NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hungary during the Second World War

See also the history of Europe, the history of present-day nations and states, Hungary before the Magyars, and Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... This article discusses the known pre-history and early history of the area corresponding to modern day Hungary, and the peoples associated with this area. ... This article deals with the history of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century to c. ... Ottoman Hungary or Muslim Hungary refers to the Turkish-Ottoman age of todays Hungary (1526 - 1699). ... This is an article about the history of Transylvania // Ancient History: Transylvania as the heartland of the Dacian state Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Herodotus gives an account of the Agathyrsi, who lived in Transylvania during the 5th century BC. A kingdom of Dacia was in... Consequences of the Battle of MohÃ¡cs, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans: the Kingdom is partitioned. ... This article describes the history of Hungary between the 18th century and the early 20th century (1699 - 1919). ... The Hungarian Soviet Republic was the political regime in Hungary from March 21, 1919 until the beginning of August of the same year, and it is the second Communist (or soviet) government in world history, after the one in Russia (1917). ... This article deals with the history of Hungary from March 1919 to May 1945. ... The Peoples Republic of Hungary was the name used by Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Communist period. ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution... The military history of Hungary includes battles fought in the Carpathian Basin, nations occupying Hungary, and the military history of the Hungarian people regardless of geography. ... History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins. ... // Middle Ages Little is known about Hungarian music prior to the 11th century, when the first Kings of Hungary were Christianized and Gregorian chant was introduced. ...

Movement to the right

In Hungary, the Great Depression induced a drop in the standard of living and the political mood of the country shifted further toward the right. In 1932, Regent Miklos Horthy appointed a new prime-minister, Gyula Gömbös, that changed the course of Hungarian policy towards closer cooperation with Germany and started an effort to magyarize the few remaining ethnic minorities in Hungary. Gömbös signed a trade agreement with Germany that drew Hungary's economy out of depression but made Hungary dependent on the German economy for both raw materials and markets. The Great Depression was an economic downturn which started in 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... Admiral Horthy inspecting the German fleet with Adolf Hitler Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya (Vitéz Nagybányai Horthy Miklós in Hungarian) (June 18, 1868–February 9, 1957) was a Hungarian Admiral and statesman and served as the Regent of Hungary from March 1, 1920 until October... Gyula GÃ¶mbÃ¶s Gyula GÃ¶mbÃ¶s (December 26, 1886-October 6, 1936) was a right wing extemist who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1932 to 1936. ... Magyarization or Magyarisation is the common name given to a number of forced assimilation policies applied by the Hungarian authorities at different times in history. ...

Gömbös advocated a a number of social reforms, a one-party government, a revision of the Treaty of Trianon, and Hungary's withdrawal from the League of Nations. Although he assembled a stong political machine, his efforts to fashion a one-party state and fulfill his reform platform were frustrated by a parliament composed mostly of István Bethlen's supporters and by Hungary's creditors, who forced Gömbös to follow conventional policies in dealing with the economic and financial crisis. The 1935 elections gave Gömbös more solid support in parliament, and he succeeded in gaining control of the ministries of finance, industry, and defense and in replacing several key military officers with his supporters. In September 1936, Gömbös informed German officials that he would establish a Nazi-like, one-party government in Hungary within two years, but he died in October without realizing this goal. States in which a single party is constitutionally linked to power are coloured in brown. ... The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. ... IstvÃ¡n Bethlen (October 8, 1874 - October 5, 1946?), was a Hungarian aristocrat and statesman and served as Prime Minister from 1921 to 1931. ...

