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Urine is liquid waste product of the body secreted by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood and excreted through the urethra. This waste is eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination. Image File history File links Information. ...
The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ...
Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...
Excretion is the biological process by which an organism separates waste products from its body. ...
In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. ...
Manneken Pis of Brussels. ...
Most commonly the excretion of urine serves for flushing waste molecules collected from the blood by the kidneys, and for the homeostasis of the body fluids. Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...
Homeostasis is the property of either an open system or a closed system,[1] especially a living organism, to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (660x1443, 93 KB) Exquisite sample of Urine produced after a long game of chess. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (660x1443, 93 KB) Exquisite sample of Urine produced after a long game of chess. ...
Composition
Urine is the byproduct or fluid secreted by the kidneys, transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is voided through the urethra. Transverse section of ureter. ...
A bladder is a pouch or other flexible enclosure with waterproof or gasproof walls. ...
It is a transparent solution that is clear to amber in color, and is usually a light yellow color. Urine is made up of a watery solution of metabolic wastes (such as urea), dissolved salts and organic materials. Fluid and materials being filtered by the kidneys, destined to become urine, come from the blood or interstitial fluid. Color is an important part of the visual arts. ...
Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid, or intercellular fluid) is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. ...
The composition of urine is adjusted in the process of reabsorption when essential molecules needed by the body, such as glucose, are reabsorbed back into the blood stream via carrier molecules. The remaining fluid contains high concentrations of urea and other excess or potentially toxic substances that will be released from the body via urination. Urine flows through these structures: the kidney, ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra. Urine is produced by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ...
Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ...
Transverse section of ureter. ...
In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ...
In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. ...
In chemistry, alchemy and water treatment, filtration is the process of using a filter to mechanically separate a mixture. ...
Absorption, in chemistry, is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase - gas, liquid or solid material. ...
Urine contains large amounts of urea, an excellent source of nitrogen for plants. As such it is a useful accelerator for compost. Urea is 10,000 times less toxic than ammonia and is formed by the combination of the byproducts of deamination (2 NH3 molecules) and cellular respiration (1 CO2 molecule). Other components include various inorganic salts such as sodium chloride (the discharge of sodium through human urine is known as natriuresis). Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
A handful of compost Compost is the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials (those with plant and animal origins). ...
Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ...
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Edible salt. ...
Color The typical bright yellow color of urine is caused by the pigment urochrome, but also from the degradation products of bilirubin and urobilin. Clear colors are a sign of hydration and are the preferred colors of urine. This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. ...
Urobilin is a yellow breakdown product of haem (heme in American English) catabolism. ...
Unusual coloration - Yellowing/light Orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from the bloodstream.
- Bloody urine is termed hematuria and is a symptom that requires medical attention. (This could also be a sign of a bladder infection, which also requires medical attention)
- Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice or Gilbert's syndrome.
- Black or dark-colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma.
- Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria.
- Greenish urine may be caused by taking dietary supplemental vitamins
Vitamin B is a complex of several vitamins. ...
In medicine, hematuria (or haematuria) is the presence of blood in the urine. ...
Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective: icteric), is a yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). ...
Gilberts syndrome (pr. ...
Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). ...
It has been suggested that Acute intermittent porphyria be merged into this article or section. ...
Turbidity Turbid urine may be a symptom of a bacterial infection, but can also be due to crystallisation of salts in the urine (e.g. calcium phosphate), which will dissolve if acetic acid (vinegar) is added. Turbidity standards of 5, 50, and 500 NTU Turbidity is a cloudiness or haziness of water (or other fluid) caused by individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye, thus being much like smoke in air. ...
Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with orthophosphates (PO43-), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P2O74-) and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions. ...
Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3COOH best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ...
Sterility Urine from a healthy human is usually sterile. Sterility is the quality or state of being unable to reproduce. ...
pH The pH of urine is close to neutral, i.e. 7, but can normally vary between 4.5 and 8. Strongly acidic or alkaline urine may be a symptom of a disease. [1] The correct title of this article is . ...
Amount The amount of urine produced depends on numerous factors including state of hydration, activities, environmental factors, size, and health. In adult humans the average production is about 1 - 2 L per day. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention: Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day), in contrast to oliguria where < 400 mL are produced per day, or anuria with a production of < 100 mL per day. Polyuria is the passage of a large volume of urine in a given period. ...
Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine, respectively. ...
Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine, respectively. ...
Function -
Urination is the primary method for excreting toxins, chemicals and drugs from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analysed by urinalysis. Cellular metabolism results in a buildup of toxic nitrogen compounds, or nitrogenous waste. Since this waste is toxic, most animals have excretory systems (in humans this is known as the Urinary system, which consists of the Kidneys, Urinary bladder, Ureter, and Urethra) to rid themselves of this waste. The kidneys extract the nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other chemicals. This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology. ...
An assortment of psychoactive drugs A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ...
A urinalysis (or UA) is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Excretory system. ...
Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...
In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. ...
Transverse section of ureter. ...
In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. ...
In cases of kidney or urinary tract infection (UTI), the urine will contain bacteria, but otherwise urine is virtually sterile and nearly odorless when it leaves the body. However, after that, bacteria that contaminate the urine will convert chemicals in the urine into smelly chemicals that are responsible for the distinctive odor of stale urine; in particular, ammonia is produced from urea. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. ...
Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
Sterilization (or sterilisation) refers to any process that effectively kills or eliminates transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and prions) from a surface, equipment, foods, medications, or biological culture medium. ...
Odor receptors on the antennae of a Luna moth An odor or odour (see spelling differences) is a chemical dissolved in air, generally at a very low concentration, which we perceive by the sense of olfaction. ...
Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
Some diseases alter the quantity and consistency of the urine, (e.g., sugar in the urine is a sign of diabetes). Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ...
This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...
Density Normal urine density values vary between 1.003-1.035 (g.cm-3) , and any deviations may or may not be associated with urinary disorders.
Urine in medicine
Examination Physicians in all ages have resorted to the inspection and examination of the urine of their patients. Hippocrates described urine examination. Hermogenes wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases. Diabetes mellitus got its name because the urine is plentiful and sweet. A urinalysis is a medical examination of the urine and part of routine examinations. A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos (ca. ...
This entry is not about the Hellenistic Ionian architect Hermogenes of Priene Hermogenes of Tarsus, was a Greek rhetorician, surnamed the polisher. ...
For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ...
A urinalysis (or UA) is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. ...
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. ...
The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration, dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception is when alcohol, caffeine, or other diuretics are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated. Rehydration is the pissing of water and electrolytes lost through dehydration. ...
Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ...
A diuretic is any drug that tends to increase the flow of urine from the body (diuresis). ...
Application The use of urine therapy as a medical treatment or daily health regimen is uncommon. Aztec physicians used urine to clean external wounds to prevent infection, and administered it as a drink to relieve stomach and intestine problems. Purported beneficiaries of the 'urine cure' include Mohandas K. Gandhi, Jim Morrison, and Steve McQueen.[2] Its medicinal properties have also been used in China as a part of holistic medicine, and in India, especially as part of the traditional Indian medicine, Ayurveda, under the name Amaroli.[citation needed] In alternative medicine, the term urine therapy (also urotherapy, urinotherapy or uropathy) refers to various applications of human urine for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, including drinking of ones own urine and massaging ones skin with ones own urine. ...
It has been suggested that Mexica be merged into this article or section. ...
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: , Hindi: , IAST: mohandÄs karamcand gÄndhÄ«, IPA: ) (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948), was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. ...
For other persons named James or Jim Morrison, see James Morrison. ...
Steve McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie actor, nicknamed The King of Cool.[1] He was one of the biggest box-office draws of the 1960s and 1970s due to a popular anti-hero persona. ...
Shirodhara, one of the techniques of Ayurveda Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ...
This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Resource Urine may contain proteins or other substances that are useful for medical therapy. Urine from postmenopausal women is rich in gonadotropins that can yield follicle stimulating hormone for fertility therapy. The first such commercial product was Pergonal. Urine from pregnant women contains enough human chorionic gonadotropins for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG medication. Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin. Menopause is the physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age in women. ...
Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates. ...
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ...
Pergonal® is a infertility medicine used to stimulate ovarian follicles in infertility treatments, i. ...
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). ...
Estriol. ...
Premarin is a mixture of estrogens isolated from mares urine (PREgnant MARes urINe) made by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. ...
In recent times, the Port-A-John corporation of Utica, Michigan, USA has developed a filter to collect medically significant proteins from users of their chemical toilets.[citation needed] A portable toilet is a modern, portable, self-contained outhouse manufactured of molded plastic in a variety of colors and are often used as a temporary toilet for construction sites and large social gatherings. ...
Utica is a city located in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Other uses
Ancient uses The ancient Romans used urine as a bleaching agent for cleaning clothes, and, supposedly, a few people in what is now Spain used it as a teeth whitener. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
In Siberia, to communicate with the spirits, the Koryak people drank the urine of one who had consumed fly agaric (an entheogenic mushroom that contains a fatal poison (there are few if any reports of fatalities with Amanita muscaria, this is exaggerated). According to Koryak tradition, sometimes people would ingest the urine of reindeer that had eaten fly agaric (there are skeptics, however, who claim that an animal would naturally avoid this mushroom because of its deep red coloring) in order to obtain the reindeers' "flying" qualities; the toxicity of the mushroom would produce symptoms comprable to today's "high" following the ingestion of a drug. The potency of the mushroom does not decrease significantly until around the seventh consumer, because the muscimol from fly agaric is essentially unaltered after being secreted from the kidneys. Not only does this trait conserve the mushrooms, but it also eliminates unpleasant side-effects caused by muscarine, as this does not pass through urine and only the initial ingestor must experience the unpleasant effects.[citation needed] “Siberian†redirects here. ...
Koryak may refer to: Koryakia Autonomous District, an administrative region of Russia. ...
Binomial name (L.:Fr. ...
This entry covers entheogens in the strict sense of the word (i. ...
Binomial name Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) Reindeer map The reindeer, known as caribou when wild in North America, is an Arctic and Subarctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ...
Muscimol (agarin, pantherine) is the psychoactive compound present in Amanita muscaria and Amanita Pantherina. ...
Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata. ...
Fertilizers
Gardening Urine has applications in gardening and agriculture as a fertilizer. Gardeners often recommend a dilution of 10-20 parts water to one of urine for application to pot plants and flower beds during the growing season; pure urine can chemically burn the roots of some species. Urine typically contains more than 50% of the nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium content of whole sewage, and is widely considered as good as or better than commercially-available chemical fertilisers or stabilised sludge from sewage plants. Urine is also used in composting to increase the nitrogen content of the mulch, accelerating the composting process and increasing its final nutrient values. It has been suggested that fertilization (soil) be merged into this article or section. ...
General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ...
General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...
Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. ...
Sewage (or domestic wastewater) treatment incorporates physical, chemical and biological processes which treat and remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants from water following human use. ...
An active compost heap, steaming on a cold winter morning. ...
In agriculture and gardening, mulch is a protective cover placed over the soil, primarily to modify the effects of the local climate. ...
Food-crop agriculture Urine is also being actively considered as a fertilizer for use in food-crop agriculture in developed countries. Studies into its feasibility and safety usually indicate that it is an acceptable alternative to chemical fertilisers and stabilised sludge. However, the technology to implement its use on a large scale has not been developed, and is considered too expensive. There are also concerns over its safety regarding the potential for transmitting infectious disease and refluxing xenobiotic compounds (associated with toilet-cleaning products and prescribed drugs expelled in urine) in the human food chain. Proponents of adopting urine for this use usually claim the risks to be negligible or acceptable, and point out that sewage causes more environmental problems when it is treated and disposed of compared with when it is used as a resource. Critics generally agree that more research is needed into how the resource is to be collected, processed and handled. A xenobiotic is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. ...
Crop fertilizing A few people use urine as a crop fertilizer. These include organic farming cooperatives and eco-villages where special urine-diverting toilets with collecting tanks are installed. Many of these also employ concepts such as greywater irrigation and the composting of fecal matter. Many are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies sanctioned by governments and private organisations. These people generally reject safety concerns over its use on food crops provided that it is used with common sense. For example, application to fruit trees is considered safer than to bushes and especially root crops. It is also considered sensible to cease application at a safe interval before harvesting. However, the use of urine for this purpose is even rarer than its use on ornamental gardens. Ecovillages are socially, economically and ecologically sustainable villages of 50 to 150 people. ...
Greywater, sometimes spelled graywater, grey water or gray water and also known as sullage, is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such as washing dishes, laundry and bathing. ...
An active compost heap, steaming on a cold winter morning. ...
Horse feces Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animals digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ...
In developing countries, the application of pure urine to crops is also rare. However, whole, untreated sewage, termed night soil, is often applied to crops and is considered essential. That this practice has been applied, along with crop rotation schemes, for thousands of years. Night soil is a term most often used to describe the practice of using untreated human waste as fertilizer. ...
Satellite image of circular crop fields in Haskell County, Kansas in late June 2001. ...
In Japan, urine used to be sold to farmers who process it into fertilizers.
Survival uses - See also: Urophagia
Shipwrecked or people otherwise adrift at sea for long periods often resort to drinking their urine when no rainwater is available, seawater being unsuitable. People stranded in deserts often also drank urine to prevent life-threatening dehydration from setting in. However, this desperate measure achieves little to delay death from thirst as urine dehydrates one in the same manner saltwater does. An illustration depicting a man consuming urine For the sexual attraction to urine, see Urolagnia. ...
Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ...
During World War I, the Germans experimented with numerous poisonous gases for use during war. After the first German chlorine gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes (see chlorine and Use of poison gas in World War I). “The Great War †redirects here. ...
General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ...
Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ...
A poison gas attack in World War I. The use of poison gas was a major military innovation of the First World War. ...
Urine has also been historically used as an antiseptic. In times of war, when other antiseptics were unavailable, urine, the darker the better, was utilized on open wounds to kill bacteria.[citation needed]
Urban myth states that urine works well against jellyfish stings, although in reality it is at best ineffective and in some cases may actually make the injury worse.[3][4][5] For other uses, see Jellyfish (disambiguation). ...
Cultural uses Some people incorporate urine into their sexual activity. A person with urolagnia may urinate on his or her partner or enjoy being urinated upon. Look up urolagnia (Golden Shower) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
History The yellow color of urine was previously thought to come from gold. Alchemists spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, and this led to some interesting discoveries such as white phosphorus, which was discovered by the German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669 when he was distilling fermented urine. In 1773 the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle discovered the organic compound urea by boiling urine dry. For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ...
The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone (1771) by Joseph Wright depicting Hennig Brand discovering phosphorus (the glow shown is exaggerated) Hennig Brand(t) (c. ...
// Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Hilaire Marin Rouelle (1718 - 1779) was a French chemist. ...
Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
References - Definition of oliguria and anuria
- Hermogenes on urine
See also Ecological Sanitation One person produces about 500 litres of urine and only 50 litres of faeces per year. ...
Look up urolagnia (Golden Shower) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Manneken Pis of Brussels. ...
In alternative medicine, the term urine therapy (also urotherapy, urinotherapy or uropathy) refers to various applications of human urine for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, including drinking of ones own urine and massaging ones skin with ones own urine. ...
// Medical A healthy individuals urine is sterile while it is still in the bladder. ...
External links - Urine formation, excretion and osmoregulation.
- Urinanalysis page
- BBC News Online - US army food... just add urine
- Kelly, John F. "The Urine Cure and Other Curious Medical Treatments" Hippocrates Magazine. (May/June 1988)
- Punch and Us "A Golden Shower A Day, Keeps The Doctors Away" (Humor)
- The Urineist Society 2007: THE URINEIST SOCIETY 2007: Practitioners of urotherapy, urophagia & urolagnia (A Yahoo Group)
BBC News Online logo The BBC News Website in February 2006. ...
Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...
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