houseflys, mosquitos, ants, and fleas, i.e. any insect that can feed on human food, human skin, human blood, or human waste, etc., owe a large part of their existence to the fact that they have allied themselves with humans. An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons to illuminate and create an image of a specimen. ... Suborders Anoplura (sucking lice) Rhyncophthirina Ischnocera (avian lice) Amblycera (chewing lice) Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects. ... It has been suggested that Blattellidae be merged into this article or section. ... Lepidopteran on a flower. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Bedbug Genera & Species Genus Cimex Cimex lectularius Cimex hemipterus () Cimex pilosellus Cimex pipistrella Genus Leptocimex Leptocimex boueti Genus Haematosiphon Haematosiphon inodora Genus Oeciacus Oeciacus hirudinis Oeciacus vicarius Bedbugs (or bed bugs) are small nocturnal insects of the family Cimicidae that live by... Genera many, see text Wikispecies has information related to: Skin beetle The skin beetles or Dermestidae (Gyllenhaal 1808) are a beetle family. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Silverfish (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The housefly (also house fly or house-fly), Musca domestica, is the most common fly occurring in homes, the most familiar of all flies and indeed one of the most widely distributed animals; it is a pest that can carry and transmit serious diseases. ... Diversity 41 genera Genera See text. ... For other uses, see Ant (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Flea (disambiguation). ...

From another perspective, many people bond with or collect insects as pets and performers, such as a flea circus, an ant farm, or crickets for cricket fighting. Lastly, as an interesting example, many people bond well with the giant Madagascar hissing cockroach, which is a favorite collectable. A flea circus refers to a circus sideshow attraction in which fleas were attached to miniature carts and other items, and encouraged to perform circus acts within a small housing. ... Ants tunneling through an Ant Farm The Ant Farm is essentially a colony of ants enclosed between two panes of glass. ... Cricket fighting is a bloodsport involving the fighting of Crickets. ... Binomial name (Schaum, 1853) Hissing roaches kept as pets. ...

Debonding

In 1976, sociologist Diane Vaughan proposed an “uncoupling theory”, where, during the dynamics of relationship breakup, there exists "turning point", only noted in hindsight, followed by transition period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship is going to end, but holds on to it for an extended period, sometimes for a number of years.^[12]

See also

In primatology, a fission-fusion society is one in which the social group, e. ... Male bonding is a term that is used in ethology, social science, and in general usage to describe patterns of friendship and/or cooperation in men (or in the case of ethology: males of various species). ... Faithfulness redirects here. ... In social psychology, propinquity is one of the main factors leading to interpersonal attraction. ... In psychology, there are several models that attempt to explain and account for the trajectory of the breakup of a relationship. ... The scope of social psychological research. ...

References

An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline for Web content. ... Merriam-Webster, originally known as the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is a United States company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Websters An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). ... Grays Fig. ... The septum pellucidum, also called the septum lucidum, is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane that separates the lateral ventricles of the brain. ... The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus. ... Grays Fig. ... Grays FIG. 727– Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. ... The insular cortex (also often referred to as just the insula) is a structure of the human brain. ... Encarta is a digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. ...

Further reading

Books

• Miller, S. & Rodgers, J.L. (2001). The Ontogeny of Human Bonding Systems: Evolutionary Origins, Neural Bases, and Psychological Manifestations. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-7923-7478-9

Articles

• Ben-Amos, I.K. (1997). "Human Bonding: Parents and Their Offspring in Early Modern England." Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History - Oxford University.
• Thorne, L. (2006). "Of Human Bonding" - Condo Dwellers Find Cool Ways to Connect With the Neighbors., Express (Washingtonpost.com), Mon., (Aug. 07)
• Author (2006). "Falling in Love: Insights into Human Bonding." Welcome Trust, Aug. 25
• Perspectives on Human Attachment: Pair Bonding Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 1, pgs. 138-154. ISSN 1474-7049

ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

External links

Relationships

• Chemical Bonding and Love - HowStuffWorks.com
• Researchers Map the Sexual Network of an Entire High School – Research News, Ohio State University
• The Neurobiology of Social Bonds – British Society for Neuroendocrinology

Baby bonding

• Parenting: Attachment, Bonding and Reactive Attachment Disorder
• Bonding With Your Baby source: kidshealth.org
• Bonding Period – Parent/Infant Bonding
• Bonding Matters - the Chemistry of Attachment

Adoption bonding

• Adoption bonding - Adoptive Families Magazine
• Bonding and Attachemnt - Encyclopedia of Adoption
• AICAN - Australian Intercountry Adoption Network

Human-animal bonding

• Parrot-Human Bonding – Progressive Steps in the Bonding Process
• Feline-Human Bond source: About.com
• Equine Bonding Concepts