A karyotype of a human male, showing 46 chromosomes including XY sex chromosomes. Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. This article describes only basic features of human genetics; for the genetics of disorders please see: Medical genetics. Image File history File links Human_male_karyotpe. ...
Image File history File links Human_male_karyotpe. ...
Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining. ...
Medical Genetics is the application of genetics to medicine. ...
Chromosomes
Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs (i.e. they are diploid). 44 (22 pairs) of these chromosomes are autosomes, and 2 (1 pair) are sex chromosomes. Humans have an XY sex determination system, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and the males XY. The Y chromosome is shorter than the X chromosome, so that males are hemizygous over this region. X-linked recessive genes are thus expressed more often in males. A Humans' gender is determined by the x and the y chromosomes. Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ...
Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ...
An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. ...
A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. ...
The XY sex-determination system is a well-known sex-determination system. ...
Look up Female in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is about the Male sex. ...
It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...
Number of genes Estimates of the number of genes humans have has been possible since DNA sequencing was first introduced. Estimates however have varied wildly, though the present best guess is 20,000-25,000, estimates of up to 40,000 have been in the past. Hey yall wats up? The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. ...
Mitochondrial DNA In addition to nuclear DNA, humans (like almost all eukaryotes) have mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria, the "power houses" of a cell, have their own DNA because they are descended from a proteobacterium that merged with eukaryotic cells over 2 billion years ago. Mitochondria are inherited from one's mother, and its DNA is frequently used to trace maternal lines of descent (see mitochondrial Eve). Nuclear DNA is DNA contained within a nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. ...
Kingdoms Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ...
Mitochondrial DNA (some captions in German) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria. ...
In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ...
Orders Alpha Proteobacteria Caulobacterales - e. ...
Mitochondrial Eve (mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all living humans. ...
Genes and human characteristics Genes have both minor and major effects on human characteristics. Human genes have become prominent in the nature versus nurture debate. The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individuals innate qualities (nature) versus personal experiences (nurture) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. ...
Genes and behavior Genes have a strong influence on human behavior. IQ is largely heritable. However, this has been questioned. The stance that humans inherit substantial behavioral characteristics is called psychological nativism, compared to the stance that human behavior and culture are virtually entirely constructed (tabula rasa). IQ redirects here; for other uses of that term, see IQ (disambiguation). ...
The subject of the inheritance of intelligence is the genetics of mental abilities. ...
In the field of psychology, nativism is the view that certain skills or abilities are native or hard wired into the brain at birth. ...
Tabula rasa (Latin: scraped tablet or clean slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no innate or built-in mental content, in a word, blank, and that their entire resource of knowledge is built up gradually from their experiences and sensory perceptions of the...
In the early 20th century, eugenics was policy in parts of the United States and Europe. The goal was to reduce or eliminate people whose genes were considered inferior. One form of eugenics was compulsory sterilization of people deemed mentally unfit. Hitler's eugenics programs turned social consciousness against the practice, and psychological nativism became associated with racism and sexism. Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ...
Compulsory sterilization programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization. ...
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ...
A necessary part of society, social consciousness brings moral implications into all aspects of science. ...
Genes and gender The biggest genetic difference among healthy humans is in gender. Scientists debate the extent to which genes and culture affect gender roles. The case of David Reimer was once a case in point for the tabula rasa camp, though recently that same case has become evidence for a strong genetic component to gender identity. David Reimer (August 22, 1965 – May 4, 2004) was a Canadian man who was born as a healthy boy, but was sexually reassigned and raised as female after his penis was inadvertently destroyed during circumcision. ...
Genes and race Most genetic diversity occurs within races rather than between them. Common concepts of racial categories do not accurately match genetic characteristics. This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. ...
Evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology explains many human behaviors as more or less moderated by genes that evolved in the hunter-gatherer stage of human cultural development. See for example Stockholm syndrome. This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Capture-bonding. ...
Genetic disorders -
Humans have several genetic diseases, often caused by recessive genes. See List of genetic disorders. Genetic disorders happen everywhere and are very common in some places. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. ...
A genetic disorder, or genetic disease is a disease caused, at least in part, by the genes of the person with the disease. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dominance relationship. ...
// The following is a list of genetic disorders and their origins. ...
Human traits with simple inheritance patterns This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Widows peak A widows peak is a descending V-shaped point in the middle of the hairline (above the forehead). ...
Widows peak A widows peak is a descending V-shaped point in the middle of the hairline (above the forehead). ...
For other uses, see Dimple (disambiguation). ...
Phenylthiocarbamide, also known as PTC, or phenylthiourea, is a synthetic organic molecule. ...
Phenylthiocarbamide, also known as PTC, or phenylthiourea, is a synthetic organic molecule. ...
A cleft chin is unique trait resulting in a dimple on the chin. ...
A cleft chin is unique trait resulting in a dimple on the chin. ...
