NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hungarian people

Hungarians (Hungarian: Magyarok) or Magyars^[11] are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The name "Hungarian" has also a wider meaning, as it once referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity.^[12] Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Serbia. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 812 - Kingdom established 1217 - Empire established 1346 - Independence lost to... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Croatia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina. ... This article is about the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Australasia Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. ... For other uses, see Australia (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... â€œCatholic Churchâ€ redirects here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: Calvinism is a theological... Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity that follows the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

There are around 9.4 million Magyars in Hungary (2007).^[13] Magyars have been the main inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary that existed through most of the second millennium. After the Treaty of Trianon Magyars have become minority inhabitants on the territory of present-day Romania (1,440,000; see: Hungarian minority in Romania), Slovakia (520,500), Serbia (293,000; largely in Vojvodina), Ukraine and Russia (170,000), Austria (40,583), Croatia (16,500), the Czech Republic (14,600) and Slovenia (10,000). Significant groups of people with Magyar ancestry live in various other parts of the world (e.g. 1,400,000 in the United States), but unlike the Magyars living within the former Kingdom of Hungary, only a minority of these preserves the Hungarian language and tradition. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The negotiations on June 4, 1920. ... The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,431,807 people and making up 6. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 812 - Kingdom established 1217 - Empire established 1346 - Independence lost to... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups 2. ...

There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Magyars living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to the insufficient voter turnout, and caused some recruitment of the local nationalist movements and parties in the surrounding countries. Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... â€œCitizenâ€ redirects here. ... Voters lining up outside a Baghdad polling station during the 2005 Iraqi election. ...

Etymology

The word is thought to be derived from the Bulgar-Turkic Onogur, possibly because the Magyars were neighbours (or confederates) of the Empire of the Onogurs in the sixth century, whose leading tribal union was called the "Onogurs" (meaning "ten tribes" in Old Turkic). Bulgar (also BolÄŸar), also Proto-Bulgarian is the language of the Bulgars, now extinct, whose classification is unclear. ... Onogur or Onoghur was the name of the European Avar federation spreading from Pannonia to the Kuban during their 2nd Dynasty under the rule of the Bolgar house of Dulo (also Dub or Dubo, of the Unogundur tribe of Bolgars) from 635–685 CE. It was during this dynasty... Onogur or Onoghur was the name of the European Avar federation spreading from Pannonia to the Kuban during their 2nd Dynasty under the rule of the Bolgar house of Dulo (also Dub or Dubo, of the Unogundur tribe of Bolgars) from 635– 685 CE. It was during this dynasty... The Turkic language spoken by the Gokturks and used on the Orkhon inscriptions. ...

The "H-" prefix in many languages (Hungarians, Hongrois, Hungarus etc.) is a later addition. It was taken over from the word "Huns", which was a similar semi-nomadic tribe living some four hundred years earlier in present-day Hungary and having a similar way of life (or according to the older theories the people from which the Magyars arose). In ancient times, through the Middle Ages, and even today, the identification of "Hungarians" with the "Huns" has often occurred in history and literature. This identification began to be disputed around the late nineteenth century, and is still a source of major controversy among scholars who insist that there could be no direct connection between the two. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads. ...

Hun names like Attila and Réka are still popular among Hungarians, and forms derived from Latin Hungaria are used like in the racetrack Hungaroring (mostly due to the strong English language pressure in tourism and international matters). For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation). ... The Hungaroring is a Formula 1 racing circuit near Budapest, Hungary where the Hungarian Grand Prix is held. ...

Today, Magyar is simply the Hungarian word for Hungarian. In English and many other languages, however, "Magyar" is used in place of "Hungarian" in certain contexts, mainly historical, usually to distinguish ethnic Hungarians (i.e. the Magyars) from the other nationalities living in the Hungarian kingdom.

