NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hurricane Georges

Hurricane Georges was the seventh tropical storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. The tropical cyclone made seven landfalls on its long track through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico during September, becoming the second most destructive storm of the season. Georges killed 603 people, mainly on the island of Hispaniola, and caused nearly $6 billion (1998 US dollars, $7 billion 2006 USD) in damages, mostly in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the levels of tropical depression and tropical storm and thereby become hurricanes; the categories it divides hurricanes into are distinguished by the intensities of their respective sustained winds. ... Image File history File links Hurricane_Georges_20_sept_1998_1445Z.jpgâ€Ž File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hurricane Georges ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... A millibar (mbar, also mb) is 1/1000th of a bar, a unit for measurement of pressure. ... HPA means Physiology Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis: The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands work together to regulate hormone levels and maintain homeostasis. ... Inches of mercury or inHg is a non SI unit for pressure. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ... Palm trees in Islamorada The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area Ranked 30th - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 kmÂ²) - Width 190 miles (306 km) - Length 330 miles (531 km) - % water 3. ... The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1998, and lasted until November 30, 1998. ... The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1998, and lasted until November 30, 1998. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... Map of Central America and the Caribbean Caribbean Sea from space (top left). ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Early map of Hispaniola The island of Hispaniola (from Spanish, La EspaÃ±ola) is the second-largest island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

The hurricane affected at least six different countries (Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and the United States) — more than any other hurricane since Hurricane Inez of the 1966 season, and more than any other hurricane until Hurricane Wilma in the 2005 season affected ten different countries.^[1] Hurricane Inez began as a bundle of clouds, formed in the Atlantic Ocean in October 1966. ... The 1966 Atlantic hurricane season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. ... Lowest pressure 882 mbar (hPa; 26. ... The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, shattering previous records on repeated occasions. ...

Storm history

A tropical wave exited the coast of Africa on September 13. Moving westward, the large system quickly developed a closed circulation, and was classified Tropical Depression Seven on the 15th. A strong upper-level ridge forced the depression to the west-northwest, where warm water temperatures allowed it to strengthen to a tropical storm on the 16th. Georges's circulation developed strong banding features around a well-organized Central Dense Overcast, and with the aid of a developing anti-cyclone, Georges attained hurricane status late on September 17.^[1] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x633, 327 KB) Summary Hurricane Georges (1998) track. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x633, 327 KB) Summary Hurricane Georges (1998) track. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Conditions became nearly ideal for continued development, including warm water temperatures, low-level inflow to the hurricane's north, and good upper-level outflow. A banding eye developed, and Georges reached major hurricane strength on September 19 while 675 miles (1085 km) east-southeast of Antigua. Rapid intensification continued, and Georges peaked at 155 mph (250 km/h) on the 20th. Shortly after peaking, upper-level wind shear from the development of an upper-level low weakened the hurricane as it approached the Leeward Islands. ^[1] Summary Hurricane Georges as a category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph on September 19. ... Summary Hurricane Georges as a category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph on September 19. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... km redirects here. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ...

