Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. 475-576).
Obv: Napki Malka type bust, winged headdress with bull head in the center. Pahlavi legend "NAPKI MALKA".
Rev: Zoroastrian fire altar with attendants either side. Sun wheel, or possibly eight-spoked Buddhist Dharmacakra, above left.

The Hunas, (or Alchon but inaccurately Indo-Hephthalites), as they were known in South Asia, seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group, who established themselves in Afghanistan by the first half of the fifth century, with their capital at Bamiyan. Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (c. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (c. ... Billon is an alloy of a precious metal (most commonly silver, but also gold) with a high base metal content (such as copper). ... Drachma, pl. ... Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in eastern Afghanistan and the north-western province of Pakistan. ... See also 475 (number) Events Orestes forces western Roman emperor Julius Nepos to flee and declares his son Romulus Augustus to be emperor. ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 576 ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... The Dharmacakra (Sanskrit) or Dhammacakka (Pāli), Tibetan , Chinese fălún 法轮, Wheel of Dharma is an auspicious Buddhist symbol representing a Buddhas teaching of the path to enlightenment. ... Alchon Huns refers to a tribe which minted coins in Bactria in the 5th & 6th centuries. ... South Asia or Southern Asia is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across western China, Central Asia, South Asia and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD. The term Hephthalite derives from Greek, supposedly a rendering of Hayathelite (from the term Haital = Big/Powerful in the dialect... Bamiyan province is one of the thirty_four provinces of Afghanistan. ...

Bhishama Parava of Mahabharata supposed to have been edited around 5th c AD, in one of its verses, mentions the Hunas with the Parasikas and other Mlechha tribes of the north-west including the Yavanas, Chinas, Kambojas, Darunas, Sukritvahas, Kulatthas etc (MBH 6.9.65-66). According to Dr V. A. Smith, the verse is reminiscient of the period when the Hunas first came into contact with the Sassanians dynasty of Persia (Early History of India, p 339, Dr V. A. Smith; See also Early Empire of Central Asia, W. M. McGovern). The Mahabharata (Devanagari: महाभारत, phonetically Mahābhārata - see note), is one of the three major ancient Sanskrit epics of India, the others being the Ramayana and the Bhagavatam. ... ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ... A compass rose with Northwest highlighted Northwest is the ordinal direction halfway between West and North on a compass. ... ... Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient India and Afghanistan , frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

Scholars believe that king Raghu, the hero of Kalidasa's Sanskrit play Raghuvamsha (4th/5th c AD) was in fact king Chandragupta Vikramaditya of the Gupta Dynasty. He had started a military expedition and after defeating and subjugating the local peoples along the way he reached the Parasikas of Sassanian Iran and defeated them after fierce fight. Then he proceeded to north from Iran and reached river Vamkshu (or Oxus) where he battled with the Hunas. After conquering the Hunas, he crossed the Oxus and encountered the Kambojas, an ancient Iranian people who find frequent mention in Indian texts (Raghuvamsa 4.65-71). In Hindu mythology, Raghu was a valorous king of the Ikshavaku dynasty. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Kalidasas Raghuvamsha tells of the family of Rama and his descendents, including the conqueror Raghu. ... The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. ... The Gupta dynasty ruled the Gupta Empire of India, from around 320 to 550. ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ... The Amu Darya (in Persian آمودریا; Darya means river in Persian) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large river delta. ... Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient India and Afghanistan , frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Iranian may refer to: Of or relating to Iran, a country in the Middle East Iranian peoples Iranian languages This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

See also: Raghuvamsha (play). This article is about Kalidasas play. ...