Hungary used its relationship with Germany to chip away at the Treaty of Trianon. In 1938, Hungary openly repudiated the treaty's restrictions on its armed forces. Adolf Hitler used promises of returning lost territories, and threats of military intervention and economic pressure to encourage Hungarians into supporting Nazi policies, including those related to Jews. In 1935, Hungary's leading fascist party, Ferenc Szálasi's Arrow Cross, was founded. Gömbös' successor, Kálmán Darányi attempted to appease both the Nazis and Hungarian antisemites by passing the First Jewish Law, which set quotas limiting Jews to 20% of positions in several professions. The law satisfied neither the Nazis nor Hungary's own radicals, and when Darányi resigned in May of 1938, Béla Imrédy was appointed Prime Minister. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (650x926, 60 KB)A World War II propaganda poster for the Arrow Cross Party. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (650x926, 60 KB)A World War II propaganda poster for the Arrow Cross Party. ... Hitler redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi (January 6, 1897-March 12, 1946) was a Fascist and the Prime Minister of Hungary during the final days of Hungarys participation in World War II. Born the son of a soldier in Kassa, SzÃ¡lasi followed in his fathers footsteps and... Flag of the Arrow Cross Party The Arrow Cross (Nyilaskereszt) originated in Hungary in the 1930s as the symbol of the leading Hungarian fascist political party, the Arrow Cross Party, led by Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi, an ex-army major. ... KÃ¡lmÃ¡n DarÃ¡nyi de PusztaszentgyÃ¶rgy et TetÃ©tlen (1886-1939) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Hate speech Â· Hate crime Lynching Â· Gay bashing Genocide Â· Holocaust Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Â· Race war Religious persecution Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism White/Black supremacy Hate groups Â· Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Womens/Universal suffrage Civil rights Â· Gay rights Childrens rights Â· Youth rights Policies Discriminatory... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... BÃ©la ImrÃ©dy BÃ©la ImrÃ©dy de Omeravica (December 29, 1891-February 28, 1946) was Prime Minister of Hungary from 1938 to 1939. ...

Imrédy’s attempts to improve Hungary’s diplomatic relations with England initially made him very unpopular with Germany and Italy. Undoubtedly aware of Germany's Anschluss with Austria in March, he realized that he could not afford to alienate Germany and Italy on a long term basis; in the autumn of 1938 his foreign policy became very much pro-German and pro-Italian. ^[1] Intent on amassing a base of power in Hungarian right wing politics, Imrédy was began to suppress political rivals, so the increasingly influential Arrow Cross Party was harassed, and eventually banned by Imrédy’s administration. As Imrédy drifted further to the right, he proposed that the government be reorganized along totalitarian lines and drafted a harsher Second Jewish Law. Imrédy's political opponents, however, forced his resignation in February 1939 by presenting documents showing that his grandfather was a Jew. Nevertheless, the new government of Pál Teleki approved the Second Jewish Law, which cut the quotas on Jews permitted in the professions and in business, and required that quotas be attained by the hiring of Gentiles or the firing of Jews. Furthermore, the new law defined Jews by race instead of just religion, thus altering the status of those who had formerly converted from Judaism to Christianity. Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... Fall redirects here. ... The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ... PÃ¡l Count Teleki de SzÃ©k (November 1, 1879 â€“ April 3, 1941) was prime minister of Hungary from 1920 till 1921 and from 1939 till 1941. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Religious conversion is the adoption of new religious beliefs that differ from the converts previous beliefs; in some cultures (e. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...

By the June 1939 elections, Hungarian public opinion had shifted so far to the right that voters gave the Arrow Cross Party the second highest number of votes.

The Vienna Awards

Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought to enforce peacefully the claims of Hungarians on territories Hungary lost in 1920 with the signing of the Treaty of Trianon, and made two significant territorial awards Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals are various names for two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940) by which arbiters of National Socialist Germany and Fascist Italy sought to enforce peacefully the territorial claims of Revisionist Hungary, ruled by Regent Admiral... Image File history File links Hungary_map. ... Image File history File links Hungary_map. ... The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ...

