NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hurricane Frederic

Hurricane Frederic in 1979 was the one of the costliest hurricanes to ever hit the U.S. Gulf Coast. Damage estimates vary from $1-3 billion, with variations due to inadequate reporting of private insurance claims as well as lack of hard data on uninsured damage. FEMA, which had been established only three months before Frederic hit, was the focal point for nearly $250 million in federal aid for recovery, $188 million of which went to Alabama. Jump to: navigation, search Image File history File links Frederickpic01. ... Jump to: navigation, search August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Camellia State, The Heart of DixieÂ¹, Yellowhammer State Other U.S. States Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Governor Bob Riley (R) Senators Richard Shelby (R) Jeff Sessions (R) Official languages English Area 52,423 miÂ²/135,775 kmÂ² (30th) - Land 50,750 miÂ²/131... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Magnolia State Other U.S. States Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Governor Haley Barbour (R) Senators Thad Cochran (R) Trent Lott (R) Official languages English Area 125,546 kmÂ² (32nd) - Land 121,606 kmÂ² - Water 3,940 kmÂ² (3%) Population (2000) - Population 2,697... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing North America (geographically) A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and... The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... States that border the Gulf of Mexico are shown in red The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. ... New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is an agency of the United States government dedicated to swift response in the event of disasters, both natural and man-made. ...

Anywhere from 250,000 to 350,000 people in the U.S. were evacuated in advance of Frederic. Its sustained winds were clocked at 132 mph (210 km/h), classifying Frederic as a category 4 storm (which is disputed - many classify it as a Category 3 at 130 mph). Its intensity at landfall, based on barometric pressure readings of 27.94 inches of mercury (946 mbar or 94.6 kPa), rank it in the top 25 among U.S. hurricanes in the 20th century. Storm tides of eight to 12 feet above normal were reported from Pascagoula, Mississippi to western Santa Rosa Island, Florida. Five people were killed by the storm and its aftermath. Jump to: navigation, search The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying hurricanes by the intensity of their sustained winds, developed in 1969 by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and National Hurricane Center director Bob Simpson. ... diurnal (daily) rhythm of air pressure in northern Germany (black curve is air pressure) Atmospheric pressure is the pressure above any area in the Earths atmosphere caused by the weight of air. ... Jump to: navigation, search A millibar (mbar, also mb) is 1/1000th of a bar, a unit for measurement of pressure. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... A storm tide is a tide with a high flood period caused by a storm. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pascagoula is a city located in Jackson County, Mississippi. ... Santa Rosa Island is a 40-mile barrier island located in Florida, thirty miles from the Alabama state border. ...

The name Frederic was retired, and was replaced with Fabian in the 1985 season (which was itself retired in the 2003 season). The 1985 Atlantic hurricane season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. ... Jump to: navigation, search First storm formed: April 20, 2003 Last storm dissipated: Dec. ...

Path

Frederic, only the third hurricane given a masculine name, originated as a tropical depression off the west coast of Africa on August 29. It developed an eye on September 1 , but was briefly weakened when it crossed paths with Hurricane David. Regaining strength, Frederic passed over Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, then suddenly turned northwest during the afternoon of September 5. It passed just west of Santo Domingo on September 6. It weakened again, eventually regaining tropical storm strength 100 miles (160 km) east of Cuba's Isle of Youth on September 9. It grew to hurricane intensity a day later, as it moved away from the western tip of Cuba, and headed towards the Gulf Coast. This article is about weather phenomena. ... Jump to: navigation, search August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... Hurricane David formed from a tropical wave in the mid-Atlantic about 800 miles east of the Windward Islands on August 25, 1979. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search Santo Domingo from space, May 1992 Plaza ColÃ³n Santo Domingo, population 2,061,200 (2003), is the capital of the Dominican Republic. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... The Isla de la Juventud (English: Isle of Youth) is the largest island of Cuba after Cuba proper. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ...

Frederic came ashore on September 13 with winds reaching 130 mph (210 km/h) at Dauphin Island Bridge, near the mouth of Mobile Bay. An hour later, it hit the coastline just west of Mobile, Alabama, near the state's border with Mississippi. Jump to: navigation, search September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... Dauphin Island is a barrier island on the western edge of Mobile Bay. ... Mobile Bay - Landsat photo Mobile Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search Nickname: The Azalea City Location in Alabama Founded Incorporated 1702 1814 County Mobile County Mayor Sam Jones Area - Total - Water 412. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Magnolia State Other U.S. States Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Governor Haley Barbour (R) Senators Thad Cochran (R) Trent Lott (R) Official languages English Area 125,546 kmÂ² (32nd) - Land 121,606 kmÂ² - Water 3,940 kmÂ² (3%) Population (2000) - Population 2,697...