Brahata Katha of Kashmiri Pandit Kshmendra (11th c AD) also claims that king Vikramaditya had slaughtered the Shakas, Barbaras, Hunas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Parasikas and the Tusharas etc and hence unburdened the earth of these sinful Mlechhas (See: Brahata Katha 10.285-86). There is still another ancient Brahmanical text Katha-Saritsagara by Somadeva which also attests that king Vikramaditya had invaded the north-west tribes including the Kashmiras and had destroyed the Sanghas of the Mlechhas (reference to Sanghas here obviously alludes to the Sanghas of the Madrakas, Yaudheyas, Kambojas, Mallas or Malavas, Sibis, Arjunayans, Kulutas and Kunindas etc). Those who survived accepted his suzereinty and many of them joined his armed forces (See: Katha-Saritsagara, 18.1.76-78). This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient India and Afghanistan , frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... ... Persian may refer to more than one article: the Western name for Iranian (see Iran/Persia naming controversy) Persian, an Iranian language the Persians, an ethnic group a Persian, a breed of cat Persian, a Pokémon character Etymology English Persian < Old English, < Latin *Persianus, < Latin Persia, < ancient Greek Persis... The Tocharians were the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity, inhabiting the Tarim basin in what is now Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwestern Peoples Republic of China. ... The Brahmana (Sanskrit ब्राह्मण) are part of the Hindu Shruti; They are composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and the period of their composition is sometimes referred to as the Brahmanic period or age (approximately between 900 BC and 500 BC). ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ...

These references sufficiently prove that the Guptas indeed had encounters with the Hunas from the north-west.

The Gupta Skandagupta is stated to have repelled a Huna invasion in 455, but they continued to pressure India's northwest frontier (present day Pakistan), and broke through into northern India by the end of the fifth century, hastening the disintegration of the Gupta empire. Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I (414-455 CE). ... Skandagupta was a ruler of northern India under the Gupta dynasty. ... Events June 2 - Gaiseric leads the Vandals into Rome and plunder the city for two weeks. ... Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumara Gupta I (414-455 CE). ...

The Alchon ruler Toramana established his rule over Pakistan and northern India, and was succeeded by his son Mihirakula in 520 whose capital was Sakala or modern day Sialkot in the Pakistani Punjab. The Guptas continued to resist the Hunas, and allied with the rulers of the neighboring Indian states. Alchon Huns refers to a tribe which minted coins in Bactria in the 5th & 6th centuries. ... Events February 20 - Epiphanius elected Patriarch of Constantinople. ... Sialkot (Urdu: سیالکوٹ ) is a city in the north of Pakistan. ... The Punjab or Panjab (Punjabi: ) province of Pakistan is the countrys most populous region and is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. ...

The Hunas suffered a defeat by Yasodharman of Malwa in 528, and by 542 Mihirakula had been driven off the plains of northern India, taking refuge in Kashmir, and he is thought to have died soon after. Mihirakula is remembered in contemporary Indian and Chinese histories for his cruelty and his destruction of temples and monasteries, with particular hostility towards Buddhism. Yasodharman was the king of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. ... Malwa (Malvi:माळवा) is a region in western India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin in the western part of Madhya Pradesh state and the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. ... Events February 13 - Justinian appoints a commission (including the jurist Tribonian) to codify all imperial laws that were still in force from Hadrian to the current date. ... Events The plague killed upwards of 100,000 in Constantinople and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the Byzantine Empire (possibly exaggerated). ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... Buddhism is a religion and philosophy focusing on the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni (Siddhārtha Gautama), who probably lived in the 5th century BCE. Buddhism spread throughout the ancient Indian sub-continent in the five centuries following the Buddhas death, and propagated into Central, Southeast, and East Asia...

The Huna were further defeated around 565 by a coalition of Sasanians and Western Turks, who were able to reassert some authority on the region until the 10th century. Events January 22 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ...

After the end of the sixth century little is recorded in India about the Huna, and what happened to them is unclear; some historians surmise that the remaining Huna were assimilated into northern India's population. Certain historians, such as Romila Thapar, have suggested that the Hunas are the ancestors of the Rajputs. Many Rajputs themselves however have hotly rejected this suggestion, insisting that they are pure-blooded kshatriyas. Romila Thapar (born 1931) is a Marxist Indian historian whose principal area of study is Ancient India. ... Rajputs (anonymous, c. ... Kshatriya is the title of the military order within the Hindu varna system. ...