In 1938, war with Czechoslovakia was averted by the First Vienna Award. This award returned parts of Czechoslovakia (Southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia) to Hungary. These were areas with a predominantly Hungarian population.^{[citation needed]} Hitler also promised to return all territories of Slovakia to Hungary in exchange for a military alliance, but his offer was rejected. Instead, Horthy chose to pursue a territorial revision to be decided along ethnic lines. Image:Firstviennaaward. ... The northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpatsâ€™ka Rusâ€™; Slovak and Czech: PodkarpatskÃ¡ Rus; Hungarian: KÃ¡rpÃ¡talja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpatsâ€™ka oblastâ€™) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in PreÅ¡ov kraj...

In March 1939, Czechoslovakia was dissolved and Hungary occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia. Hungary immediately recognized the German puppet state of Slovakia led by Jozef Tiso. But, on 23 March 1939, disagreements with Slovakia over the new common eastern border led to a localized armed conflict between the two countries. The Slovak-Hungarian War (also known as the "Little War") ended with Hungary gaining only the easternmost strip of Slovakia. Jozef Tiso Monsignor Jozef Tiso (October 13, 1887â€“April 18, 1947) was a Roman Catholic priest who became a deputy of the Czechoslovak parliament, a member of the Czechoslovak government, and finally the President of Independent Slovak Republic from 1939-1945. ... Combatants First Slovak Republic Hungary Commanders AugustÃn MalÃ¡r AndrÃ¡s Littay Strength 3 infantry regiments 2 artillery regiments 9 armoured cars 3 tanks 5 infantry battalions 2 cavalry battalion 1 motorised battalion 3 armoured cars 70 tankettes 5 light tanks Casualties Slovak military: 22 killed, 360 Slovak and...

In September of 1940, a war with Romania was averted by the Second Vienna Award. This award returned the northern part of Transylvania to Hungary. With Hungarian and Romanian majorities and minorities mixed throughout Transylvania, there were atrocities on both sides during the transitional period. The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ð•Ñ€Ð´ÐµÑ™ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...

In October of 1940, the Germans initiated a reciprocity policy between Romania and Hungary which was continued until the end of World War II. By dividing Transylvania between Romania and Hungary, Hitler was able to avoid war (for the time being) between his future allies.

War

On November 20, 1940, under pressure from Germany, Pál Teleki signed the Tripartite Pact, which allied Germany, Italy, and Japan. November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... PÃ¡l Count Teleki de SzÃ©k (November 1, 1879 â€“ April 3, 1941) was prime minister of Hungary from 1920 till 1921 and from 1939 till 1941. ... The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940 by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, and Galeazzo Ciano of Fascist Italy entering as an alliance and...

In December of 1940, he also signed an ephemeral "Treaty of Eternal Friendship" with Yugoslavia. A few months later, after a Yugoslavian coup threatened the success of the planned German invasion of Russia (Operation Barbarossa), Hitler asked Hungarians to support his invasion of Yugoslavia. He promised a transfer of Yugoslav territory to the Hungary in exchange for cooperation. Unable to prevent Hungary's participation in the war alongside Germany, Teleki committed suicide. The right-wing radical László Bárdossy succeeded him as Prime Minister. Motto: One nation, one king, one country Anthem: Medley of BoÅ¾e pravde, Lijepa naÅ¡a domovino, and Naprej zastava slave Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croato-Slovenian (see: Serbo-Croat and Slovenian) [1] Government Value specified for government_type does not comply King - 1918-1921 Peter I - 1921-1934 Alexander... Combatants Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler General (later MareÅŸal) Ion Antonescu Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Joseph Stalin Strength ~ 3. ... Invasion of Yugoslavia Operation 25 was the german code-name for the so-called April War, the German attack on Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. ... LÃ¡szlÃ³ BÃ¡rdossy LÃ¡szlÃ³ BÃ¡rdossy (December 10, 1890-January 10, 1946) was Prime Minister of Hungary from 1941 to 1942. ...