On September 21, Georges made landfall directly on Antigua and St. Kitts, though its wide windfield affected many other islands. After weakening to a Category 2 hurricane over the Caribbean Sea, upper-level shear decreased, and Georges strengthened again before making landfall near Fajardo, Puerto Rico as a 115 mph (185 km/h) hurricane. Over the mountainous terrain of the island, the hurricane weakened to a Category 2 storm again, but over the Mona Passage it again re-intensified to hit eastern Dominican Republic with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) on the 22nd. Like in Puerto Rico, Georges was greatly weakened by the mountainous terrain, and after crossing the Windward Passage, it struck 30 miles (48 km) east of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on the 23rd. Well-defined upper-level outflow allowed the hurricane to remain well organized, and while paralleling the northern coastline of the island Georges retained minimal hurricane status.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1100 Ã— 1100 pixel, file size: 257 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The NOAA emblem is the property of the U.S. Government and a trademark of the United States Department of Commerce. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1100 Ã— 1100 pixel, file size: 257 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The NOAA emblem is the property of the U.S. Government and a trademark of the United States Department of Commerce. ... Biloxi Lighthouse (of 1848) Biloxi () is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the U.S.. The 2000 census recorded the population as 50,644. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Saint Kitts (also/previously known as Saint Christopher) is an island in the Caribbean. ... The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the levels of tropical depression and tropical storm and thereby become hurricanes; the categories it divides hurricanes into are distinguished by the intensities of their respective sustained winds. ... Map of Central America and the Caribbean Caribbean Sea from space (top left). ... Nickname: Los Cariduros, La MetrÃ³polis del Sol Naciente Gentilic: FajardeÃ±os Location Location of Fajardo, Puerto Rico within Puerto Rico Government Founded 1772 Mayor Hon. ... The Mona Passage is a strait that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. ... The Windward Passage marked in red The Windward Passage is a strait in the Caribbean Sea, between the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. ... Map of Cuba with location of GuantÃ¡namo Bay indicated. ...

Hurricane Georges reached the Straits of Florida on September 24, and as it had done earlier in its lifetime, quickly restrengthened to Category 2 status on the 25th due to warm water temperatures and little upper-level shear. It continued to the west-northwest, and struck Key West later on the 25th with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). Despite moving over warmer water, Georges only managed to peak at 110 mph (175 km/h) in the Gulf of Mexico, likely due to its disrupted inner core. A mid-tropospheric anticyclone pushed the hurricane slowly north-northwestward, forcing Georges to make its 7th and final landfall near Biloxi, Mississippi on the 28th. Within 24 hours, Georges had weakened to a tropical depression, and due to weak steering currents the storm looped over southern Mississippi, then drifted to the east. The weak circulation moved eastward over the interior of the Florida Panhandle, and dissipated on October 1 near the Florida/Georgia border.^[1] The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a strait located south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Florida Keys and Cuba. ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Key West Key West is a city located in Monroe County, Florida. ... Biloxi Lighthouse (of 1848) Biloxi () is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the U.S.. The 2000 census recorded the population as 50,644. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] kmÂ²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ...

Preparations

In the days prior to the hurricane's arrival, millions of citizens in Puerto Rico prepared for the major hurricane by boarding windows and purchasing supplies. Puerto Rican governor Pedro Rosselló activated the island's National Guard, opened 416 shelters, and enacted a temporary prohibition on alcohol sales. More than 28,000 people across the island evacuated their homes to the shelters in the northern portion of the island. Both FEMA and the American Red Cross deployed workers there with supplies for a potentially deadly event.^[2]^[3] The National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings for the island 37 hours prior to Hurricane Georges's landfall.^[1] Pedro Juan RossellÃ³ GonzÃ¡lez, M.D. [pronounced â€œroh-seh-yÃ³hâ€] (born April 5, 1944 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican politician who was the sixth Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001. ... New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is an agency of the United States government dedicated to swift response in the event of disasters, both natural and man-made. ... A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ...

Due to initial forecasts of the hurricane brushing the northern portion of the country, the Dominican Republic was caught off guard. Instead, like in Puerto Rico, Georges traversed the entire country, and passed close to Santo Domingo. Neighboring Haiti expected the worst, opening shelters and evacuating vulnerable people from low-lying coastal areas.^[4] It has been suggested that Greater Santo Domingo Area be merged into this article or section. ...

Prior to making landfall, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from coastal areas in eastern Cuba. In the potentially impacted area, Cuba's revolutionary army was sent to farm lands to harvest crops that could be destroyed during the storm. Members of the Cuban government travelled door-to-door to alert everyone of the hurricane. In addition to this, President Fidel Castro spoke live on national television to explain the country's plans to withstand the hurricane, as well as ensuring a quick recovery effort by using all of the nation's resources.^[5] The Cuban Government issued Hurricane Warnings 30½ hours prior to landfall.^[1] Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

Initial forecasts of a southeastern Florida landfall forced over 1.2 million to evacuate, including much of the Florida Keys. Despite the mandatory evacuation order, 20,000 people, including over 7,000 Key West citizens, refused to leave. Some of those who remained to ride out the storm were shrimpers, whose boats were their entire livelihood. Insurance companies refused to insure some of the older shrimp boats, leading shrimpers to ride it out with all they had left.^[6] Due to lack of law enforcement, those who stayed in Key West went through red lights, double-parked, and disobeyed traffic laws. Long-time Florida Keys citizens noted the solitude of the time and enjoyed the island for how it once was, rather than the large crowds of tourists.^[7] Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] kmÂ²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ... Palm trees in Islamorada The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. ... Map of Key West Key West is a city located in Monroe County, Florida. ...

In the northern Gulf of Mexico, Georges was forecast to attain major hurricane status and make landfall in southeastern Louisiana. Because of this, portions of the state were evacuated, including New Orleans. There, the Louisiana Superdome was, for the first time in its history, used as a refuge of last resort for those unable to evacuate New Orleans. More than 14,000 citizens rode out the storm in the facility, causing difficulties to supply necessities. The building had no problems related to the weather, though evacuees looted the building, stole furniture, and damaged property. However, the damage was much less than in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.^[8] Many citizens in southern Mississippi were told to leave due to a mandatory or recommended evacuation. Of those in the evacuation area, 60% actually left. Most of those who stayed remained because they believed their house was safe enough for the storm. Of those who left, most went to a relative's house in their own county.^[9] Prior to making landfall, Georges's track was very uncertain. This forced for the mandatory evacuations of Alabama's two coastal counties, Baldwin and Mobile Counties, with a combined population of over 500,000 people.^[10] Despite the order, only 67% of the area actually left to a safer place. Most of those who remained stayed because they believed their house would be able to withstand the hurricane. The majority of those who did leave went to a relative's house in a safer portion of the state.^[9] In the days before making landfall, only 22% of the population in recommended evacuation areas along the Florida Panhandle actually left. However, most of them were prepared to leave if the situation became worse. Those who did leave were concerned about the severity of the storm, while those who stayed felt their home was safe enough for the hurricane's effects. Floridians who evacuated typically left for a friend or relative's house, and only went to another area of their county.^[9] Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area Ranked 31st - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 kmÂ²) - Width 130 miles (210 km) - Length 379 miles (610 km) - % water 16 - Latitude 29Â°N to 33Â°N - Longitude 89Â°W... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Superdome redirects here. ... Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa; 26. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area Ranked 30th - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 kmÂ²) - Width 190 miles (306 km) - Length 330 miles (531 km) - % water 3. ... Baldwin County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. ... Mobile County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. ... The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. ...

Impact

A long-lasting hurricane, Hurricane Georges brought torrential rainfall and mudslides along much of its path through the Greater Antilles. In all, the hurricane caused $5.9 billion (1998 USD, $6.9 billion 2006 USD)) in damage to the United States and its possessions, and resulted in 603 fatalities. In the two months after Georges's final landfall, the American Red Cross spent $104 million (1998 USD, $120 million 2005 USD) on relief aid through Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, making Georges the costliest disaster aid in the program's 125-year history.^[1] Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area Ranked 30th - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 kmÂ²) - Width 190 miles (306 km) - Length 330 miles (531 km) - % water 3. ... The Greater Antilles, an island group in the Caribbean Sea, are part of the Antilles. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] kmÂ²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area Ranked 31st - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 kmÂ²) - Width 130 miles (210 km) - Length 379 miles (610 km) - % water 16 - Latitude 29Â°N to 33Â°N - Longitude 89Â°W... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area Ranked 30th - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 kmÂ²) - Width 190 miles (306 km) - Length 330 miles (531 km) - % water 3. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Leeward Islands

Upon moving through the Leeward Islands, Georges brought strong winds and heavy rainfall, amounting to a maximum of 7.5 inches (190 mm) at St. John.^[1] The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ... St Johns is the capital city of the nation of Antigua and Barbuda, a country located in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea. ...

In Antigua, strong winds caused severe property damage, mostly caused to roofs. 10-20% of houses were greatly impacted, including three schools. High winds during the passage of the hurricane downed telephone and power lines, causing loss of communication and power across much of the island.^[11] Between Barbuda and Antigua, Georges killed 2 people and left 3,800 homeless.^[12] Barbuda is an island in the Antigua and Barbuda. ...

After passing through Antigua, Georges produced strong winds of up to 115 mph (185 km/h) while passing over St. Kitts, downing power lines, telephone lines, and trees across the island. Lack of electricity resulted in damage to water facilities, as well. Georges's high winds caused extensive property damage, damaging 80-85% of the houses on the island, and destroying 20-25% of homes. Many schools, businesses, hospitals, and government buildings lost their roofs, while the airport experienced severe damage to its main terminal and control tower, limiting flights to the daytime. St. Kitts' economy was disrupted from severe agricultural losses, including the devastation of 50% of their sugar crop. In addition, damaged hotels and piers created a long-term impact through lack of tourism - an industry the island relies on. In all, Hurricane Georges caused 5 fatalities, left 3,000 homeless, and resulted in $445 million (1998 USD) in damage on the island.^[13] Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Saint Kitts (also/previously known as Saint Christopher) is an island in the Caribbean. ...

In the other part of the country, Nevis fared better. Like on St. Kitts, high winds downed power and telephone lines, damaging the water system there. 35% of homes on the island were damaged, though none were destroyed. Rainfall and debris killed several hundred livestock and seriously damaged coconut trees, amounting to $2.5 million (1998 USD) in agricultural damage. There were no casualties reported on the island, and damaged amounted to $39 million (1998 USD).^[13] Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Official language English Political status State in the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis Premier Joseph Parry Deputy Governor-General[1] Eustace John President, Nevis Island Assembly Marjorie Morton Capital Charlestown, Nevis Area - Total (Not ranked) 35. ...

In other nearby islands, Georges's impact was relatively minor. Power outages, flooding, and minor to moderate structural damage was common.^[10]

Puerto Rico

On making landfall, Georges brought a 10 foot (3 m) storm surge, along with 20 foot (6 m) waves on top of it.^[1]^[14] The hurricane spawned 2 tornadoes on the island, though they caused little damage. Georges dropped immense precipitation in the mountain regions, amounting to a maximum of 30.51 inches (775 mm) in Jayuya with many other locations reporting over 1 foot (300 mm).^[1] ^[15] The mountain flooding drained off in the island's rivers, causing every river to overflow its banks. Near the coast, the surfeit of water carved new channels from the record discharge rate. The storm's strong winds caused beach erosion in many places along the coastline. Eroded beaches, flooding, and debris left many roads impassable or destroyed, isolating some villages on the western portion of the island.^[16] Over 22,000 people were sheltered in 139 shelters in cities throughout the island. All experienced power outages, and after the storm passed through, lack of water and sewer systems was a serious problem.^[9] Image File history File links Georges_River_Flooding. ... Image File history File links Georges_River_Flooding. ... Image File history File links Damaged_Earthflow_from_Georges. ... Image File history File links Damaged_Earthflow_from_Georges. ... Image:Jayuya esc. ... Many stretches of the coastline of East Anglia, England, are prone to high rates of erosion, as illustrated by this collapsed section of the cliffs at Hunstanton, Norfolk. ...

