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The rights and liberties of the citizens of the Russian Federation are granted by the 2nd Chapter of the Constitution adopted in 1993.[1] Russia is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has also ratified a number of other international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (fully) and the European Convention of Human Rights (with reservations). These international law instruments take precedence over national legislation according to Article 15 of the Constitution. The President of Russia (ru: Президент РоÑÑии is the highest position within the Government of Russia. ...
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ...
The Russian presidential administration (also known as Staff of Russia’s president, Presidential Executive Office, in Russian: ÐдминиÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ ÐŸÑ€ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð° РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации)) is the executive office of Russias president created by a decree of Boris Yeltsin on July 19, 1991 as an institution supporting the activity of the president (then Yeltsin) and vice-president...
The Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF)is an executive-level branch of the Russian that acts as a consulative body on national security affairs (Russian: Совет БезопаÑноÑти РФ; Soviet Bezopasnosti). ...
The Prime Minister of Russia is the current Head of Government of the Russian Federation. ...
Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (Russian: ) (born September 1, 1950) is a Russian politician, and the current Prime Minister of Russia. ...
Mikhail Fradkovs Second Cabinet (since May 2004) is the twelfth cabinet of the government of the Russian Federation, preceded by Mikhail Fradkovs First Cabinet, which followed the cabinet led by Mikhail Kasyanov, who had been dismissed by President Vladimir Putin on February 24, 2004 shortly before the presidential...
Federal Assembly of Russia (Федеральное Собрание) is the name of the parliament of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. ...
Federation Council of Russia (Russian: ; Sovet Federatsii) is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. ...
For other uses, see State Duma (disambiguation). ...
The Russian judiciary has judicial appeal and judicial review at the level of the Supreme Court. ...
Constitutional Court of Russian Federation (Russian: КонÑтитуционный Суд РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации) is a high court which is empowered to rule on whether or not certain laws or presidential decrees are in fact contrary to the Constitution of Russia. ...
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Russian: ) is the final instance in administrative law, civil law and criminal law cases. ...
The Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation is the final instance in commercial disputes in Russia. ...
The Public Chamber (In Russian: ОбщеÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ‚Ð°) is a state institution with 126 members created in 2005 in Russia to analyze draft legislation and monitor the activities of the parliament, government and other government bodies of Russia and its Federal Subjects. ...
The State Council of the Russian Federation (Russian: ГоÑударÑтвенный Совет) is an advisory body to the Head of State, which deals with issues of the highest importance to the state as a whole. ...
The primary and fundamental statement of laws in the Russian Federation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. ...
Political parties in Russia lists political parties in Russia. ...
Elections in Russia gives information on election and election results in Russia. ...
Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 26, 2000. ...
Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 14, 2004. ...
‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...
Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on December 7, 2003. ...
Legislative elections will be held in the Russian Federation on December 2, 2007[1]. At stake are the 450 seats in the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (The legislature). ...
The Central Election Commission of Russia is the superior power body responsible for conducting federal elections and overseeing local elections in the Russian Federation founded in Spetember 1993. ...
Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ...
Regarding the foreign relations of Russia, Russia has taken important steps to become a full partner in the worlds principal political groupings. ...
Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...
Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ...
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ...
International human rights instruments can be classified into two categories: declarations, adopted by bodies such as the United Nations General Assembly, which are not legally binding although they may be politically so; and conventions, which are legally binding instruments concluded under international law. ...
Parties to the ICCPR: members in green, non-members in grey The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976. ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wikisource. ...
The European Convention on Human Rights (1950) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe† to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ...
This table illustrates the extent to which the substantive provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and its Protocols are ratified (and therefore in force) for territories under the control of the members of the Council of Europe ^ As occupying power ^ As occupying power ^ As occupying power ^ As occupying...
After his visits to the Russian Federation in 2004, Alvaro Gil-Robles, the first Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, said that "the fledgling Russian democracy is still, of course, far from perfect, but its existence and its successes cannot be denied."[2] Alvaro Gil-Robles (born in September 9, 1944 in Lissabon, Portugal) is a Spanish jurist and human rights activist. ...