Freckles are small brownish spots of melanin on human skin in people of fair complexion, predominantly found on the face. ...
Freckles are small brownish spots of melanin on human skin in people of fair complexion, predominantly found on the face. ...
Wet-type human earwax on a cotton swab. ...
Wet-type human earwax on a cotton swab. ...
See also | Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from the other, the evolutionary past that gave rise to it, and its current effects. ...
A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype. ...
Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. ...
A genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a persons DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. ...
Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA. In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe. ...
| | | most recent common mt-ancestor | | | | L0 | | L1 | | | L2 | L3 | | L4 | L5 | L6 | L7 | | | M | N | | | CZ | D | E | G | Q | | A | I | O | | R | | S | W | X | Y | | C | Z | B | F | pre-HV | | pre-JT | P | UK | | HV | JT | U | K | | H | V | J | T | | Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups Mitochondrial Eve (mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all living humans. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L5 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L6 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L7 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. ...
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup S is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
// In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations. ...
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup pre-HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup pre-JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup P is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
Haplogroup K is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
Haplogroup H is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). ...
| | Y-most recent common ancestor | | | | | | A | BR | | | B | CR | | | C | DE | F | | | D | E | | G | H | IJ | K | | | I | J | | L | M | NO | P | | | N | O | | Q | R | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the male counterpart to mitochondrial Eve: the most recent common ancestor from whom all male human Y chromosomes are descended. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup A (M91) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup BR, also known as Haplogroup YxA (SRY10831. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup B (M60) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup CR (M168, M294) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup C (RPS4Y=M130, M216) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup F (defining mutations M89, P14, and M213) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup D (M174) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup E (M96) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M52) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup L (M20) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup M (M4) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup NO (M214) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup N (LLY22G) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup Q (M242) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. ...
In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation. ...
References - ^ Campbell, Neil; Jane Reece (2005). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, pp. 265.
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ID=194000 [1]
- ^ a b c http://www.science.edu.sg/ssc/detailed.jsp?artid=4862&type=6&root=4&parent=4&cat=40
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ID=126100 [2]
- ^ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10009.php
- ^ a b Cruz-Gonzalez L., Lisker R. (1982). "Inheritance of ear wax types, ear lobe attachment and tongue rolling ability.". Acta Anthropogenet. 6 (4): 247-54. PMID 7187238.
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ID=128900 [3]
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ID=119000 [4]
- ^ Xue-Jun Zhang et al. "A Gene for Freckles Maps to Chromosome 4q32–q34" Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2004) 122, 286–290 [5]
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ID=117800 [6]
Neil A. Campbell (1946 – 2004) was an American scientist known best for his Biology textbook. ...
Pearson Education is one of leading publishers of educational textbooks and other educational material, such as multimedia learning tools. ...
External links - Human Genome Project
- How many Genes do humans have?
| Human topics | Behavior • Biology • Anatomy • Communication • Evolution • Genetics • Appearance • Culture • Civilization • Society • Technology • Art • Mind • Nature • Condition • Development • Sexuality This article is about modern humans. ...
For the Björk song, see Human Behaviour Human behavior is the collection of behaviors exhibited by human beings and influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics. ...
Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. ...
List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ...
Human communication is the field dedicated to understanding how people communicate: with themselves intrapersonal communication another person interpersonal communication within groups group dynamics within organizations organizational communication across cultures cross-cultural communication Important Figures David Berlo Brent Ruben Wendell Johnson Norbert Weiner Marshal McLuhan Carl Rogers Albert Mehrabian Related topics...
// For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ...
Variation in the physical appearance of humans is believed by anthropologists to be an important factor in the development of personality and social relations in particular physical attractiveness. ...
For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ...
Central New York City. ...
For other uses, see Society (disambiguation). ...
By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...
This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ...
For other uses, see Mind (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Human nature (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Human condition (disambiguation). ...
Human development may refer to: Human development (biology) Human development (psychology) see Developmental psychology Occasionally, it may refer to both, but because each of these is already an immense area, few if any contemporary academic discussions attempt to tackle both with any completeness. ...
This article is about human sexual perceptions. ...
| | Human chromosomes | {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {20} {21} {22} {X} {Y} Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from the other, the evolutionary past that gave rise to it, and its current effects. ...
Human genetic engineering refers to the controlled modification of the human genome, which is the genome of Homo Sapiens composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes with a total of approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs containing an estimated 30,000 genes. ...
The Y chromosome is one of the most reliable method of tracing the history of early humans. ...
// Origins of modern humans see also single-origin hypothesis, multiregional hypothesis. ...
A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype. ...
// For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ...
A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype. ...
Chromosome 1 is, by convention, the designation for the largest human chromosome. ...
Chromosome 2 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 3 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 4 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 5 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 8 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 9 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 10 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 11 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 12 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 13 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 14 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 15 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 17 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 18 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 20 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 21 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
Chromosome 22 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...
‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...
The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...
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