Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA.

In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe. Image File history File links Map of human races migration, according to the mithocondrial dna. ... Image File history File links Map of human races migration, according to the mithocondrial dna. ... Human genetics is the study of genetics as applied to humans. ... A haplogroup is a large group of haplotypes, which are series of alleles at specific locations on the chromosome. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ... Matrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones mothers lineage; it may also involve the inheritance of property or titles through the female line. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ...

Known haplogroups are assigned the following letter codes: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, HV, I, J, K, L1, L2, L3, M, N, Q, R, T, U, V, W, X, and Z. In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup H is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup K is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup X is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup, ie a group of possible DNA sequences for a cell mitochondria. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...

The woman who is at the root of all these groups is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual which is an ancestor of all of them. ... Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the most recent common matrilineal ancestor of all living humans. ...

Evolutionary relationship

Precise evolutionary relationships between human mitochondrial haplogroups are subject to academic debate.

In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup X is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup, ie a group of possible DNA sequences for a cell mitochondria. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup K is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup pre-HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup H is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...

Table form

In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup X is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup, ie a group of possible DNA sequences for a cell mitochondria. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup JT is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup K is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup pre-HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ... Haplogroup H is a mitochondrial DNA (or mtDNA) haplogroup. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. ...

Other forms

For a graphical depiction of haplogroup branching, see Vincent Macaulay's mtDNA haplogroup skeleton. ^[1]

For information on the mutations which characterize each haplogroup, see the table of mtDNA haplogroup motifs. ^[2]

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• * (haplogroup)
• molecular phylogeny
• genetic genealogy
• genealogical DNA test

In human genetics, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in the DNA of the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). ... Molecular phylogeny is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organisms evolutionary relationships. ... Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. ... // A genealogical DNA test involves examining the nucleotides at specific locations on a persons DNA. The tests results are meant to have no informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders (see possible exceptions in Medical information below); they are intended only for use in...

References

• ↑  Mitochondrial haplogroup skeleton, by Vincent Macaulay
• ↑  Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs, by Vincent Macaulay

External links

• Indian maternal gene pool, Journal of Human Genetics
• The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape, American Journal of Human Genetics
• Do the Four Clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup L2 Evolve at Different Rates?, American Journal of Human Genetics
• The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event, American Journal of Human Genetics
• Key mitochondrial haplogroup SNPs (PDF), summary of mtDNA haplogroup SNPs compiled by a Wikipedian