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A pregnant woman, or "gravida" Human pregnancy refers to the process by which a human female carries a live offspring from conception until childbirth. The medical term for a pregnant woman is "gravida," just as the medical term for the unborn human is embryo and then fetus. Pregnant woman Source: Wikipedia NL, Quelle: usda. ...
Pregnant woman Source: Wikipedia NL, Quelle: usda. ...
Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens Human beings define themselves in biological, social, and spiritual terms. ...
Female is the BLEEEEP of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces egg cells. ...
Newborn with suctioning and umbilical cord Childbirth (also called labour, birth, or parturition) is the culmination of pregnancy, the emergence of a child from its mothers uterus. ...
Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
A pregnant woman, or gravida Human pregnancy refers to the process by which a human female carries a live offspring from conception until it develops to the point where the offspring is capable of living outside the womb. ...
Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa you beezie). ...
Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an embryo in later stages of development, from the third month of pregnancy until birth in humans. ...
Pregnancy takes approximately 40 weeks between the time of the last menstrual cycle and birth (38 weeks from fertilization). It is divided into three trimesters. The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage, the natural death of an embryo or fetus, known medically as a spontaneous abortion. It is often the result of health problems of the fetus, the mother, or damage caused after conception. A pregnant woman Pregnancy is the process by which a mammalian female carries a live offspring from conception until it develops to the point where the offspring is capable of living outside the womb. ...
For the term trimester used in academic settings, see Academic term The human gestation period of approximately 40 weeks between the time of the last menstrual cycle and delivery is traditionally divided into three periods of three months, or trimesters. ...
Miscarriage is the lay term for the natural or accidental termination of a pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or the fetus is incapable of surviving. ...
Fertilization
Duration Traditionally (according to Naegele's Rule), a human pregnancy is considered to last approximately 40 weeks (280 days) from the last menstrual period (LMP), or 38 weeks (266 days) from the date of conception. However, a pregnancy is considered to have reached term between 38 and 42 weeks. Babies born before the 37 week mark are considered premature, while babies born after the 42 week mark are considered postmature. Naegeles Rule is a standard way of calculating the due date for a pregnancy. ...
Premature birth is defined medically as a birth occurring earlier than 37 weeks. ...
However, the average length of pregnancy depends on ethnic background of the mother (Caucasian women are more likely to have a longer pregnancy than other women) and if it is a first pregnancy (which tend to last longer than subsequent pregnancies). For example, a Caucasian woman's first pregnancy lasts an average 274 days from conception (288 days from the last menstrual period). [1] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2342739)
An accurate date of conception is important, because it is used in calculating the results of various prenatal tests (for example, in the triple screen test). A decision may be made to induce labour if a baby is perceived to be overdue. Due dates are only a rough estimate, and the process of accurately dating a pregnancy is complicated by the fact that not all women have 28 day menstrual cycles, or ovulate on the 14th day following their last menstrual period. Approximately 3.6% of all mothers deliver on the due date predicted by LMP, and only 4.7% give birth on the day predicted by ultrasound. [2] (http://transitiontoparenthood.com/ttp/birthed/duedatespaper.htm) Prenatal diagnosis is the diagnosis of disease or condition in a fetus or embryo before it is born. ...
Alpha-fetoprotein screening, also called AFP screening, triple test, and expanded AFP screening, is a screening blood test usually offered between 15-20 weeks of pregnancy. ...
Induction is a way of artificially bringing on labour in a woman. ...
Childbirth Main article: Childbirth Newborn with suctioning and umbilical cord Childbirth (also called labour, birth, or parturition) is the culmination of pregnancy, the emergence of a child from its mothers uterus. ...
Childbirth is the process in which the baby is born. It may come about naturally or be induced for medical reasons.
Postnatal Main article: Postnatal Postnatal (Latin for after birth) is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. ...
For topics following on from a successful pregnancy and birth, see: A breastfeeding infant Breastfeeding is the practice of a woman feeding an infant (or sometimes a toddler or a young child) with milk produced from her mammary glands, usually directly from the nipples. ...
A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ...
Effects on the mother
Anatomical model of a human pregnancy Download high resolution version (1280x960, 172 KB)Anatomical model of a pregnancy Source: image*after This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Download high resolution version (1280x960, 172 KB)Anatomical model of a pregnancy Source: image*after This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
By trimester First trimester: Hormonal changes are the strongest, causing symptoms like morning sickness, fatigue, mood swings and food cravings. Pregnancy is usually suspected two to three weeks after conception.
Second trimester: Morning sickness usually disappears. Abdomen begins to bulge, starting the "obvious phase" of pregnancy. Hyperpigmentation, including linea nigra may appear. Hyperpigmentation refers to increased pigment, usually of the skin. ...
Linea Nigra from pubis to navel. ...
Third trimester: Mother may experience backaches due to increased strain. Spine arched in order to counteract weight.
Overall During pregnancy, the woman undergoes many physiological changes, be they cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, metabolic or respiratory, changes that become very important in the event of complications. Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...
Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος(metavallo), the Greek word for change), in the most general sense, is the ingestion and breakdown of complex compounds, coupled with the liberation of energy, and the consequent generation of waste...
Respiration can refer to: Cellular respiration, which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. ...
The woman is the sole provider of nourishment for the embryo and later, fetus, and so her plasma and blood volume increase by 40-50% to accommodate the changes. This results in overall vasodilation, increased heart rate (15 beat/min), stroke volume, and cardiac output, ultimately increasing cardiac capacity by 70-80mL. Diastolic blood pressure consequently decreases between 12-26 weeks, and increases again to prepregnancy levels by 36 weeks. If the blood pressure remains abnormal beyond 36 weeks, the woman should be investigated for preeclampsia, a condition that precedes eclampsia. Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa you beezie). ...
Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an embryo in later stages of development, from the third month of pregnancy until birth in humans. ...
Blood plasma is a component of blood. ...
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ...
The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ...
The heart rate is the number of contractions of the heart in one minute. ...
Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart in a minute. ...
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. ...
Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
Pre-eclampsia (previously called toxemia) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. ...
Hematologically, the increase in plasma volume causes an increase in red blood cell mass. The pregnant woman also becomes hypercoagulable due to increased liver production of coagulation factors. Blood plasma is a component of blood. ...
Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen to body tissues via the blood. ...
Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ...
Pregnant women often have the sensation of shortness of breath. However, pregnant women oxygenate well, and maintain a total lung capacity comparable to non-pregnant women, with an increase in tidal volume, but a decrease in residual volume. Pregnant women breathe faster, and so have compensated respiratory alkalosis. Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
Dyspnea (Latin dyspnoea, Greek dyspnoia from dyspnoos - short of breath) or shortness of breath (SOB) is perceived difficulty breathing or pain on breathing. ...
Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number Oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16 (VIA), 2, p Density, Hardness 1. ...
The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 litres of air, but only a small amount is used during normal breathing. ...
The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 litres of air, but only a small amount is used during normal breathing. ...
The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 litres of air, but only a small amount is used during normal breathing. ...
The increase in plasma volume results in increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and cortisol in the kidneys, ultimately increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 50%, a change that subsides around 20 weeks postpartum. Pregnant women may also show more proteinuria (300mg/24 hrs) than non-pregnant women (150mg/24 hrs). While this is normal, if the number rises beyond the 300mg/24 hours threshold, this would suggest renal impairment. Fully half of pregnant women will show signs of glucosuria, which is normal. If the glucosuria is persistent, gestational diabetes should be suspected. Blood plasma is a component of blood. ...
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. ...
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. ...
Aldosterone is a steroid synthesized in the mid-section of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland. ...
Cortisol (hydrocortisone, C21H30O5 ), is a corticosteroid hormone synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the cortex of the adrenal glands. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular capillaries into Bowmans capsule per unit time. ...
Postnatal (Latin for after birth) is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. ...
Proteinuria (from protein and urine) means the presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine. ...
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes found in pregnant women. ...
During pregnancy, both protein metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism are affected. One kilogram of extra protein is deposited, with half going to the fetus and placenta, and another half going to uterine contractile proteins, breast glandular tissue, plasma protein, and hemoglobin. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for some carbohydrate metabolism. ...
The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an embryo in later stages of development, from the third month of pregnancy until birth in humans. ...
Human placenta shown a few minutes after birth. ...
Female internal reproductive anatomy The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ...
The term breast can refer to the upper ventral region of the human torso. ...
A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ...
3-dimensional structure of hemoglobin Hemoglobin or haemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red cells of the blood in mammals and other animals. ...
Carbohydrate metabolism is also altered. Pregnant women have lower fasting blood glucose, and progressive insulin resistance, mostly due to human placental lactogen (HPL), which interferes with the insulin use of the body, and peaks at 24-28 weeks. In medicine, blood sugar is glucose in the blood. ...
In medicine, insulin resistance denotes a decompensation of glucose homeostasis where the tissues appear to be less responsive to insulin. ...
The structure of insulin Red: carbon; green: oxygen; blue: nitrogen; pink: sulfur. ...
Edema, or swelling, of the feet is common during pregnancy. For the sake of comfort, many pregnant women wear larger shoes or go without. This may have something to do with the origin of the phrase "barefoot and pregnant." Edema ( BE: oedema, formerly known as dropsy) is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess fluid. ...
The phrase is commonly lengthened to Barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen. ...
Complications Several complications can arise throughout pregnancy. In the first trimester, the two major potential problems are miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. Another complication in the first trimester is vaginal bleeding, which occurs in nearly 25% of clinical pregnancies in the first 20 weeks. It can be the result of a miscarriage, molar pregnancy or gestational choriocarcinoma. If an expectant mother experiences bleeding in pregnancy and is Rh factor negative, she should be given an Rh immunoglobulin such as Rhogam, regardless of whether or not the bleeding proceeds to miscarriage. Miscarriage is the lay term for the natural or accidental termination of a pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or the fetus is incapable of surviving. ...
Human female internal reproductive anatomy The vagina (from the Latin for sheath or scabbard ) is the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female mammals, or to the cloaca in female birds and some reptiles. ...
Molar pregnancy, sometimes simply referred as mole is a rare abnormal medical condition, a complication of pregnancy inside the category of gestational trophoblastic diseases. ...
Gestational choriocarcinoma is a malignant trophoblastic tumour arising from any gestational event during pregnancy in the reproductive female. ...
A blood type is a description an individuals characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. ...
Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ...
Categories: Possible copyright violations ...
Later in pregnancy, complications include gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and gestational choriocarcinoma. Gestational trophoblastic disease — usually referred to as a mole — is a very rare abnormality of pregnancy in the reproductive female that involves abnormal trophoblast proliferation. ...
Gestational choriocarcinoma is a malignant trophoblastic tumour arising from any gestational event during pregnancy in the reproductive female. ...
Other complications include:
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes found in pregnant women. ...
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is the accepted name for what was previously called gestational hypertension or hypertension of pregnancy. ...
Pre-eclampsia (previously called toxemia) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. ...
HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening complication of pre-eclampsia. ...
Morning sickness, also called nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), or pregnancy sickness, affects between 50 and 95 percent of all pregnant women. ...
Pica is an abnormal appetite for soil, flour, chalk, starch or other non-foods. ...
Imaging, monitoring and care In present society, medical science has developed a number of procedures to monitor pregnancy.
Detection The early stages of pregnancy is often discovered by using a pregnancy test. In the post-implantation phase the blastocyst secretes a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin which in turn, stimulates the corpus luteum in the mother's ovary to continue producing progesterone. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst, and capillaries will be stimulated to grow in that region. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the mother. Pregnancy tests detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin. A pregnancy test is a test to determine whether or not a woman is pregnant. ...
Embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of an embryo. ...
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the trophoblast (part of the placenta). ...
The corpus luteum (Latin for yellow body) is a small, temporary endocrine structure in mammals that develops from an ovarian follicle after it has released a mature egg. ...
Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ...
Antenatal record On the first visit to her gynecologist, the pregnant woman is asked to carry out the antenatal record, which constitutes a medical history and physical examination. Lab tests are also carried out, including the complete blood count (CBC), rubella vaccine, HIV test, pap smear, and a urine test. The shamefulness associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. ...
Medical history can either refer to the History of medicine personal (case) medical history: anamnesis medical history of a family: Family history (medicine) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
In medicine, physical examination is the process by which the physician investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease to aid in determining the correct diagnosis. ...
A full blood count (FBC) or complete blood count (CBC) is a test requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patients blood. ...
Rubella (also known as epidemic roseola, German measles or three-day measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus. ...
Several medical tests exist to detect the presence of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. These HIV tests are often called AIDS tests, although they actually measure HIV, rather than AIDS. However, one medical test, the CD4 T-cell count although not an HIV test, is so commonly used in...
The pap smear as we know it is an invention of Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou (1883-1962), an American of Greek birth, the father of cytopathology. ...
A urinalysis (or UA) is an array of tests performed on urine, usually used in medical diagnosis. ...
On subsequent visits, the gestational age (GA) is rechecked with each visit. Symphysis-fundal height (SFH; in cm) should equal gestational age after 20 weeks of gestation, and the fetal growth should be plotted on a curve during the antenatal visits. The third Leopold maneuver is used to determine the position of the baby. Blood pressure should also be monitored, and may be up to 140/90 in normal pregnancies. Gestational age is age of a fetus (or newborn infant) from presumed conception. ...