Invasion of Yugoslavia

Days after the Teleki's death, the Luftwaffe mercilessly bombed Belgrade without warning, and German troops invaded Yugoslavia. Horthy dispatched the Hungarian Third Army to occupy Vojvodina, and Hungary eventually annexed sections of Baranja, Bačka, Medjumurje, and Prekomurje.^[2] Invasion of Yugoslavia Operation 25 was the german code-name for the so-called April War, the German attack on Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... he bombing of Belgrade occurred in the initial phases of World War II when German forces bombed the city in preperation for the invasion of Yugoslavia. ... The Third Army was a combat formation of the Hungarian Army which saw action during World War II. Commanders Lieutenant General ElemÃ©r Gorondy-Novak (1 Mar 1940 - 1 Nov 1941) Lieutenant General ZoltÃ©n Decleva (1 Nov 1941 - 1 Dec 1942) Lieutenant General Lajos Csatay (1 Dec 1942 - 12... Baranya (Hungarian, in Croatian and Serbian: Baranja) is the name of an administrative county (comitatus or megye) in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary. ... BaÄka (Serbian: Ð‘Ð°Ñ‡ÐºÐ° or BaÄka, Hungarian: BÃ¡cska, Croatian: BaÄka, Slovak: BÃ¡Äka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ...

The War in the East

Hungary did not immediately participate in the invasion of the Soviet Union, which began on June 22, 1941, but Hitler did not directly ask for Hungarian assistance. Nonetheless, many Hungarian officials argued for participation in the war so as not to encourage Hitler into favouring Romania in the event of border revisions in Transylvania. Hungary eventually entered the war before the end of June. This was after the questionable Soviet bombing of Košice (Kassa). June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Statue of KoÅ¡ices coat of arms St. ...

On July 1, 1941, at the direction of the Germans, the Hungarian Karpat Group attacked the 12th Soviet Army. Attached to the German 17th Army, the Karpat Group advanced far into southern Russia. At the Battle of Uman (3-8 August 1941), the Karpat Group's mechanized corps acted as one half of a pincer that encircled the 6th Soviet Army and the 12th Soviet Army. Twenty Soviet divisions were captured or destroyed. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Uman. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In July 1941, the Hungarian government transferred eighteen-thousand Jews from Carpato-Ruthenian Hungary to the German armed forces. Most of the tranfers were executed by the German Security Police at Kamianets-Podilskyi. This mass murder had only two thousand survivors.^[3]. Bardossy then passed the "Third Jewish Law" in August of 1941, prohibiting marriage and sexual intercourse with Jews. The Sicherheitspolizei (security police) was a term used in Nazi Germany to described the combined forces of the Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst (the SD) between 1934 and 1939. ... General view of the fortress. ...

Six months after the mass murder at Kamianets-Podilskyi, Hungarian troops killed 3,000 Serbian and Jewish hostages near Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, in reprisal for resistance activities. Nickname: Serbian Athens Motto: Ð“Ñ€Ð°Ð´ Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¼ÐµÑ€Ð¸ Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ñ’Ð°Ð½Ð° City of the citizens (in English) Location of Novi Sad within Serbia Coordinates: Country Serbia Province Vojvodina District South BaÄka Established 1694 City status February 1, 1748 Politics - Mayor Maja GojkoviÄ‡ (SRS) - City assembly SRS, DSS and SPS - Municipalities 2 (Novi Sad and Petrovaradin) Area...

Worried about Hungary's increasing reliance on Germany, Admiral Horthy forced Bárdossy to resign and replaced him with Miklós Kállay, a veteran conservative of Bethlen's government. Kállay continued Bárdossy's policy of supporting Germany against the Red Army while he also began negotiations with the Western Allies. MiklÃ³s KÃ¡llay de Nagy-KÃ¡llÃ³ (January 23, 1887, NyÃregyhÃ¡za â€“ January 14, 1967, New York City) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II, from March 9, 1942 to March 19, 1944. ...

During the Battle of Stalingrad, the Hungarian Second Army suffered terrible losses. The heavy Soviet breakthrough at the Don River sliced directly through the Hungarian units. Shortly after the fall of Stalingrad in January of 1943, the Hungarian Second Army nearly ceased to exist as a functioning military unit. Combatants Germany Italy Romania Hungary Croatia Soviet Union Commanders Friedrich Paulus # Erich von Manstein Hermann Hoth Vasiliy Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Georgy Zhukov Semyon Timoshenko Strength German Sixth Army German Fourth Panzer Army Romanian Third Army Romanian Fourth Army Hungarian Second Army Italian Eighth Army Unknown number of Germans Unknown number... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Don (Ð”Ð¾Ð½) is one of the major rivers of Russia. ...

Secret negotiations with the British and Americans continued. As per the request of the Western Allies, there were no connection made with the Soviets. Aware of Kállay's deceit and fearing that Hungary might conclude a separate peace, Hitler ordered Nazi troops to occupy Hungary in March of 1944. Horthy was confined to a castle, in essence, placed under house arrest. Döme Sztójay, an avid supporter of the Nazis, becomame the new Prime Minister. Sztójay governed with the aid of a Nazi military governor, Edmund Veesenmayer. In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ... DÃ¶me SztÃ³jay (January 5, 1883â€“August 22, 1946) was a Hungarian soldier and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II. Born in Versec, now it is called as VrÅ¡ac, SztÃ³jay joined the Austro-Hungarian Army as a young man and served...

While Kallay was Prime Minister, the Jews endured increased economic and political repression, although many (particularly those in Budapest) were protected from the final solution. Political repression is the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of society. ... In a February 26, 1942, letter to German diplomat Martin Luther, Reinhard Heydrich follows up on the Wannsee Conference by asking Luther for administrative assistance in the implementation of the EndlÃ¶sung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question). ...

The War Comes to Hungary

In March of 1944, the Nazis launched Operation Margarethe and German troops occupied Hungary, and mass deportations of Jews to German death camps in occupied Poland were set to begin. The infamous SS Colonel Adolf Eichmann went to Hungary to oversee the large-scale deportations. Between May 15 and July 9, Hungarian authorities deported 437,402 Jews, all but 15 thousand went to Auschwitz-Birkenau.^[4] One in three Jews killed at Auschwitz was a Hungarian citizen. ^[4] During World War II, the Germans planned two Operations Margarethe. ... Majdanek - crematorium Extermination camp (German Vernichtungslager) was the term applied to a group of camps set up by Nazi Germany during World War II for the express purpose of killing the Jews of Europe, although members of some other groups whom the Nazis wished to exterminate, such as Roma (Gypsies... Adolf Eichmann in Germany in 1940 Otto Adolf Eichmann (known as Adolf Eichmann; March 19, 1906 â€“ May 31, 1962) was a high-ranking Nazi and SS ObersturmbannfÃ¼hrer (Lieutenant Colonel). ... The entrance to Auschwitz I. The now notorious motto over the gate, Arbeit macht frei translates as: Work will set you free. ...

In August of 1944, Horthy replaced Sztójay with the anti-Fascist General Géza Lakatos. Under the Lakatos regime, acting Interior Minister Béla Horváth ordered Hungarian gendarmes to prevent any Hungarian citizens from being deported. GÃ©za Lakatos (1890 â€“ 1967) was a general in Hungary during World War II who served briefly as Prime Minister of Hungary, under regent MiklÃ³s Horthy from August 29, 1944, until October 15, 1944. ...

In September of 1944, Soviet forces crossed the Hungarian border. On October 15, 1944, Horthy announced that Hungary had signed an armistice with the Soviet Union. The Hungarian army ignored the armistice. The Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and, by kidnapping his son (Miklós Horthy, Jr.), forced Horthy to abrogate the armistice, depose the Lakatos government, and name the leader of the Arrow Cross Party, Ferenc Szálasi, as Prime Minister. Horthy abdicated and Szálasi became Prime Minister. Image File history File links A Turan I tank of the 2. ... Image File history File links A Turan I tank of the 2. ... General characteristics Length 5. ... Coat of arms of Debrecen Debrecen (approximate pronunciation: deh-breh-tsen; German: ; Polish: ; Romanian: ; Slovak: ) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... In October 1944, Hitler sent one of his favorite commando leaders, Otto Skorzeny, to Hungary when he received word that the countrys Regent, Miklós Horthy was secretly negotiating his countrys surrender to the looming Red Army. ... Flag of the Arrow Cross Party Senior members of the Arrow Cross Party. ... Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi (January 6, 1897-March 12, 1946) was a Fascist and the Prime Minister of Hungary during the final days of Hungarys participation in World War II. Born the son of a soldier in Kassa, SzÃ¡lasi followed in his fathers footsteps and...

Soon Hungary became a battlefield. Szálasi promised greatness for Hungary and a prosperity for the peasants, but in reality Hungary was crumbling and its armies were slowly being destroyed. In cooperation with the Nazis, Szálasi restarted the deportations of Jews, particularly in Budapest. Thousands more Jews were killed by Arrow Cross members. Of the approximately 800,000 Jews residing within Hungary's expanded borders of 1941, only 200,000 (about 25%) survived the Holocaust.^[5] Several thousand Roma were also killed as part of the Porajmos. The retreating German army demolished the rail, road, and communications systems. The advancing Red Army committed mass rapes, mass lootings, and numerous other atrocities. Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ... Gypsy arrivals in the Belzec death camp await instructions The Porajmos (also Porrajmos) literally Devouring, is a term coined by the Roma (Gypsy) people to describe attempts by the Nazi regime to exterminate most of the Roma peoples of Europe during the Holocaust. ...

As an integral part of German General Maximilian Fretter-Pico's Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico, the re-formed Hungarian Second Army enjoyed a modest level of combat success. From 16 September 1944 to 24 October 1944, during the Battle of Debrecen, Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico managed to achieve a major win on the battle field. Avoiding encirclement itself, Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico encircled and destroyed three Soviet tank corps of Mobile Group Pliyev under the command of Issa Pliyev. Earlier, in the same battle, Mobile Group Pliyev had easily sliced through the Hungarian Third Army. But success was costly and, unable to replace lost assets, the Hungarian Second Army was disbanded on 1 December 1944. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Germany, Hungary Soviet Union Commanders Johannes Friessner (Heeresgruppe SÃ¼d), Maximilian Fretter-Pico (6. ... Issa Alexandrovich Pliyev (Russian: Исса Александрович Плиев) (November 12, 1903 - 2 February 1979) was a Soviet military commander, Army General (1962), Double Hero of the Soviet Union (4. ... The Third Army was a combat formation of the Hungarian Army which saw action during World War II. Commanders Lieutenant General ElemÃ©r Gorondy-Novak (1 Mar 1940 - 1 Nov 1941) Lieutenant General ZoltÃ©n Decleva (1 Nov 1941 - 1 Dec 1942) Lieutenant General Lajos Csatay (1 Dec 1942 - 12... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

On December 28, 1944, a provisional government is formed in Hungary under acting Prime Minister Béla Miklós. Miklós immediately ousted Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi's government. The Germans and pro-German Hungarians loyal to Szálasi fought on. Image File history File links Budamarch1945. ... Image File history File links Budamarch1945. ... Combatants Germany, Hungary Soviet Union, Romania Commanders Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch Rodion Malinovsky, Fyodor Tolbukhin Strength 180,000 (90,000 for city defense) 500,000+ (170,000 for city assault) Casualties Low estimate: ~ 48,000 killed, ~ 51,000 captured, High estimate: ~ 150,000 killed or captured, Est. ... December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... BÃ©la MiklÃ³s de DÃ¡lnok (1890â€“1948) was a Hungarian politician who served as acting Prime Minister of Hungary, at first in opposition, and then officially, from 1944 to 1945. ... Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi (January 6, 1897-March 12, 1946) was a Fascist and the Prime Minister of Hungary during the final days of Hungarys participation in World War II. Born the son of a soldier in Kassa, SzÃ¡lasi followed in his fathers footsteps and...