The Commissioner for Human Rights is an independent institution within the Strasbourg-based Council of Europe, mandated to promote the awareness of and respect for human rights in member states. ...
Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 6 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg Establishment - Treaty of...
In recent years Vladimir Lukin, current Ombudsman of the Russian Federation, has invariably characterized the human rights situation in Russia as unsatisfactory. However, according to Lukin, this shouldn't discourage, because building a lawful state and civil society in such a complex country as Russia is a hard and long process. [3] Russian liberal political activist and ex-member of Duma. ...
An ombudsman (English plural: ombudsmans or ombudsmen) is an official, usually (but not always) appointed by the government or by parliament, who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
However, Andrey Illarionov, former senior economic policy adviser to President Vladimir Putin, claimed in January 2007 that freedom in Russia has deteriorated dramatically since 2000 and that the year 2006 "was an extraordinary one in a sense of destruction of all types and all elements of freedom."[4] Andrey Nikolayevich Illarionov (Russian: ÐндреÌй ÐиколаÌевич ИллариоÌнов) (born September 16, 1961) is the former economic policy advisor to the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin. ...
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ...
Freedom House considered Russia partially free with scores of 5 on both political rights and civil liberties (out of a possible 6) in 2002-2004 and not free with 6 on political rights and 5 on civil liberties in 2005-2007 according to the Freedom in the World reports.[5] In 2006 The Economist published a democracy rating, putting Russia at 102nd place among 167 countries and defining it as a "hybrid regime with a trend towards curtailment of media and other civil liberties." [6] Russia occupies 120th place of 157 countries in the Index of Economic Freedom, composed by Heritage Foundation.[citation needed] Freedom House is a non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. and with field offices in about a dozen countries. ...
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Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ...
Map reflecting the findings of Freedom Houses 2007 survey, concerning the state of world freedom in 2006, which is widely used by researchers and correlates highly with other measures of democracy[1]. Some of these estimates are disputed. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London, UK. It has been in continuous publication since September 1843. ...
Map of Economic Freedom released by the Heritage Foundation. ...
The Heritage Foundation is a public policy research institute based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. ...
Andrey Illarionov claimed that the rule of law has ceased to exist in Russia and that litigants are now forced to apply not to the Russian courts, but to the European Court of Human Rights.[7] The court has indeed become overwhelmed with cases from Russia. As of June 1, 2007, 22.5% of its pending cases were directed against the Russian Federation.[8]. In 2006 there were 151 admissible applications against Russia (out of 1634 for all the countries), while in 2005 - 110 (of 1036), in 2004 - 64 (of 830), in 2003 - 15 (of 753), in 2002 - 12 (of 578).[9][10][11] The rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. ...
European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by...
is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
According to international human rights organizations as well as domestic press, violations of human rights in Russia [12] include widespread and systematic torture of persons in custody by police [13] [14], dedovshchina in Russian Army, neglect and cruelty in Russian orphanages [15], violations of children's rights [16]. According to Amnesty International there is discrimination, racism, and murders of members of ethnic minorities [17] [18]. Since 1992 at least 44 journalists were killed [19]. Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has...
Dedovshchina (Russian: ) is the name given to the informal system of subjugation of new junior recruits for the Russian armed forces, MVD, and border guards to soldiers of the last year of service. ...
This article is about the institutions for orphans. ...
The childrens rights movement was born in the 1800s with the orphan train. ...
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ...
This article is about discrimination in the social science context. ...
Racism is a belief or concept that inherent differences between people, in particular those upon which the concept of race is based, significantly influence cultural or individual achievement, and may involve the idea that ones self-identified race or ethnic group or others race or ethnic group is superior. ...
In sociology and in voting theory, a minority is a sub-group that is outnumbered by persons who do not belong to it. ...
The situation in the Russian republic of Chechnya, ravaged by war, has been especially worrying. During the Second Chechen War, started in September 1999, there were summary executions and "disappearances" of civilians in Chechnya [20] [21] [22]. According to the ombudsman of the Chechen Republic, Nurdi Nukhazhiyev, as of March 2007 the most complex and painful problem is finding over 2700 abducted and forcefully held citizens; analysis of the complaints of citizens of Chechnya shows that social problems ever more often come to the foreground; two years ago complaints mostly concerned violations of the right to life. [23] The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ...
Combatants Russian Federation Pro-Russian Chechens Republic of Ichkeria Caucasian insurgents and foreign fighters Commanders Vladimir Putin Akhmad Kadyrov†Ramzan Kadyrov Aslan Maskhadov†Abdul Halim Sadulayev†Doku Umarov Shamil Basayev†Strength At least 93,000 in Chechnya in 1999. ...
Capital Grozny Area - total - % water 79th - 15,500 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density 49th _ est. ...
The Federal Law of 10 January 2006 changed the orders affecting registration and operation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Russia. [3] [24][25] Russian-Chechen Friendship Society was closed [26]. is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is not part of a government and was not founded by states. ...
Russian-Chechen Friendship Society (RCFS) is a non-governmental organization that monitors situation with human rights violations in Chechnya and other parts of the North Caucasus. ...
There are cases of attacks on demonstrators organized by local authorities [27]. High concern was caused by murders of opposition lawmakers and journalists Anna Politkovskaya [28], Yuri Schekochikhin [29], Galina Starovoitova [30], Sergei Yushenkov [31], as well as imprisonments of human rights defenders, scientists, and journalists like Trepashkin [32], Igor Sutyagin [33], Valentin Danilov [34]. Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ...
Yuri Petrovich Shchekochikhin (ЮÌрий ПетроÌвич ЩекочиÌхин) (June 9, 1950, Kirovabad - July 3, 2003, Moscow) was a Russian journalist, writer, and liberal lawmaker. ...
Galina Starovoitova (Галина Старовойтова) (31st December 1946 - November 20, 1998) was a Russian politician, who was born in Chelyabinsk. ...
Sergei Yushenkov (Сергей Юшенков) (1950-2003) was a liberal Russian politician well known for his uncompromising struggle for democracy, rapid free market economic reforms, and higher human rights standards in Russia. ...
Human rights defender is a term used to describe people who, individually or with others, act to promote or protect human rights. ...
Mikhail Trepashkin Mikhail Ivanovich Trepashkin, (Russian: ) (7 April 1957 – ), a Moscow attorney and former FSB officer, was invited by MP Sergei Kovalev to assist in an independent inquiry of the Russian apartment bombings in September 1999 – the atrocities that provoked the Second Chechen War and skyrocketed Vladimir Putin to presidency. ...
Igor Sutyagin (Игорь СутÑгин) (b. ...
Valentin Danilov (born 1951) - Russian physicist. ...
Judicial and penal system The judiciary is a subject to manipulation by political authorities according to Amnesty International.[12][35] According to Constitution of Russia, top judges are appointed by the Federation Council, following nomination by the President of Russia. Anna Politkovskaya described in her book Putin's Russia stories of judges who did not follow "orders from the above" and were assaulted or removed from their positions[36] Former judge Olga Kudeshkina wrote an open letter in 2005 in which she criticized chairman of Moscow city court O. Egorova for "recommending judges to make right decisions" which allegedly caused more than 80 judges in Moscow to retire in the period from 2002 to 2005.[37] There are large case backlogs and trial delays[citation needed]. Lengthy pre-trial detention remains a serious problem. Prison conditions fall well below international standards.[citation needed] Over 100,000 inmates have tuberculosis.[13] Human rights groups estimate that about 11,000 inmates and prison detainees die annually, most because of overcrowding, disease, and lack of medical care.[citation needed] Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ...
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ...
Putins Russia is a non-fiction book by Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya about life in modern Russia that she calls Putins Russia [1] In the book Politkovskaya tells about transformation of Russia to police state under leadership of Vladimir Putin. ...