Ethnic affiliations and origins

The origin of the Hungarians is partly disputed. The most widely accepted Finno-Ugric theory from the late nineteenth century is based primarily on linguistic and ethnographical arguments, while it is criticised by some as relying too much on linguistics. There are also other theories stating that the Magyars are descendants of Scythians, Huns, Avars, and/or Sumerians. These are primarily based on medieval legends, whose authenticity and scientific reliability is strongly questionable, as well as non-systematic linguistic similarities. Most scholars dismiss these claims as speculation. Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Sumer (or Å umer) was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in lower Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid 4th millennium BC until the rise of Babylonia in the late 3rd millennium BC. The term Sumerian applies to all speakers...

The following section presents the Finno-Ugric theory of the origin of modern Hungarian people. For some other theories see Hungarian prehistory. Explanatory note: This article was originally based on The Hungarian Old Country, written in Hungarian by professor IstvÃ¡n Kiszely, and translated into English by Csaba Hargita. ...

Finno-Ugric is a group of related languages, which does not necessarily mean that the peoples speaking those languages are equally related in terms of ethnicity. The same holds true for Indo-European languages. The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ...

East of the Ural mountains (pre-fourth century AD)

During the fourth millennium BC, some of the earliest settlements of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples were situated east of the Ural Mountains, where they hunted and fished. From there, the Ugrians, settled in the wood-steppe parts of western Siberia (i.e. to the east of the Ural Mountains) from at least 2000 BC onwards. Their settlements closely resembled those of the north-western Andronovo Culture. More advanced tribes arriving from the southern steppes taught them how to farm, breed cattle and produce bronze objects. Around 1500 BC, they started to breed horses and horse riding became one of their typical activities. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (886x727, 82 KB)Migration of the Hungarians (self made) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (886x727, 82 KB)Migration of the Hungarians (self made) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... â€œSiberianâ€ redirects here. ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Map of the approximate maximal extent of the Andronovo culture. ... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ...

Due to climatic changes in the early first millennium BC, the northern Ugrian subgroup (the Ob-Ugrians) moved to the lower Ob River, while southern Ugrians remained in the south and became nomadic herdsmen. Since these southern Ugrians became the ancestors of the proto-Magyars, this division marks the beginning of the Magyars as a distinct ethnic group. During the following centuries, the proto-Magyars continued to live in the wood-steppes and steppes southeast of the Ural Mountains, strongly influenced by their immediate neighbours, the ancient Sarmatians. Ostiaks, or Ostyaks are a tribe who inhabit the basin of the Ob in western Siberia belonging to the Finno-Ugric group and related to the Voguls. ... Ob (also Obi, Russian ÐžÐ±ÑŒ) is a river in West Siberia, Russia, the countrys fourth longest. ... Kazakh nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, ca. ... Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia EuropÃ¦a separated from Sarmatia Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary sources, in a map printed in London, ca 1770 Great steppe in early spring. ...

Bashkiria and the Khazar khaganate (fourth century to c.830 AD)

In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the proto-Magyars moved to the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River known as Bashkiria (Bashkortostan). Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a territory formerly known as Yugra Yugra (Russian: ) was the name of the lands between the Pechora River and Northern Urals in the Russian annals of the 12thâ€“17th centuries, as well as the name of the Khanty and partly Mansi tribes inhabiting these territories. ... Migration of the Hungarians The Magna Hungaria (literally Great Hungary but meaning early homeland) was an area settled by the proto-Magyars. ... Migration of the Hungarians Levedia (hungarian: LevÃ©dia) was an area settled by the Magyars in the 9th century. ... The Volga (Russian: , Tatar Cyrillic: Ð˜Ð´ÐµÐ», Latin: Ä°del) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...