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. ...
Fetal screening is also used to help assess the viability of the fetus, as well as congenital problems. Genetic counseling is often offered for families who may be at an increased risk to have a child with a genetic condition. Amniocentesis at around the 20th week is usually done for women 35 or older to check for Down's Syndrome and other chromosome abnormalities in the fetus. Even earlier than amniocentesis is performed, the mother may undergo the triple test, nuchal screening, nasal bone, alpha-fetoprotein screening and Chorionic villus sampling, also to check for disorders such as Down Syndrome. Genetic counseling generally refers to prenatal counseling done when a genetic condition is suspected in a pregnancy. ...
Amniocentesis is a medical procedure used for prenatal diagnosis, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is extracted from the amnion around a developing fetus. ...
Figure 1: Chromosome. ...
Alpha-fetoprotein screening, also called AFP screening, triple test, and expanded AFP screening, is a screening blood test usually offered between 15-20 weeks of pregnancy. ...
The Nasal Bones (Ossa Faciei & Ossa Nasalia) are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, the bridge of the nose. ...
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is normally only produced in the foetus during its development. ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a form of prenatal diagnosis to determine genetic abnormalities in the fetus. ...
Imaging Imaging is another important way to monitor a pregnancy. The mother and fetus are also usually imaged in the first trimester of pregnancy. This is done to predict problems with the mother; confirm that a pregnancy is present inside the uterus; guess the gestational age; determine the number of fetuses and placentae; evaluate for an ectopic pregnancy and first trimester bleeding; and assess for early signs of anomalies. Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an embryo in later stages of development, from the third month of pregnancy until birth in humans. ...
Female internal reproductive anatomy The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ...
Gestational age is age of a fetus (or newborn infant) from presumed conception. ...
Human placenta shown a few minutes after birth. ...
Computerized tomography (CT) and X-rays are not used in first trimester imaging due to the ionizing radiation, which has teratogenic effects on the fetus. Instead, ultrasound is the imaging method of choice in the first trimester and throughout the pregnancy, since it emits no radiation, is portable, and allows for realtime imaging. Ultrasound imaging may be done at any time throughout the pregnancy, but usually happens at the 12th week (dating scan) and the 20th week (detailed scan). CAT apparatus in a hospital Computed axial tomography (CAT), computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, CT, or body section roentgenography is the process of using digital processing to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around...
In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz...
Ionizing radiation is radiation in which an individual particle (for example, a photon, electron, or helium nucleus) carries enough energy to ionize an atom or molecule (that is, to completely remove an electron from its orbit). ...
Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster making. ...
Obstetric ultrasonograph of a healthy female fetus at 16 weeks. ...
Radiation generally means the transmission of waves, objects or information from a source into a surrounding medium or destination. ...
A normal gestation would reveal a gestational sac, yolk sac, and fetal pole. The gestational age can be assessed by evaluating the mean gestation sac diameter (MGD) before week 6, and the crown-rump length after week 6. Multiple gestation is evaluated by the number of placentae and amniotic sacs present. The gestational sac is the only available intrauterine structure that can be used to determine if an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) exists, until the embryo is identified. ...
The yolk sac is the first element seen in the gestational sac during pregnancy, usually at 5 weeks gestation. ...
The fetal pole is a thickening on the margin of the yolk sac of a fetus during pregnancy. ...
Gestational age is age of a fetus (or newborn infant) from presumed conception. ...
Human placenta shown a few minutes after birth. ...
The amniotic sac is a tough but thin transparent pair of membranes, which hold a developing embryo (and later fetus) until shortly before birth. ...
Pregnancy has different cultural aspects related to the perception of the body, the relationship with partner and to the meaning of the event.
See also Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, to stand by) is the surgical specialty dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (the period shortly after birth). ...
Embryos (and one tadpole) of the wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa you beezie). ...
Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an embryo in later stages of development, from the third month of pregnancy until birth in humans. ...
Fraternal twin boys in the tub The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and are usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day. ...
Identical Triplet Sisters A multiple birth results when more than one human baby is born from a single pregnancy. ...
Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ...
Cell division is the process of a biological cell (called a mother cell) dividing into two daughter cells. ...
Oxytocin is a nine amino acid peptide hormone synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ...
The low birth weight paradox is a certain observation relating birth weights and mortality of children born to smoking mothers. ...
Numerous science fiction, utopian and dystopian novels revolve around sexual reproduction, pregnancy and infertility. ...
Long-distance pregnancy is a term for the impregnation of a woman from a distance. ...
Melasma on adult females cheek. ...
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