The Museum für Naturkunde (in English, the Museum of Natural History), widely known as the Humboldt Museum of Berlin, is the first national museum in the world, with a massive collection of more than 25 million zoological, paleontological, and minerological specimens, including more than ten thousand type specimens. It is most famous for two spectacular exhibits: the largest mounted dinosaur in the world, and the most exquisitely preserved specimen of the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A museum is typically a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits, for purposes of study, education enjoyment, the tangible and intangible evidence of people and their environment. ... Type specimens When a new species is discovered, more important than creating a new and unique name for the species is developing a reasonably detailed description. ... Orders Saurischia    Sauropodomorpha    Theropoda Ornithischia Dinosaurs are reptiles that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for most of their 165-million year existence. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... Binomial name Archaeopteryx lithographica Meyer, 1861 Archaeopteryx lithographica is widely accepted as the earliest and most primitive known bird. ...

Divided into Institutes of Paleontology, Mineralogy, and Zoology, it is the largest museum of natural history in Germany, and part of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, which was established in 1810; though the museum's mineral collections date back to the Prussian Academy in 1700. Significant zoological specimens were recovered by Valdiva deep-sea diving expeditions, and expeditions to the rich fossil beds in Tendaguru, Africa unearthed paleontological treasures. The collections are so extensive that less than 1 in 300 specimens is actually exhibited, and they attract researchers from around the world. A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... Mineralogy is an earth science that involves the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. ... Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Alternative meaning: Humboldt State University, located in Arcata, California Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin ( German Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) is the successor to Berlins oldest university, the Friedrich Wilhelm University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität), founded in 1810 by the liberal Prussian educational reformer... Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ... Early ideas of autonomous under-water systems appear in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Scuba Diving is swimming (or occasionally walking) underwater wearing a breathing set designed to be used underwater at depth. ... FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under DOS. FOSSIL stands for Fido Opus Seadog Standard Interface Layer and was made by a group of Fidonet sysops to make their software work on different machines. ... Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the main mass of the Earths surface. ...

Additional exhibits include a mineral collection representing 75% of the minerals in the world, a large meteor collection, the largest piece of amber in the world; exhibits of the now-extinct quagga and tasmanian tiger, and "Bobby" the gorilla, a Berlin celebrity from the 1920s and 1930s. Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ... A burst of meteors A meteor is the visible path of a meteoroid that enters the Earths (or another bodys) atmosphere, commonly called a shooting star or falling star. ... This is about the material called amber. ... Trinomial name Equus quagga quagga Boddaert, 1785 The Quagga is an extinct subspecies of the Plains Zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South Africas Cape Province and the southern part of the Orange Free State. ... Binomial name Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808) Thylacine The Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), formerly known as the Tasmanian Tiger or the Tasmanian Wolf, was a large carnivorous marsupial native to Australia. ... Species Gorilla gorilla Gorilla beringei The gorilla, the largest of the primates, is a ground-dwelling herbivore that inhabits the forests of central Africa. ... Berlin (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005); down from 4. ... Sometimes referred to as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy Gun. ... Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented First atom was split with a particle accelerator Golden Age of radio begins in U.S. Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur...

Giant bones

The specimen of Brachiosaurus brancai¹ in the central exhibit hall is the largest mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world. It is composed of fossilized bones recovered by the German paleontologist Werner Janensch from the fossil-rich Tendaguru beds of Tanzania between 1909 and 1913. The remains are primarily from one gigantic animal, except for a few tail bones (caudal vertebrae) which belong to another animal of the same size and species. Species (type) For many decades, Brachiosaurus (brack-ee-oh-SORE-us) was the largest dinosaur known. ... A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...

The mount is 11.72 m (38.45 ft) tall, and 22.25 m (73.00 ft) long. When living, the long-tailed, long-necked herbivore probably weighed 50 t (55 tons). While the Diplodocus carnegiei mounted at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittburgh, United States actually exceeds it in length (27 m, or 90 ft), the Berlin animal is taller, and far more massive. To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 m and 100 m. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 m and 100 m. ... In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plant matter (rather than meat). ... (Redirected from 1 E4 kg) Categories: Orders of magnitude (mass) ... Species (Hatcher, 1901) (Holland, 1924) (Marsh, 1878; holotype) Diplodocus (Latin: double-beam) is a type of dinosaur of subgroup Sauropoda. ... The Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh are operated by the Carnegie Institute and located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... City nickname: The Steel City Location in the state of Pennsylvania Founded 1758 County Allegheny County Mayor Tom Murphy (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 151. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 m and 100 m. ...

Bird with teeth

The Archaeopteryx lithographica, known simply as the Berlin Specimen (HMN 1880), is also displayed in the central exhibit hall. The dinosaur-like body with an attached tooth-filled head, wings, claws, long lizard-like tail, and the clear impression of feathers in the surrounding stone is strong evidence of the link between reptiles and birds. The Archaeopteryx is a transitional fossil; and the time of its discovery was apt: coming on the heels of Darwin's 1859 magnum opus, The Origin of Species, made it quite possibly the most famous fossil in the world. Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ... In computing, WinG (pronounced Win Gee) was an API to provide fast graphics performance on Windows 3. ... This page is about Lizards, the order of reptile. ... Closeup on a single white feather A feather is one of the epidermal growths that forms the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on a bird. ... Orders  Crocodylia - Crocodilians  Rhynchocephalia - Tuataras  Squamata   Suborder Sauria - Lizards   Suborder Serpentes - Snakes Testudines - Turtles Superorder Dinosauria  Saurischia  Ornithischia The reptiles are a group of vertebrate animals. ... A transitional fossil is a fossil specimen that combines features of two taxonomical divisions. ... Charles Darwin, about the same time as the publication of The Origin of Species. ... The 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species First published in 1859, The Origin of Species (full title On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) by British naturalist Charles Darwin is one of the pivotal...

Recovered from the German Solnhofen limestone beds in 1880, it is only the third Archaeopteryx to be discovered and the most complete. The first specimen, a single 150 million year old feather found in 1860, is also in the possession of the museum. A brittle star fossil from Solnhofen limestone. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

History

Minerals in the museum were originally part of the collection of instructors from the Berlin Mining Academy. The University of Berlin was founded in 1810, and acquired the first of these collections in 1814, under the aegis of the new Museum of Mineralogy. In 1857, the paleontology department was founded, and 1854 a department of petrography and general geology was added. Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. ...

By 1886 the University was overflowing with collections, so design began on a new building nearby at Invalidenstraße 43, which opened as the Museum of Natural History in 1889. 1889 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The collections were damaged by the Allied bombing of Berlin during World War II. The eastern wing was severely damaged, and has never been entirely rebuilt. In 1993, after the shake-up caused by the reunification of Germany, the museum split into the three current divisions: The Institutes of Mineralogy, Zoology, and Paleontology. When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis powers in World War II. Other uses In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) refers to the reunification of Germany from its constituent parts of East Germany and West Germany under a single government on October 3, 1990. ...

Notes

1. The Brachiosaurus brancai species was moved to a new genus in 1988 by Gregory S. Paul, so the specimen is technically a Giraffatitan brancai. However common usage, and the museum's labels, still use the old genus name.

In biology, a species is a kind of organism. ... See genus (mathematics) for the use of the term in mathematics. ... Gregory S. Paul (born 1954) is a freelance paleontologist, author and illustrator. ...

External links

• Museum für Naturkunde (http://www.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/). (home page)
• Naturkundemuseum Berlin seeks sponsors for a hoard of world heritage treasures (http://www.goethe.de/kug/buw/fut/thm/en186117.htm), by Eva-Maria Levermann from Goethe-Institut.
• History of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (http://www.hu-berlin.de/hu/geschichte/hubdt_e.html).
• Photo of the Berlin specimen of the Archaeopteryx (http://www.ucalgary.ca/~longrich/archaeopteryx.html).
• History of the mineralogical collections at the Museum of Natural History in Berlin (http://euromin.w3sites.net/Nouveau_site/musees/berlin/MUSBERe.htm).