Frederic continued north and northeast, downgraded to a tropical storm near Meridian, Mississippi. The eye passed across Birmingham, Alabama on its way northeast. Remnants of the storm crossed the southwest corner of Pennsylvania on September 14 and moved rapidly northeastward through Pennsylvania, New York, and western New England during the day. By evening, it exited from northern Maine; managing to bring more than three inches (80 mm) of rain to southern Québec. Meridian is a city located in, and the county seat of, Lauderdale County in Mississippi, a state of the United States of America. ... Birmingham is the largest city in the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Keystone State Other U.S. States Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Governor Ed Rendell (D) Senators Arlen Specter (R) Rick Santorum (R) Official languages None Area 119,283 kmÂ² (33rd) - Land 116,074 kmÂ² - Water 3,208 kmÂ² (2. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York City Governor George Pataki (R) Senators Charles Schumer (D) Hillary Rodham Clinton (D) Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 kmÂ² or 54,556 square miles (27th) - Land... Jump to: navigation, search While the states marked in red show the core of New England, the regions cultural influence may cover a greater or lesser area than shown. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Pine Tree State Other U.S. States Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Governor John Baldacci (D) Senators Olympia Snowe (R) Susan Collins (R) Official languages None Area 86,542 kmÂ² (39th) - Land 80,005 kmÂ² - Water 11,724 kmÂ² (13. ... The first European explorer of what is now Quebec was Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in the GaspÃ© in 1534 or at Old Fort Bay on the Lower North Shore and sailed into the St. ...

Post-Frederic development

Eleven counties in Alabama, sixteen in Mississippi, and five in Florida were declared eligible for disaster aid. Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Camellia State, The Heart of DixieÂ¹, Yellowhammer State Other U.S. States Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Governor Bob Riley (R) Senators Richard Shelby (R) Jeff Sessions (R) Official languages English Area 52,423 miÂ²/135,775 kmÂ² (30th) - Land 50,750 miÂ²/131... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Magnolia State Other U.S. States Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Governor Haley Barbour (R) Senators Thad Cochran (R) Trent Lott (R) Official languages English Area 125,546 kmÂ² (32nd) - Land 121,606 kmÂ² - Water 3,940 kmÂ² (3%) Population (2000) - Population 2,697... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Senators Bill Nelson (D) Mel Martinez (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 kmÂ² (22nd) - Land 137,374 kmÂ² - Water 30,486 kmÂ² (17. ...

In retrospect, Frederic has been credited with spurring redevelopment in Mobile and the surrounding Gulf Coast region. For example, in testimony before Congress in 1992, Robert Sheets (then the director of the National Hurricane Center), described the economic aftermath of Frederic: The U.S. National Hurricane Center is the division of National Weather Services Tropical Prediction Center responsible for tracking and predicting the likely behavior of tropical depressions, tropical storms and hurricanes. ...

Some of that development takes advantage of federal government's largesse. Dauphin Island, for example, got $32 million to rebuild the bridge destroyed by Frederic, in spite of warnings from FEMA that it would encourage development. The prediction was accurate: an island that suffered $7 million in property damage due to Frederic was host to over a quarter billion dollars in property by 2000. Since then, the barrier island has been struck by four hurricanes and has received millions more in federal disaster aid. Even the relatively weak Hurricane Georges destroyed 41 houses on the island; with help from the federal government, all their owners rebuilt. In August 2005 the island was again swept clear by Hurricane Katrina. This article refers to a form of housing. ... Gulf Shores is a city located in Baldwin County, Alabama. ... Dauphin Island is a barrier island on the western edge of Mobile Bay. ... In geography, a bar is a linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. ... Hurricane Georges was the second most destructive storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. ... Note: as an adjective (stressed on the second syllable instead of the first), august means honorable. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hurricane Katrina was the eleventh named tropical storm, fourth hurricane, third major hurricane, and first Category 5 hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. ...

External links and sources

Categories: Atlantic hurricanes | 1979 Atlantic hurricane season | Category 4 hurricanes | Retired Atlantic hurricanes | Alabama history | Mississippi history | Florida history New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is an agency of the United States government dedicated to swift response in the event of disasters, both natural and man-made. ... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ... The Department of the Environment, also referred to as Environment Canada, is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for coordinating environmental policies and programs as well as preserving and enhancing the natural environment and conservation of wildlife. ... Jump to: navigation, search University of South Florida State University System of Florida FAMU FAU FGCU FIU FSU NCF UCF UF UNF USF UWF The University of South Florida, or USF, is a public university located in Tampa, Florida, USA, with branch campuses in St. ... University of Alabama The University of Alabama (also known as Alabama, UA, or colloquially as Bama) is a public coeducational university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. ... Jump to: navigation, search Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey is the largest institution for higher education in the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... The Philadelphia Inquirer is one of a two Knight Ridder newspaper duopoly daily for the Philadelphia area. ...

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Post-Frederic development

External links and sources

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