The Gurjara clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of northern India, and later established a number of ruling dynasties in northern India, including the Pratiharas of Kanauj. Gurjara origins and their relationship to the Hephthalites are not well documented, and subject to considerable debate. This article may not give enough verifiable information about the subject, or may not sufficiently explain its importance. ... The Pratiharas (Pariharas in Hindi), were an Indian dynasty who ruled kingdoms in Gurjar region of Rajasthan and northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries. ... Kanauj, or Kannauj, is an ancient city of Uttar Pradesh state of India (1991 pop. ...

King Devapala of Pala dynasty of Bengal (810 AD -850 AD) is said to have invaded and received tributes from the Vindhyas, Dravidas, Hunas, Gurjaras and Kambojas in the West (Ancient India, 2003, p 650, Dr V. D. Mahajan; History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 50, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar). Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... The Vindhya Range is a range of hills in central India, which geographically separates The Indian subcontinent into northern India and Southern India. ... Dravidias apparently indicates the ethnic population that existed prior to invasion of India by the Aryans. ... This article may not give enough verifiable information about the subject, or may not sufficiently explain its importance. ... Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient India and Afghanistan , frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ...

MIDDLE KINGDOMS OF INDIA
Timeline:	Foreign Kingdoms	Northern Empires	Southern Kingdoms
6th century BCE  5th century BCE  4th century BCE  3rd century BCE  2nd century BCE  1st century BCE  1st century CE  2nd century CE  3rd century CE  4th century CE  5th century CE  6th century CE  7th century CE  8th century CE  9th century CE 10th century CE 11th century CE Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 6th century BCE through to the Islamic invasions and the related Decline of Buddhism from the 7th century CE. // Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and... Coin of the Western Kshatrapas Bhratadaman (278 to 295 CE). ...	(Persian rule) (Greek conquests) The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... In ancient times, trade between India and Greece flourished with silk, spices and gold being traded. ... Indo-Greek kingdom Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Kshatrapas Indo-Sassanians Kidarite Kingdom Indo-Hephthalites (Islamic invasion of India) The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Greco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Greek kings, often in conflict with each other. ... Early anepigraphic coinage of the Indo-Scythians (c. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... Approximate territory of the Western Kshatrapas ( 35- 405 CE). ... Coin of the Indo-Sassanian king Varahran I (early 4th century). ... Coin of Kidara (reigned circa 360-380 CE), founder of the Kidarite Kingdom Obv: King Kidara standing. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islamic conquest of South Asia. ... Shahi (Islamic empires in India) Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ... During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in South Asia. ...	Magadha empire Nanda empire Maurya Empire Satavahana empire Sunga Empire Kuninda Kingdom Kalinga Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... Nanda dynasty was established by an illegitimate son of the king Mahanandin of the previous Shishunaga dynasty. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Lion Capital of Ashoka, erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Approximate extent of the Satavahana Empire, circa 150 CE. The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates... Approximate greatest extent of the Sunga empire (185 BCE-73 BCE) For other uses of the term Sunga see Sunga (disambiguation) The Sunga empire (or Shunga empire) controlled the eastern part of India from around 185 to 73 BCE. It was established after the fall of the Indian Mauryan empire. ... Silver coin of the Kuninda Kingdom, c. ... Kalinga in 265 B.C. Kalinga was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of central-eastern India, in the province of Orissa. ... Gupta Empire Pala Empire Solanki Sena dynasty	Pandyan Kingdom The Gupta Empire in 400 CE (not including vassal states) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... For the English cricketer, See Vikram Solanki The Solanki or Chalukya is a Hindu Gurjar,Rajput dynasty of India, who ruled the kingdom of Gujarat from the 10th to the 13th centuries. ... The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. ... The Pandyan kingdom பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. ... Chera Cholas Kalabhras It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... Kalabhras were the South Indian dynasty who between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E. ruled over entire Tamil country, displacing the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties. ... Pallava Pallava, were a South Indian dynasty who established their capital at Kanchipuram in the 4th cent. ... Chalukya Rashtrakuta

The Chalukya Dynasty was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakesi... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the deccan India during the 8th - 10th century. ...

External links

• Hephthalite coins
• Alchon Hunnic History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad