NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Humanoid robot

A humanoid robot is a robot with its overall appearance based on that of the human body. In general humanoid robots have a torso with a head, two arms and two legs, although some forms of humanoid robots may model only part of the body, for example, from the waist up. Some humanoid robots may also have a 'face', with 'eyes' and 'mouth'. Androids are humanoid robots built to resemble a male human, and Gynoids are humanoid robots built to resemble a human female. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x1280, 970 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: ASIMO ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x1280, 970 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: ASIMO ... Press release photo of the most recent ASIMO model ASIMO ) is a humanoid robot created by Honda Motor Company. ... ASIMO, a humanoid robot manufactured by Honda. ... The human body is the entire physical structure of an organism of human being. ... The android Data, portrayed by Brent Spiner, from the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation An android is a robot made to resemble a human, usually both in appearance and behavior. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

1 Introduction
2 Purpose
3 Sensors
4 Actuators
5 Planning and Control
6 Ethical Concerns
7 Timeline of developments
8 See also
9 References
- 9.1 Further reading
10 External links

Introduction

A humanoid robot is an autonomous robot because it can adapt to changes in its environment or itself and continue to reach its goal. This is the main difference between humanoids and other kinds of robots, like industrial robots which are used to performing tasks in highly structured environments. In this context, some of the capacities of a humanoid robot may include, among others: Autonomous robots are robots which can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. ... An industrial robot is officially defined by ISO (Standard 8373:1994, Manipulating Industrial Robots – Vocabulary) as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. ...

self maintenance (recharge itself)
autonomous learning (learn or gain new capabilities without outside assistance, adjust strategies based on the surroundings and adapt to new situations)
avoiding harmful situations to people, property and itself
safe interacting with human beings and the environment

Like other mechanical robots, humanoids refer to the following basic components too: Sensing, Actuating and Planning and Control. Since they try to simulate the human structure and behaviour and they are autonomous systems, most of the times humanoid robots are more complex than other kinds of robots.

This complexity affects all robotic scales (mechanical, spatial, time, power density, system and computational complexity), but it is more noticeable on power density and system complexity scales. In the first place, current humanoids aren’t strong enough even to jump and this happens because the ratio power/weight is not as good as in the human body. On the other hand, there are very good algorithms for the several areas of humanoid construction, but it’s very difficult to merge all of them into one efficient system (the system complexity is very high). Nowadays, these are the main difficulties that humanoid robots development has to deal with.

Humanoid robots are created to imitate some of the same physical and mental tasks that humans undergo daily. Scientists and specialists from many different fields including engineering, cognitive science, and linguistics combine their efforts to create a robot as human-like as possible. Their creators' goal for the robot is that one day it will be able to both understand human intelligence, reason and act like humans. If humanoids are able to do so, they could eventually work alongside humans. Another important benefit of developing androids is to understand the human body's biological and mental processes, from the seemingly simple act of walking to the concepts of consciousness and spirituality. Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... An android is an artificially created being that resembles a human being. ...

There are currently two essential ways to model a humanoid robot. The first one models the robot like a set of rigid links, which are connected with joints. This kind of structure is similar to the one that can be found on industrial robots. Although this approach is used for most of the humanoid robots, a new one is emerging in some research works that use the knowledge acquired on biomechanics. In this one, the humanoid robot’s bottom line is a resemblance of the human skeleton. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Purpose

"Actroid ReplieeQ1-expo" at Expo 2005 in Aichi, with co-creator Hiroshi Ishiguro

Humanoid robots are used as a research tool in several scientific areas. Image File history File links Repliee_Q1_at_expo. ... Image File history File links Repliee_Q1_at_expo. ... Actroid ReplieeQ1-expo at Expo 2005 in Aichi, with co-creator Hiroshi Ishiguro An Actroid is a lifelike humanoid robot developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. ... A part of the Global Loop at Expo 2005 Expo with the Corporate Pavilions in the background Wonder Circus, the Electric Power Pavilion Expo 2005 was the Worlds Fair held in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, east of the city of Nagoya. ... Aichi Prefecture ) is located in the ChÅ«bu region of Japan. ...

Researchers need to understand the human body structure and behaviour (biomechanics) to build and study humanoid robots. On the other side, the attempt to simulate the human body leads to a better understanding of it.

Human cognition is a field of study which is focused on how humans learn from sensory information in order to acquire perceptual and motor skills. This knowledge is used to develop computational models of human behaviour and it has been improving over time. Human cognition is the study of how the human brain thinks. ...

Although the initial aim of humanoid research was to build better orthosis and prosthesis for human beings, knowledge has been transferred between both disciplines. A few examples are: powered leg prosthesis for neuromuscularly impaired, ankle-foot orthosis, biological realistic leg prosthesis and forearm prosthesis. An orthosis is a device that is applied to a part of the body to correct deformity, improve function, or relieve symptoms of a disease. ... A United States Army soldier plays foosball with two prosthetic arms Jon Comer, professional skateboarder with a prosthetic leg. ...

Besides the research, humanoid robots are being developed to perform human tasks like personal assistance, where they should be able to assist the sick and elderly, and dirty or dangerous jobs. Regular jobs like being a receptionist or a worker of an automotive manufacturing line are also suitable for humanoids. In essence, since they can use tools and operate equipment and vehicles designed for the human form, humanoids could theoretically perform any task a human being can, so long as they have the proper software. However, the complexity of doing so is deceptively great. Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...

They are becoming increasingly popular for providing entertainment too. For example, Ursula, a female robot, sings, dances, and speaks to her audiences at Universal Studios. Several Disney attractions employ the use of animatrons, robots that look, move, and speak much like human beings, in some of their theme park shows. These animatrons look so realistic that it can be hard to decipher from a distance whether or not they are actually human. Although they have a realistic look, they have no cognition or physical autonomy.

Sensors

A sensor is a device that measures some attribute of the world. Being one of the three primitives of robotics (besides planning and control), sensing plays an important role in robotic paradigms. // Distinguish from censure and censer and censor. ... A robotic paradigm can be described by the relationship between the 3 primitives of robotics: Sense, Plan and Act. ...

Sensors can be classified according to the physical process with which they work or according to the type of measurement information that they give as output. In this case, the second approach was used.

Proprioceptive Sensors

Proprioceptive sensors sense the position, the orientation and the speed of the humanoid’s body and joints. Proprioception (from Latin proprius, meaning ones own) is the sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighbouring parts of the body. ...

In human beings inner ears are used to maintain balance and orientation. Humanoid robots use accelerometers to measure the acceleration, from which velocity can be calculated by integration; tilt sensors to measure inclination; force sensors placed in robot’s hands and feet to measure contact force with environment; position sensors, that indicate the actual position of the robot (from which the velocity can be calculated by derivation) or even speed sensors. An accelerometer or gravimeter is a device for measuring acceleration and the effects of gravity. ... An inclinometer is an instrument for measuring inclination. ...

Exteroceptive Sensors

Exteroceptive sensors give the robot information about the surrounding environment, which is the real world in case of humanoid robots. That information allows the robot to interact with the world. The exteroceptive sensors are classified according to their functionality.

Proximity sensors are used to measure the relative distance (range) between the sensor and objects in the environment. They perform the same task that vision and tactile sensing do in human beings. For that, humanoid robots can use sonars, infrared sensors or tactile sensors like bump sensors, whiskers (or feelers), capacitive or piezoresistive sensors. Tactile sensors also provide information about forces and torques transferred between the robot and the objects. There are other kinds of proximity measurements like laser ranging, the usage of stereo cameras or projecting a colored line, grid or pattern of dots on the environment and observe how the pattern is distorted. The F70 type frigates (here, La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C towed sonars SONAR (SOund NAvigation and Ranging) â€” or sonar â€” is a technique that uses sound propagation under water (primarily) to navigate, communicate or to detect other vessels. ... Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) A thermographic camera, sometimes called a FLIR (forward looking infrared), or an infrared camera less specifically, is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible... Lidar (light detection and ranging) is a technology that determines distance to an object or surface using laser pulses. ...

Vision refers to processing data from any modality which uses the electromagnetic spectrum to produce an image. In humanoid robots context it is used to recognize objects and determine their properties. Vision sensors work similarly to the eyes of the human beings. Most humanoid robots use CCD cameras as vision sensors. Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. ... A specially developed CCD used for ultraviolet imaging in a wire bonded package. ...

Sound sensors allow humanoid robots to hear what is spoken and perform as the ears of the human being. Microphones are usually used for that task. A microphone with a cord A microphone, sometimes called a mic (pronounced mike), is a device that converts sound into an electrical signal. ...

Actuators

Actuator is the name given to each one of the motors which move the robot, a humanoid robot in this case. A three-dimensional actuator modelled using elastica theory. ...

Humanoid robots are constructed in such a way that they mimic human body, so they have actuators that perform like muscles and joints, although with a different structure. To achieve the same effect as human actuators humanoids use mainly rotary actuators. They can be either electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric or ultrasonic actuators. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ... Pneumatics, from the Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikos, coming from the wind) is the use of pressurized air in science and technology. ... Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks. ... Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. ... Ultrasound is sound with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, this limit being approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). ...

Hydraulic and electric actuators have a very rigid behaviour and can only be made to act in a compliant manner through the use of relatively complex feedback control strategies . While electric actuators are better suited for high speed and low load applications, hydraulic ones operate at low speed and high load applications.

Piezoelectric actuators generate a small movement with a high force capability when voltage is applied. They can be used for ultra-precise positioning and for generating and handling high forces or pressures in static or dynamic situations.

Ultrasonic actuators are designed to produce movements in a micrometer order at ultrasonic frequencies (over 20 kHz). They are useful for controlling vibration, positioning applications and quick switching.

Pneumatic actuators operate on the basis of gas compressibility. As they are inflated, they expand and as well as they deflate they contract along the axis. If one end is fixed, the other will move in a linear trajectory. These actuators are intended for low speed and low/medium load applications. Between pneumatic actuators there are: cylinders, bellows, pneumatic engines, pneumatic stepper motors and pneumatic artificial muscles. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Fluid Dynamics Compressibility (physics) is a measure of the relative volume change of fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change: . For a gas the magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is adiabatic or isothermal, while this difference is small in... Mathematically the term trajectory refers to the ordered set of states which are assumed by a dynamical system over time (see e. ... A piston and cylinder from a steam engine A cylinder in an internal combustion engine is the space within which a piston travels. ... Hand bellows The bellows is a device for delivering pressured air in a controlled quantity to a controlled location. ... Pneumatic Artificial Muscles, in an antagonist/agonist setup to actuate a rotational joint. ...

Planning and Control

In planning and control the essential difference between humanoids and other kinds of robots (like industrial ones) is that the movement of the robot has to be human-like, using legged locomotion, especially biped gait. The ideal planning for humanoid movements during normal walking should result in minimum energy consumption, like it happens in the human body. For this reason, studies on dynamics and control of these kinds of structures become more and more important. A gait can refer to: a particular way or manner of moving on foot: walking and running are the two basic human gaits; see also gait analysis and Gait (human). ... In physics, dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of objects. ... In engineering and mathematics, control theory deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. ...

To maintain dynamic balance during the walk, a robot needs information about contact force and its current and desired motion. The solution to this problem relies on a major concept, the Zero Moment Point (ZMP). Walking is the main form of animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling. ... Zero Moment Point is a concept related with dynamics and control of legged locomotion, e. ...

Another characteristic about humanoid robots is that they move, gather information (using sensors) on the “real world” and interact with it, they don’t stay still like factory manipulators and other robots that work in highly structured environments. Planning and Control have to focus about self-collision detection, path planning and obstacle avoidance to allow humanoids to move in complex environments.

There are features in the human body that can’t be found in humanoids yet. They include structures with variable flexibility, which provide safety (to the robot itself and to the people), and redundancy of movements, i.e., more degrees of freedom and therefore wide task availability. Although these characteristics are desirable to humanoid robots, they will bring more complexity and new problems to planning and control. In mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering and robotics, degrees of freedom (DOF) describes flexibility of motion. ...

Ethical Concerns

The development of humanoid intelligence and capability raises some serious ethical questions. Most of them apply not only to humanoids, but to the robotic field in general.

Some people think that humanoids can continue to learn and evolve to a point where they will break away from human command and possibly revolt, or that their "upbringing" can determine their "personality" (e.g. a selfish, tyrannical person will produce a similar android). Although this is the first threat that people think when they are talking about humanoid robots, probably due to science fiction books and movies, there are other ethical concerns. Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ...

One of them is to whom should be awarded the patents of an invention done by a robot. Another one is who is responsible when an intelligent machine fails, commits a crime, or does something it shouldn’t do.

If in the future humanoids have the ability to reason, be self-aware and have feelings, another kind of questions will be raised. What would be the difference between human beings and humanoid robots’ rights? Could a person destroy or make robots his/her slaves? Why would we ever want to design a robot with the ability to have freewill or even a sense of self preservation?

Nowadays, other concerns are emerging mainly with the introduction of humanoid robots in tasks that were only done by human beings, like being a security guard. Humanoid robots for factories are also being developed. This can cause that people lose their jobs to robots that work with lower costs and higher productivity.

Timeline of developments

Year	Development
1300s	Ibn Ismail Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari created the first recorded designs of a programmable humanoid robot. Al-Jazari's robot was originally a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. [1]
1495	Leonardo da Vinci designs a humanoid automaton that looks like an armored knight, known as Leonardo’s robot. [2]
1738	Jacques de Vaucanson builds The Flute Player, a life-size figure of a shepherd that could play twelve songs on the flute and The Tambourine Player that played a flute and a drum or tambourine. [3]
1774	Pierre Jacquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis created the Draughtsman, the Musicienne and the Writer, a figure of a boy that could write messages up to 40 characters long. [4]
1921	Czech writer Karel Capek introduced the word “Robot” in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). The word “Robot” comes from the word “robota”, meaning, in Czech, “forced labor, drudgery”. [5]
1969	D.E. Whitney published is article Resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prosthesis.
1970	Miomir Vukobratovic has proposed Zero Moment Point a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion. [6]
1972	Miomir Vukobratovic and his associates at Mihajlo Pupin Institute the first active anthropomorphic exoskeleton.
1973	In Waseda University, in Tokyo, Wabot-1 is built. It was able to communicate with a person in Japanese and to measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors, artificial ears and eyes, and an artificial mouth. [7]
1980	Marc Raibert established the MIT Leg Lab, which is dedicated to studying legged locomotion and building dynamic legged robots. [8]
1983	Using MB Associates arms, “Greenman” was developed by Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego. It had an exoskeletal master controller with kinematic equivalency and spatial correspondence of the torso, arms, and head. Its vision system consisted of two 525-line video cameras each having a 35 degree field of view and video camera eyepiece monitors mounted in an aviator's helmet. [9]
1984	At Waseda University, the Wabot-2 is created, a musician humanoid robot able to communicate with a person, read a normal musical score with his eyes and play tunes of average difficulty on an electronic organ. [10]
1985	Developed by Hitachi Ltd, WHL-11 is a biped robot capable of static walking on a flat surface at 13 seconds per step and it can also turn. [11]
1985	WASUBOT is another musician robot from Waseda University. It performed a concerto with the NHK Symphony Orchestra at the opening ceremony of the International Science and Technology Exposition.
1986	Honda developed seven biped robots which were designated E0 (Experimental Model 0) through E6. E0 was in 1986, E1 - E3 were done between 1987 and 1991, and E4 - E6 were done between 1991 and 1993. [12]
1989	Manny was a full scale anthropomorphic robot with 42 degrees of freedom developed at Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories in Richand, Washington, for the US Army's Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. It could not walk on its own but it could crawl, and had an artificial respiratory system to simulate breathing and sweating.[13]
1990	Tad McGeer showed that a biped mechanical structure with knees could walk passively down sloping surface. [14]
1993	Honda developed P1 (Prototype Model 1) through P3, an evolution from E series, with upper limbs. Developed until 1997.[15]
1995	Hadaly was developed in Waseda University, to study human-robot communication and has three subsystems: a head-eye subsystem, a voice control system for listening and speaking in Japanese, and a motion control subsystem to use the arms to point toward campus destinations.
1995	Wabian is a human-size biped walking robot from Waseda University.
1996	Saika, a light-weight, human-size and low-cost humanoid robot, was developed at Tokyo University. Saika has a two-DOF neck, dual five-DOF upper arms, a torso and a head. Several types of hands and forearms are under development also. Developed until 1998. [16]
1997	Hadaly-2, developed at Waseda University, is a humanoid robot which realizes interactive communication with humans. It communicates not only informationally, but also physically.
2000	Honda creates its 11th bipedal humanoid robot, ASIMO. [17]
2001	Sony unveils small humanoid entertainment robots, dubbed Sony Dream Robot (SDR). Renamed Qrio in 2003.
2003	Actroid, a robot with realistic silicone "skin" developed by Osaka University in conjunction with Kokoro Company Ltd. [18]

Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s - 1300s - 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s Years: 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 Events and Trends MARF Categories: 1300s ... Ibn Ismail Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (1206 AD) wrote notable books about engineering that are consulted in the history of engineering even today. ... 1495 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Mona Lisa Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 â€“ May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and writer. ... An automaton (plural: automata) is a self-operating machine. ... Leonardos robot refers to a humanoid automaton designed by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495. ... Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in WÃ¼rttenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ... Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709-November 21, 1782) was a French engineer and inventor who is credited with creating the worlds first true robots, as well as for creating the first completely automated loom. ... Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War. ... Pierre Jacquet-Droz (1721-1790) was a Swiss-born watchmaker of the late eighteenth century. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Karel Čapek. ... R.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robots) is a science fiction play by Karel ÄŒapek. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Miomir VukobratoviÄ‡ (Zrenjanin, October 1, 1931, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian mechanical engineer and pioneer in humanoid robots. ... Zero Moment Point is a concept related with dynamics and control of legged locomotion, e. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Miomir VukobratoviÄ‡ (Zrenjanin, October 1, 1931, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian mechanical engineer and pioneer in humanoid robots. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... E0 is the first in a series of successive bipedal humanoid models created by Honda. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering and robotics, degrees of freedom (DOF) describes flexibility of motion. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Waseda University ), often abbreviated to Sodai ) is the top private university in Japan, known for the liberal culture symbolized by its motto Independence of Learning. Apart from University of Tokyo, it is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in Japan. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Press release photo of the most recent ASIMO model ASIMO ) is a humanoid robot created by Honda Motor Company. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... QRIO (Quest for cuRIOsity, originally named Sony Dream Robot or SDR) was to be bipedal humanoid entertainment robot marketed and sold by Sony to follow up on the success of its AIBO toy. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Actroid ReplieeQ1-expo at Expo 2005 in Aichi, with co-creator Hiroshi Ishiguro An Actroid is a lifelike humanoid robot developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. ... Osaka University (å¤§é˜ªå¤§å¦ ÅŒsaka Daigaku; abbreviated to é˜ªå¤§ Handai) is a public coeducational research university in Suita, Osaka, Japan. ...

References

Asada, H. and Slotine, J.-J. E. (1986). Robot Analysis and Control. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-83029-1.
Arkin, Ronald C. (1998). Behavior-Based Robotics. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01165-4.
Brady, M., Hollerbach, J.M., Johnson, T., Lozano-Perez, T. and Mason, M. (1982), Robot Motion: Planning and Control. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02182-X.
Horn, Berthold, K. P. (1986). Robot Vision. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08159-8.
Craig, J. J. (1986). Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-09528-9.
Everett, H. R. (1995). Sensors for Mobile Robots: Theory and Application. AK Peters. ISBN 1-56881-048-2.
Kortenkamp, D., Bonasso, R., Murphy, R. (1998). Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Robots. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-61137-6.
Poole, D., Mackworth, A. and Goebel, R. (1998), Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510270-3.
Russell, R. A. (1990). Robot Tactile Sensing. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-781592-1.
Russell, S. J. & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice-Hall. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-790395-2.

Category: Robots

Results from FactBites:

Humanoid robot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2731 words)
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