The rule of law has made rather limited inroads in the criminal justice since the Soviet time, especially in the deep provinces.[38] The courts generally follow the non-acquittals policy; in 2004 acquittals constituted only 0.7 percent of all judgments. Judges are dependent on administrators, bidding prosecutorial offices in turn. The work of public prosecutors varies from poor to dismal. Lawyers are mostly court appointed and low paid. There was a rapid deterioration of the situation characterized by abuse of the criminal process, harassment and persecution of defense bar members in politically sensitive cases in recent years. The principles of adversariness and equality of the parties to criminal proceedings are not observed.[39] In criminal law, an acquittal is the legal result of a verdict of not guilty, or some similar end of the proceeding that terminates it with prejudice without a verdict of guilty being entered against the accused. ...
In countries adopting the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system, the prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution. ...
In 1996, President Boris Yeltsin pronounced a moratorium on the death penalty in Russia. However, Russian Government still violates many promises they made upon entering the Council of Europe.[35] Citizens who appeal to European Court of Human Rights are often prosecuted by Russian authorities, according to the allegations of Politkovskaya[40] Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: ) (February 1, 1931 – April 23, 2007[1]) was the first president of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. ...
Look up Moratorium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Both legal and moral status of Capital punishment in Russia are currently controversial. ...
Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 6 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - Commissioner for Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg Establishment - Treaty of...
European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by...
Torture and abuse The Constitution of Russia forbids arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment. Part 2 of Article 21 of the constitution states that "no one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment…".[41] However Russian police are regularly observed practicing torture - including beatings, electric shocks, rape, asphyxiation - in interrogating arrested suspects.[42][12][13][14][14] A popular method is called Phone Call to Putin.[43][13][14] In 2000, human rights Ombudsman Oleg Mironov estimated that 50% of prisoners with whom he spoke claimed to have been tortured. Amnesty International reported that Russian military forces in Chechnya rape and torture local women with electric shocks, when electric wires are connected to the straps of their bra on their chest.[41] The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (КонÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‚ÑƒÑ†Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑийÑкой Федерации) was adopted by national referendum on December 12, 1993 replacing the previous Soviet-era Constitution of April 12, 1978 of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic following the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993. ...
Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has...
Phone Call to Putin (Russian: звонок Путину) is a popular torture method used by Russian police to coerce confessions out of detainees. ...
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a pressure group that promotes human rights. ...
The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ...
Sign warning of possible electric shock hazard An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. ...
In the most extreme cases, hundreds of innocent people from the street were arbitrary arrested, beaten, tortured, and raped by special police forces. Such incidents took place not only in Chechnya, but also in Russian towns of Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk, Nefteyugansk, and others[44][45][46]
On April 26, 2007, Radio Freedom announced that unofficial movement "Russia the beaten" in Moscow was created by human rights activists, journalists who "suffered from beatings in numerous Russian cities".[2]
Torture and humiliation are also widespread in Russian army (see also dedovshchina).[47] Many young men are killed or commit suicide every year because of it.[48] It's reported that some young male conscipts are forced to work as prostitutes for "outside clients"[49] Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia works to protect rights of young soldiers. Dedovshchina (Russian: ) is the name given to the informal system of subjugation of new junior recruits for the Russian armed forces, MVD, and border guards to soldiers of the last year of service. ...
The Union of the Committees of Soldiers Mothers of Russia (Союз Комитетов СолдатÑких Матерей РоÑÑии) works to expose human rights violations within the Russian military. ...
Crime In the 1990s, the growth of organized crime (see Russian mafia and Russian oligarchs) and the fragmentation of law enforcement agencies in Russia coincided with a sharp rise in violence against business figures, administrative and state officials, and other public figures.[50] President Vladimir Putin inherited these problems when he took office, and during his election campaign in 2000, the new president won popular support by stressing the need to restore law and order and to bring the rule of law to Russia as the only way of restoring confidence in the country's economy. [51] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Business oligarch, a synonym of business magnate, describes wealthy people that significantly influence the life of a state. ...
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ...