In the early eighth century, some of the proto-Magyars moved to the Don River to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers called Levedia. Meanwhile, the descendants of those proto-Magyars who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241. As a consequence, earlier scholarship considered the Magyars and the Bashkirs as two branches of the same nation. The earlier Bashkirs, however, were decimated during the Mongol invasion of Europe (thirteenth century) and assimilated into Turkic peoples. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 470 pixelsFull resolution (1973 Ã— 1159 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 470 pixelsFull resolution (1973 Ã— 1159 pixel, file size: 2. ... The Don (Ð”Ð¾Ð½) is one of the major rivers of Russia. ... Length 1,050 km Elevation of the source - m Average discharge - m³/s Area watershed - km² Origin Russia Mouth Don River Basin countries Russia, Ukraine Donets (Донец), is a tributary of Don River, Russia. ... Migration of the Hungarians Levedia (hungarian: LevÃ©dia) was an area settled by the Magyars in the 9th century. ... The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н or Башки́рия; Bashkir:) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... The Mongol invasions of Europe were centered in their destruction of the Ruthenian states, especially Kiev, under the leadership of Subutai. ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ...

The proto-Magyars around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov Culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, descendants of the Onogurs) and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. The Bulgars and Magyars shared a long-lasting relationship in Khazaria, either by alliance or rivalry. The system of two rulers (later known as kende and gyula) is also thought to be a major inheritance from the Khazars. Tradition holds that the Magyars were organized in a confederacy of tribes called the Hét Magyar. The tribes of the Hétmagyar were; Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer (Magyar), Nyék, and Tarján. The confederacy was formed as a border defending allies of Khazaria mainly during the reign of Khagan Bulan and Ovadyah, with the Magyar tribe as ascendant. The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari ×›×•×–×¨×™ Kuzarim ×›×•×–×¨×™×; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð½ Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹; Tatar sing XÃ¤zÃ¤r XÃ¤zÃ¤rlÃ¤r; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Î§Î±Î¶Î¬ÏÎ¿Î¹/Î§Î¬Î¶Î±ÏÎ¿Î¹; PersianØ®Ø²Ø± khazar; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic , alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khan, but often referred to as such in... Name given by archeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper Rivers. ... Bulgar warriors slaughter Byzantines, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century. ... Onogur or Onoghur was the name of the European Avar federation spreading from Pannonia to the Kuban during their 2nd Dynasty under the rule of the Bolgar house of Dulo (also Dub or Dubo, of the Unogundur tribe of Bolgars) from 635– 685 CE. It was during this dynasty... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. ... The kende (or kÃ¼ndÃ¼) was one of the kings of the dual-monarchy of the early Magyars, along with the gyula or war-chief. ... Disambiguation: for the town in Hungary see Gyula (town) Gyula was originally a Turkic word which entered the Hungarian language at some point before 950 CE. Under the system of dual kingship which the Magyars used in the 9th century, the two kings of the tribal confederation were the kende... The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. ... Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic , alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khan, but often referred to as such in... For other uses of this term, see Bulan Bulan was a Khazar king who led the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. ...

Etelköz (c.830 to c.895)

Around 830, a civil war broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes out of the Khazars joined the Magyars and they moved to what the Magyars call the Etelköz, i.e. the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River (today's Ukraine). Around 854, the Magyars had to face a first attack by the Pechenegs. (According to other sources, the reason for the departure of the Magyars to Etelköz was the attack of the Pechenegs.) Both the Kabars and earlier the Bulgars may have taught the Magyars their Turkic languages; according to the Finno-Ugric theory, this is used to account for at least three hundred Turkic words and names still in modern Hungarian. The new neighbours of the Magyars were the Vikings and the eastern Slavs. Archaeological findings suggest that the Magyars entered into intense interaction with both groups. From 862 onwards, the Magyars (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz to the Carpathian Basin–mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria. The EtelkÃ¶z or Atelkuzu was an area settled by the Magyars from the mid-9th century to circa 895 CE when they were driven west by the Pechenegs and occupied the Carpathian Basin. ... The Kabars (Gr. ... The EtelkÃ¶z or Atelkuzu was an area settled by the Magyars from the mid-9th century to circa 895 CE when they were driven west by the Pechenegs and occupied the Carpathian Basin. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ... The Dnieper River (Russian: , Dnepr; Belarusian: , Dniapro; Ukrainian: , Dnipro) is a river which flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, ending its flow in the Black Sea. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Armenian: Badzinag, Bulgarian/Russian: Pechenegi (ÐŸÐµÑ‡ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³Ð¸), Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi (Î Î±Ï„Î¶Î¹Î½Î¬ÎºÎ¿Î¹/Î ÎµÏ„ÏƒÎµÎ½ÎÎ³Î¿Î¹) or less commonly Î Î±Ï„Î¶Î¹Î½Î±ÎºÎ¯Ï„Î±Î¹, Hungarian: BesenyÅ‘, Latin: Ð Ð°ÑinÐ°ÑÐ°Ðµ, Old Turkish (assumed): *BeÃ§enek, Turkish: PeÃ§enekler) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. ... Bulgar warriors slaughter Byzantines, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... Great Moravia was an empire existing in Central Europe between 833 and the early 10th century. ... Map of the main part of the Balaton principality (parts of the Dudleb County, of the Ptuj County and the whole former Principality of Etgar are not shown on this map) The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonian or Transdanubian Principality, in Slovak: BlatenskÃ© knieÅ¾atstvo, in Bulgarian: Blatensko Knezevstvo, in...

Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895)

In 895/896, probably under the leadership of Árpád, some Magyars crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin. The tribe called Magyars (Megyer) was the leading tribe of the Magyar alliance that conquered the center of the basin. At the same time (c.895), due to their involvement in the 894-896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war, Magyars in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts were the cause of the Magyar departure from Etelköz. Download high resolution version (870x597, 140 KB)Excerpt of Fesztys famous painting The Hungarian Conquest, exhibited at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Park, Hungary File links The following pages link to this file: Magyars Árpád Feszty ... Download high resolution version (870x597, 140 KB)Excerpt of Fesztys famous painting The Hungarian Conquest, exhibited at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Park, Hungary File links The following pages link to this file: Magyars Árpád Feszty ... ÃrpÃ¡d ÃrpÃ¡d (c. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ... ÃrpÃ¡d Feszty (December 24, 1856 - June 1, 1914) was a Hungarian painter. ... A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ... Location of CsongrÃ¡d County in Hungary Ã“pusztaszer is a village in CsongrÃ¡d county, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1151x961, 247 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hungarian people Chronicon Pictum ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1151x961, 247 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hungarian people Chronicon Pictum ... A miniature from the Chronicon Pictum. ... ÃrpÃ¡d ÃrpÃ¡d (c. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ... The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...

In the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars initially occupied the Great Moravian territory at the upper/middle Tisza river, a scarcely populated territory, where, according to Arabian sources, Great Moravia used to send its criminals, and where the Roman Empire had settled the Iazyges centuries earlier. From there, they intensified their looting raids across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia), which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. Their allies, the Kabars (probably led by Kursan), appear to have settled in the region around Bihar.^{[citation needed]} Upon entering the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars found a mainly Slavic population there. The Tisza or Tisa is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The Iazyges (Jazyges is an orthographic variant) were a nomadic tribe. ... Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... The Kabars (Gr. ... Bihar is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ...

Remnants of the Avars lived in the southwest and Romanians in the east and southeast, although the latter is a matter of controversy (see Origin of the Romanians). After the battle of Augsburg (956), the Magyars gradually changed their pastoral way of life to an agricultural one and borrowed hundreds of agricultural Slavic words. See History of Hungary for a continuation, and Hungary before the Magyars for the background. Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ... See also the history of Europe, the history of present-day nations and states, Hungary before the Magyars, and Hungary. ... This article discusses the known pre-history and early history of the area corresponding to modern day Hungary, and the peoples associated with this area. ...