The Red Army completed the encirclement of Budapest on 29 December 1944 and the Battle of Budapest began and continued into February 1945. Most of what remained of the Hungarian First Army was destroyed about 200 miles north of Budapest between January 1 and February 16, 1945. Combatants Germany, Hungary Soviet Union, Romania Commanders Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch Rodion Malinovsky, Fyodor Tolbukhin Strength 180,000 (90,000 for city defense) 500,000+ (170,000 for city assault) Casualties Low estimate: ~ 48,000 killed, ~ 51,000 captured, High estimate: ~ 150,000 killed or captured, Est. ... The Hungarian First Army was a Hungarian field army of World War II. Hungary was an Axis state at the beginning of the European conflict, under Admiral Miklós Horthy. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

On January 20, 1945, representatives of the Hungarian provisional government signed an armistice in Moscow. January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

The siege of Budapest ended with the surrender of the city on February 13, 1945. But, while the German forces in Hungary were generally in a state of defeat, the Germans had one more surprise for the Soviets. In early March of 1945, the Germans launch the Lake Balaton Offensive. This offensive is almost over before it begins. By March 19, 1945, Soviet troops had recaptured all the territory lost during a 13-day German offensive. ^[6] February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Combatants Germany Soviet Union Commanders Josef Dietrich (6. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

After the failed offensive, the Germans in Hungary were defeated. Most of what remained of the Hungarian Third Army was destroyed about 50 miles west of Budapest between March 16-25, 1945. Officially, Soviet operations in Hungary ended on April 4, 1945 when the last German troops were expelled. Some pro-fascist Hungarians like Szálasi went with the Germans. The Third Army was a combat formation of the Hungarian Army which saw action during World War II. Commanders Lieutenant General ElemÃ©r Gorondy-Novak (1 Mar 1940 - 1 Nov 1941) Lieutenant General ZoltÃ©n Decleva (1 Nov 1941 - 1 Dec 1942) Lieutenant General Lajos Csatay (1 Dec 1942 - 12... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Aftermath

On May 7, 1945, General Alfred Jodl, the German Chief of Staff, signed the unconditional surrender of all German forces. On 11 June 1945, the Allies agree to make 9 May 1945 the official "Victory in Europe" day. ^[7] May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Generaloberst Alfred Jodl Alfred Jodl (May 10, 1890 - October 16, 1946) was a Wehrmacht leader. ...

By signing the Peace Treaty of Paris, Hungary again lost all the territories that it gained between 1938 and 1941. Neither Western Allies nor the Soviet Union supported any change in Hungary's pre-1938 borders. The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris peace treaties signed on February 10, 1947. ...

The Treaty of Peace with Hungary signed on 10 February 1947 declared that "The decisions of the Vienna Award of 2 November 1938 are declared null and void" and Hungarian boundaries were fixed along the former frontiers as they existed on 1 January 1938, except a minor loss of territory on the Czechoslovakian border. Half of the ethnic German minority (240,000 people) was deported to Germany in 1946-48, and there was a forced "exchange of population" between Hungary and Czechoslovakia. February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ...

References

^ Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite John F. Montgomery, Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite. Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002.
^ Hungary - Shoah Foundation Institute Visual History Archive
^ The Holocaust in Hungary Holocaust Memorial Centre.
^ ^a ^b
^ Victims of Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Centre.
^ Page 182, The Decline an Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047
^ Page 298, The Decline an Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047

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