According to data by Demoscope Weekly, the Russian homicide rate showed a rise from the level of 15 murders per 100,000 people in 1991, to 32.5 in 1994. Then it fell to 22.5 in 1998, followed by a rise to a maximum rate of 30.5 in 2002, and then a fall to 20 murders per 100,000 people in 2006.[52][53]
With a prison population rate of 532 per 100,000 population, Russia is tied with Bermuda, the United Kingdom and Belarus and second only to the United States (2005 data).[54]
Criminology studies show that for the first five years since 2000 compared with the average for 1992 to 1999, the rate of robberies is up by 38.2% and the rate of drug-related crimes is higher by 71.7%.[55] DEA Operation Mallorca, 2005 Drugs are related to crime in multiple ways. ...
Politically-motivated prosecutions
Espionage cases In Soviet period of time scientists encountered sufficient administrative barriers when working with foreign colleagues. After collapse of the Soviet Union which coincided with decrease of governmental financing, many scientists broadened their contacts with foreign laboratories. A point to note is that administrative norms of secrecy in Russia are still sufficiently more strict than those accepted in the West.[56]
There were several cases when FSB accused scientists for alleged transferring state secrets to different countries, while defendants and their colleagues claimed that transferred information or technologies were based on sources well known in the world. While such cases caused resonance in society, courts considering the cases were often closed from press. Emblem of FSB The FSB (ФСБ) is a state security organization in Russia, and is the domestic successor organization to the KGB. Its name is an acronym from the Russian Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (ФедераÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑлуÌжба безопаÌÑноÑти РоÑÑиÌйÑкой ФедераÌции) (Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti Rossiyskoi Federatsii). ...
Scientists in question are: Igor Sutyagin (sentenced to 15 years),[33] physicist Valentin Danilov (sentenced to 14 years),[34] physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev (held under a written pledge not to leave city from 2006[57]; in May 2007 case against him was closed by FSB for "absence of body of crime", in July 2007 prosecutors brought Korobeinichev public apologizes [58] for "the image of spy"), academician Oskar Kaibyshev (convicted to 6 years of suspended sentence and a fine of $130,000).[59][60] Igor Sutyagin (Игорь СутÑгин) (b. ...
Valentin Danilov (born 1951) - Russian physicist. ...
Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin, who worked with Bellona Foundation, was accused in espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). Other cases of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko, sentenced to three years imprisonment and later released under a general amnesty,[61][62] Vladimir Petrenko who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles and was held in pretrial confinement for seven months, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund who was held in pretrial confinement for six months.[63] Aleksander Nikitin, a Russian former submarine officer and nuclear safety inspector turned environmentalist, started to co-operate with Norwegian environmental Bellona Foundation in 1994. ...
The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental organization established in 1986 as a Norwegian organization and based in Oslo. ...
Grigory Mikhailovich Pasko (born 1962 in the village Kreschtschenowka of the Kherson Oblast, currently Ukraine) is a Russian journalist and publisher of an environmental magazine. ...
Other cases Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB captain who assisted Soviet dissidents and was sentenced to eight years of prison in Soviet time, in 1995 was sentenced for 3 years for unlawful store of weapons (which could be a fake[citation needed]). After one year he was released and left the country.[64] This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ...
Vil Mirzayanov was accused for 1992 article in which he has claimed that Russia was working on chemical WMD, but won the court, and later emigrated to U.S.[65]
Vladimir Kazantsev who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms was arrested in August 1995, and released in the end of the year, however the case was not closed.[63][66] Investigator Mikhail Trepashkin was sentenced in May 2004 for 4 years of prison.[32] Vladimir Dmitrievich Kazantsev (Russian: ) (born 6 January 1923) was a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the 3000 metre steeple chase. ...
Mikhail Trepashkin, a Moscow attorney and former FSB agent, was invited by MP Sergei Yushenkov to assist in an independent investigation of the Russian apartment bombings in September 1999 – the atrocities that provoked the war in Chechnya and skyrocketed Vladimir Putin to presidency. ...
Journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov in January 9, 2006 was sentenced for alleged defamation of the President in his article "Putin as phallic symbol of Russia" to fine of 20,000 roubles (about 695 USD)[67][68] 1998 Russian Federation one rouble coin. ...
Political dissidents from the former Soviet republics, such as authoritarian Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, are often arrested by FSB and extradited to these countries for prosecution, despite protests from international human rights organizations.[69][70] Special services of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaidjan also kidnap people at the Russian territory, with the implicit approval of FSB.[71] The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ...
Emblem of FSB The FSB (ФСБ) is a state security organization in Russia, and is the domestic successor organization to the KGB. Its name is an acronym from the Russian Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (ФедераÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑлуÌжба безопаÌÑноÑти РоÑÑиÌйÑкой ФедераÌции) (Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti Rossiyskoi Federatsii). ...
Motto: none Anthem: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni Capital Baku Largest city Baku Official languages Azerbaijani Government President Prime Minister Representative democracy Ilham Aliyev Artur Rasizade Independence - Declared - Formerly From the Soviet Union August 30, 1991 Azerbaijan SSR Area • Total • Water (%) 86,600 km² (112th) negligible...
Many people have been also illegally detained to prevent them from demonstrations during G8 Summit in 2006.[72]
Suspicious killings - See also: List of journalists killed in Russia
Some Russian opposition lawmakers and investigative journalists are suspected to be assassinated while investigating corruption and alleged crimes conducted by state authorities or FSB: Sergei Yushenkov, Yuri Shchekochikhin, Alexander Litvinenko, Galina Starovoitova, Anna Politkovskaya, Paul Klebnikov.[29][31] This is list of journalists who have been recently killed in Russia, compiled by Russian-based Glasnost Defence Foundation. ...
Emblem of FSB The FSB (ФСБ) is a state security organization in Russia, and is the domestic successor organization to the KGB. Its name is an acronym from the Russian Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (ФедераÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑлуÌжба безопаÌÑноÑти РоÑÑиÌйÑкой ФедераÌции) (Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti Rossiyskoi Federatsii). ...
Sergei Yushenkov (Сергей Юшенков) (1950-2003) was a liberal Russian politician well known for his uncompromising struggle for democracy, rapid free market economic reforms, and higher human rights standards in Russia. ...
Yuri Petrovich Shchekochikhin (ЮÌрий ПетроÌвич ЩекочиÌхин) (June 9, 1950, Kirovabad - July 3, 2003, Moscow) was a Russian journalist, writer, and liberal lawmaker. ...
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (30 August 1962[1][2] – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and later a Russian dissident and writer. ...
Galina Starovoitova (Галина Старовойтова) (31st December 1946 - November 20, 1998) was a Russian politician, who was born in Chelyabinsk. ...
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ...
Paul Klebnikov Paul Klebnikov (June 3, 1963 – July 9, 2004) was an American journalist of Russian descent. ...
Situation in Chechnya -
The Russian Government's policies in Chechnya are a cause for international concern.[21][22] It has been reported that Russian military forces have abducted, tortured, and killed numerous civilians in Chechnya[3], but Chechen separatists have also committed abuses [4], such as abducting people for ransom [5]. Human rights groups are very critical of cases of people disappearing in the custody of Russian officials. Systematic illegal arrests and torture conducted by the armed forces under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov and Federal Ministry of Interior have also been reported.[6]. There are reports about repressions, information blockade, and atmosphere of fear and despair in Chechnya [7]. The article details some of the most notorious human rights violations commited by the warring sides of the ongoing second war in Chechnya. ...
The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ...
This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ...
As claimed in 2005 report by Memorial, there is a system of "conveyor of violence" in Chechen Republic (as well as in neighbouring Ingushetiya) when a person suspected in crimes connected with activity of separatists squads, is unlawfully detained by members of security agencies, and then disappears. After a while part of detainees is found in centers of preliminary detention (while some allegedly disappear forever), and then he is tortured to confess to a crime or/and to slander somebody else. According to Memorial, psychological pressure is also in use. [73] Known Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya compared this system with Gulag and claimed the number of several hundred cases. [74] Memorial (Russian: Мемориал) is an international historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-USSR states with the following missions stated in its charter: To promote mature civil society and democracy based on the rule of law and thus to prevent a return to totalitarianism; To assist...
Capital Grozny Area - total - % water 79th - 15,500 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density 49th _ est. ...
The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: Респу́блика Ингуше́тия; Ingush: Гiалгiай Мохк) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...
Memorial (Russian: Мемориал) is an international historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-USSR states with the following missions stated in its charter: To promote mature civil society and democracy based on the rule of law and thus to prevent a return to totalitarianism; To assist...
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ...
Gulag ( , Russian: ) was the government body responsible for administering prison camps across the former Soviet Union. ...
A number of journalists were killed in Chechnya or supposedly for reporting on the conflict[75]. List of names includes less and more famous: Cynthia Elbaum, Vladimir Zhitarenko, Nina Yefimova, Jochen Piest, Farkhad Kerimov, Natalya Alyakina, Shamkhan Kagirov, Viktor Pimenov, Nadezhda Chaikova, Supian Ependiyev, Ramzan Mezhidov and Shamil Gigayev, Vladimir Yatsina, Aleksandr Yefremov, Roddy Scott, Paul Klebnikov, Magomedzagid Varisov, Anna Politkovskaya [8] [9]. Cynthia Elbaum Cynthia Elbaum (born 1966 – died December 22, 1994) was an American photojournalist, killed in Chechnya. ...
Colonel Vladimir Zhitarenko was a military correspondent for the Russian armed forces daily Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star). ...
Nina Yefimova was a reporter for Vozrozhdeniye (Revival), a local Russian language newspaper in the Chechen capital Grozny. ...
Jochen Piest a correspondent for the German newsmagazine Stern. ...
Viktor Pimenov was a cameraman for Vaynakh Television, a Chechen station supported by Moscow-backed forces. ...
Nadezhda Chaikova was a correspondent for the Russian weekly Obshchaya Gazeta. ...
Supian Ependiyev was a veteran correspondent and editor-in-chief for the independent Chechen weekly Groznensky Rabochy, who was killed in a Russian army short-range ballistic missile attack on the Chechen capital, Grozny. ...
Ramzan Mezhidov, 32, was a freelance cameraman working for the Moscow-based Centre TV. On October 29, 1999, together with Shamil Gigayev, a cameraman for independent Nokh Cho television in Grozny, he was killed during a Russian air strike on refugees fleeing Chechnya. ...
Roddy Scott, 31, was a British freelance cameraman working for Britains Frontline television news agency. ...
Paul Klebnikov Paul Klebnikov (June 3, 1963 – July 9, 2004) was an American journalist of Russian descent. ...
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ...
Governmental organizations Efforts to institutionalize official human rights bodies have been mixed. In 1996, human rights activist Sergey Kovalev resigned as chairman of the Presidential Human Rights Commission to protest the government's record, particularly the war in Chechnya. Parliament in 1997 passed a law establishing a "human rights ombudsman," a position that is provided for in Russia's constitution and is required of members of the Council of Europe, to which Russia was admitted in February 1996. The Duma finally selected Duma deputy Oleg Mironov in May 1998. A member of the Communist Party, Mironov resigned from both the Party and the Duma after the vote, citing the law's stipulation that the Ombudsman be nonpartisan. Because of his party affiliation, and because Mironov had no evident expertise in the field of human rights, his appointment was widely criticized at the time by human rights activists. International human rights groups operate freely in Russia, although the government has hindered the movements and access to information of some individuals investigating the war in Chechnya[citation needed]. Sergei Kovalev Sergei Adamovich Kovalev (Russian: ) (born March 2, 1930) is a notable dissident and political prisoner in the former Soviet Union, and a human rights activist and politician in post-Soviet Russia. ...
In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with State Duma. ...
Some German politicians see things differently; Gerhard Schröder, the former German prime minister, explained to all the Western states that Putin is a “flawless democrat”.[10] [] (born April 7, 1944), German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. ...
Non-governmental organizations The lower house of the Russian parliament passed a bill by 370-18 requiring local branches of foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to re-register as Russian organizations subject to Russian jurisdiction, and thus stricter financial and legal restrictions. The bill gives Russian officials oversight of local finances and activities. The bill has been highly criticized by Human Rights Watch, Memorial organization [11], and the nonprofit think tank Indem for its possible effects on international monitoring of the status of human rights in Russia. [12] [13] In October 2006 the activities of many foreign non-governmental organizations were suspended using this law; officials said that "the suspensions resulted simply from the failure of private groups to meet the law's requirements, not from a political decision on the part of the state. The groups would be allowed to resume work once their registrations are completed"[25] Current status of these organizations is unknown. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with State Duma. ...
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ...
Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ...
Memorial (Russian: Мемориал) is an international historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-USSR states with the following missions stated in its charter: To promote mature civil society and democracy based on the rule of law and thus to prevent a return to totalitarianism; To assist...
A non-profit organization (often called non-profit org or simply non-profit or not-for-profit) can be seen as an organization that doesnt have a goal to make a profit. ...
This article is about the institution. ...
 Press freedom in the Russian regions as of 2006 Green: Quite free Orange: Not quite free Red: unfree Grey: No data (Free regions were not found) Source: Glasnost Defense Foundation Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1622x960, 78 KB) Map of the freedom of press in Russia according to the Glasnost Defense Foundation (Фондом защиты глаÑноÑти) as of 2006. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1622x960, 78 KB) Map of the freedom of press in Russia according to the Glasnost Defense Foundation (Фондом защиты глаÑноÑти) as of 2006. ...
Freedom of religion The Constitution of Russian Federation provides for freedom of religion and the equality of all religions before the law as well as the separation of church and state. As Vladimir Lukin had stressed in the 2005 report, "the Russian state has achieved significant progress in the observance of religious freedom and lawful activity of religious associations, overcoming a heritage of totalitarianism, domination of a single ideology and party dictatorship". [76] The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (Конституция Российской Федерации) was adopted by national referendum on December 12, 1993 replacing the previous Soviet...
Russian liberal political activist and ex-member of Duma. ...
Russia is a multi-ethnic country with a large majority of Orthodox Christians (61%), high proportion of Muslims (12%), 1% of Jews, about 1% of Catholics, and so on. According to Alvaro Gil-Robles, relations between the representatives of the different religious communities are generally harmonious. [2] Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...
A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...
Alvaro Gil-Robles (born in September 9, 1944 in Lissabon, Portugal) is a Spanish jurist and human rights activist. ...
Gil-Robles emphasized the amount of state support provided by both federal and regional authorities for the different religious communities, and stressed the example of the Republic of Tatarstan as "veritable cultural and religious melting pot". [2] Along with that, Catholics are not always heeded as well as other religions by federal and local authorities. [2] A new page based on the new template is being worked on at Tatarstan/Temp, please make any changes you want to make on that page. ...
Vladimir Lukin noted in 2005, that citizens of Russia rarely experience violation of freedom of conscience (guaranteed by the article 28 of the Constitution). [76] So, the Commissioner's Office annually accepts from 200 to 250 complaints dealing with the violation of this right, usually from groups of worshipers, who represent various confessions: Orthodox (but not belonging to the Moscow patriarchy), Old-believers, Muslim, Protestant and others. [76] The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
The different problem arises with concern of citizens' right to association (article 30 of the Constitution). [76] As Vladimir Lukin noted, although quantity of the registered religious organizations constantly grows (22144 in 2005), an increasing number of religious organization fail to achieve legal recognition: e.g. Jehovah's Witnesses, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, and others. [76] Russian liberal political activist and ex-member of Duma. ...
Founder of ISKCON: A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), also known as the Hare Krishna movement, was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. ...
The influx of missionaries over the past several years has led to pressure by groups in Russia, specifically nationalists and the Russian Orthodox Church, to limit the activities of these "nontraditional" religious groups [citation needed]. In response, the Duma passed a new, restrictive, and potentially discriminatory law in October 1997. The law is very complex, with many ambiguous and contradictory provisions. The law's most controversial provisions separates religious "groups" and "organizations" and introduces a 15-year rule, which allows groups that have existed for 15 years or longer to obtain accredited status. According to Russian priest and dissident Gleb Yakunin, new religion law "heavily favors the Russian Orthodox Church at the expense of all other religions, including Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism.", and it is "a step backward in Russia's process of democratization"
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