Many of the Magyars, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaeological findings suggest (e.g. Polish Przemysl). They seem to have joined the other Magyars in 900. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania that is historically unrelated to the Magyars led by Árpád: the Székelys, 40% of the Hungarian minority in Romania. They are fully acknowledged as Magyars. The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy (see Székely for details). Places PrzemyÅ›l â€“ a city in SE Poland, probably established by an unknown duke called PrzemysÅ‚ PrzemyÅ›l Voivodship â€“ a Polish province from 1975 to 1998 People PrzemysÅ‚, PrzemysÅ‚aw, PÅ™emysl or Przemko is a common Slavic name. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Bulgarian: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... The SzÃ©kely or Szeklers (Hungarian: , Romanian: , German: ) ( sÃ©k-ei in pronunciation ) are a Hungarian ethnic group mostly living in Transylvania in Romania, with a significant population also living in Vojvodina, Serbia. ... The SzÃ©kely or Szeklers (Hungarian: , Romanian: , German: ) ( sÃ©k-ei in pronunciation ) are a Hungarian ethnic group mostly living in Transylvania in Romania, with a significant population also living in Vojvodina, Serbia. ...

History after 900

The Magyar leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin in 896. In 907, the Magyars destroyed a Bavarian army at Bratislava and laid Germany, France and Italy open to Magyar raids. These raids were fast and devastating. The Magyars defeated Louis the Child's Imperial Army near Augsburg in 910. From 917-925, Magyars raided through Basle, Alsace, Burgundy, Saxony, and Provence. Magyar expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. Although the battle at Lechfeld stopped the Magyar raids against western Europe, the raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970.^[14] Hungarian settlement in the area was approved by the Pope when their leaders accepted Christianity, and Stephen I the Saint (Szent István) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the Magyars' arrival from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian peninsula (Spain).^[15] ÃrpÃ¡d ÃrpÃ¡d (c. ... The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ... Bavarian can either when used as an adjective, refer to the German state of Bavaria; or refer to the Bavarian or Austro-Bavarian language, a group of closely related dialects spoken in parts of Bavaria, most of Austria and the South Tyrol. ... Nickname: Location of Bratislava within Slovakia Coordinates: , Country Region Districts Bratislava I-V City subdivisions 17 city boroughs Cadastral areas 20 cadastral areas First mentioned 907 Government - Type City council - Mayor (PrimÃ¡tor) Andrej ÄŽurkovskÃ½ - Headquarters Primates Palace Area [1] - City 367. ... The last true Carolingian ruler of East Francia, Louis the Child (893â€“20 or 24 September 911) was the only legitimate son of the Emperor Arnulf and his wife, Ota, a member of the Conradine Dynasty. ... Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ... Basel (English traditionally: Basle [ba:l], German: Basel [ba:z@l], French Bâle [ba:l], Italian Basilea [bazilE:a]) is Switzerlands third most populous city (188,000 inhabitants in the canton of Basel-City as of 2004; the 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the... (New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 kmÂ² (??? mi) kmÂ² Population (Ranked 14th) - January 1, 2006 est. ... Coat of arms of the second Duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: ; German: ) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks; the former gave their... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 18,416 kmÂ² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density 231 /km... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (ProvenÃ§al Occitan: ProvenÃ§a in classical norm or ProuvÃ¨nÃ§o in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... Combatants East Francia Magyars Commanders Otto the Great harka BulcsÃº; chieftains LÃ©l and SÃºr Strength 10,000 heavy cavalry 50,000 light cavalry Casualties about 3,500 about 30,000 fell in the battle about 5,000 killed by local farmers maybe 5,000 fleeing Magyars killed by... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Pope (from Latin... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... King Stephens statue in his hometown, Esztergom A statue of the king in Miskolc Saint Stephen I (Hungarian: ; Latin: ; Slovak: , German: ) (circa 975 â€“ 15 August 1038) was a ruling prince of Hungary, the first King of Hungary and a ruling prince of Nitra. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...

At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered between 25,000^[16] and 1,000,000 people^[17]. The Slavic population in present-day Hungary were culturally assimilated by the Magyars, but Magyars were outnumbered by Slavs so they lost their asiatic look. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 470 pixelsFull resolution (2880 Ã— 1692 pixel, file size: 546 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author: Thomas A. Lessman. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 470 pixelsFull resolution (2880 Ã— 1692 pixel, file size: 546 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author: Thomas A. Lessman. ...

The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850-51. There is a debate among Magyar and non-Magyar (especially Slovak and Romanian) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure throughout history:

In the nineteenth century, the percentage of Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 (see Magyarization). Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially between the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1,5 million people (of whom about two-thirds were non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890-1910 to escape from poverty.^[18] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 812 - Kingdom established 1217 - Empire established 1346 - Independence lost to... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Bulgarian: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ...

The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Magyars' history. By the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One third of the Magyars became minorities in the neighbouring countries. During the remainder of the twentieth century, the Magyar population of Hungary grew from 7,1 million (1920) to around 10,4 million (1980), in spite of losses during the Second World War and the wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956. The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries mostly remained the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization) and emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina). The negotiations on June 4, 1920. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and rebelling soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Bulgarian: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups 2. ...

After the "baby boom" of the 1960s, a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours. The Magyar population reached its greatest in 1980, after which it began to decline. This is expected to continue at least until 2050, when the population would number around seven to eight million.^{[citation needed]} As is often the case with a big war, after the end of World War II many countries around the globe, notably those of Europe, Asia, North America, and Australasia experienced a baby boom. ...

Today, the Magyars represent around 35% of the population of the Carpathian Basin. Their number is around twelve to thirteen million (2006), almost the same as in 1910. While other ethnic groups increased their numbers two, three or even more times during the twentieth century, the Magyar population stagnated. Between 1950 and 2000, the increase in Hungary's population was the third slowest in the world, after Bulgaria and St. Kitts and Nevis: 8.6% (from 9,338,000 to 10,137,000).

Later influences

Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars assimilated or were influenced by subsequent peoples arriving in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the Cumanians, Pechenegs, Jazones, Germans and other Western European settlers in the Middle Ages. Romanians and Slovaks have lived together and blended with Magyars since early medieval times. Turks, who occupied the central part of present-day Hungary from c.1541 until c.1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats and others) that resettled depopulated territories after their departure. The advanced economic and political conditions of the Slavs, who had preceded the Magyars' arrival but continued to migrate thereafter, exerted a significant influence; several Hungarian words relating to agriculture, politics, religion and handicrafts were borrowed from Slavic languages. Both Jewish and Roma (Gypsy) minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages. Image File history File links VilÃ¡gmagyarÃ“puszta. ... Image File history File links VilÃ¡gmagyarÃ“puszta. ... Location of CsongrÃ¡d County in Hungary Ã“pusztaszer is a village in CsongrÃ¡d county, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary. ... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Armenian: Badzinag, Bulgarian/Russian: Pechenegi (ÐŸÐµÑ‡ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³Ð¸), Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi (Î Î±Ï„Î¶Î¹Î½Î¬ÎºÎ¿Î¹/Î ÎµÏ„ÏƒÎµÎ½ÎÎ³Î¿Î¹) or less commonly Î Î±Ï„Î¶Î¹Î½Î±ÎºÎ¯Ï„Î±Î¹, Hungarian: BesenyÅ‘, Latin: Ð Ð°ÑinÐ°ÑÐ°Ðµ, Old Turkish (assumed): *BeÃ§enek, Turkish: PeÃ§enekler) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. ... Jassic is a dialect of the Ossetian language and the name of a nomadic tribe settled in Hungary in the 13th century. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for Yugoslav ethnicity) [28] Serbs (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... Languages Croatian Religions Predominantly Roman Catholic Related ethnic groups Slavs South Slavs Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ... Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins. ... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ...

Maps and images

Contents

Etymology

Ethnic affiliations and origins

East of the Ural mountains (pre-fourth century AD)

Bashkiria and the Khazar khaganate (fourth century to c.830 AD)

Etelköz (c.830 to c.895)

Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895)

History after 900

Later influences

Maps and images

See also

References

External links

Contents

Etymology GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Ethnic affiliations and origins

East of the Ural mountains (pre-fourth century AD)

Bashkiria and the Khazar khaganate (fourth century to c.830 AD)

Etelköz (c.830 to c.895)

Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895)

History after 900

Later influences

Maps and images

See also

References

External links

Etymology