Hurricane Georges was the first hurricane to cross the entire island since the San Ciprian Hurricane in 1932.^[16] Its large circulation brought fierce winds to the entire island, damaging 72,605 houses and destroying 28,005 homes. This left tens of thousands homeless after the storm's passage.^[1] High winds downed nearly half of the island's electric and telephone lines, leaving 96% of the population powerless and 8.4% of telephone customers without service. Lack of electricity greatly damaged the water system, resulting in the loss of water and sewers for 75% of the island. Georges's deluge of rainfall caused significant damage to the agricultural industry, including the loss of 75% of its coffee crop, 95% of its banana or plantain crop, and 65% of its live poultry.^[16] Image File history File links Georges_PR_Damage. ... Image File history File links Georges_PR_Damage. ... The 1932 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1932, and lasted until November 30, 1932. ...

In all, Hurricane Georges caused $1.9 billion in damage (1998 USD, $2.25 billion 2006 USD), but due to well-executed warnings there were no reported casualties.^[1] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1416x800, 19 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hurricane Georges User:Icelandic Hurricane/Contributions ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1416x800, 19 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hurricane Georges User:Icelandic Hurricane/Contributions ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

In the nearby small island of Culebra, Georges destroyed 74 houses and damaged 89 others, although damage estimates are not available there.^[16] Culebra (meaning snake in Spanish) has several meanings: Most commonly, it refers to the island of Culebra, part of Puerto Rico. ...

Hispaniola

Though there are no recorded amounts, satellite-derived rainfall estimates show up to 39 inches (990 mm) of rain falling in the mountainous terrain of the countries. This heavy rainfall resulted in mudslides and flooding, killing a total of 589 people across the island.^[1]

Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic, Georges brought strong winds and very heavy rains, along with a 7 foot (2 m) storm surge. Nearly 10 hours of continuous rainfall resulted in mudslides and overflown rivers across the mountainous country, damaging many cities along the southern coastline, including the capital. 120 mph (195 km/h) winds downed and uprooted trees across much of the country, littering streets with debris and mud. Thousands of houses were destroyed, while many were completely destroyed from the flooding and winds. The entire country was without electricity during the aftermath of the storm, damaging water and communication systems.^[17] Heavy wind damage and flooding caused extensive damage to the airport in Santo Domingo, restricting usage to military and non-commercial flights.^[18] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... It has been suggested that Greater Santo Domingo Area be merged into this article or section. ...

Most impacted by Hurricane Georges was the agricultural industry. The areas hardest hit by the hurricane coincided with the country's main crop-growing areas, including the provinces around Santo Domingo. After a severe drought in 1997, extreme rainfall damaged around 470,000 acres (1,900 km²) of food crops, including various types of vegetables, fruits, and roots — some of the country's main diet food. Substantial amounts of tobacco and sugar plantations, the country's most important export crop, were severely damaged. The extreme flooding caused great losses in the poultry industry, an important economy in the area. The Dominican Republic had to import significant amounts of rice and other crops to compensate for the losses.^[19] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Death toll reports were slow in the wake of the storm, but a total of 380 people died from Hurricane Georges.^[1] Damage in the Dominican Republic amounted to $1.2 billion (1998 USD, $1.4 billion 2006 USD).^[20] The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Haiti

Upon reaching Haiti, Georges was a weakened hurricane, but it still brought heavy rainfall across the entire country. The capital city of Port au Prince was largely unharmed, with the exception of flooding in low-lying coastal areas, damaging the main commercial port.^[18] The rest of the country, however, experienced a significant number of mudslides due to deforestation along the mountains.^[21] These mudslides destroyed or severely damaged many houses, leaving 167,332 homeless.^[1] Damage was greatest along the northern coastline from Cap-Haitien to Gonaives due to the flooding and mudslides.^[22] On the southern coast, the head of a U.S.-based medical team, stranded for several days by flooding in the remote town of Belle Anse, anticipated a rise in malnutrition, disease, homelessness and poverty. ^[23] Lack of electricity led to a total disruption of Haiti's water supply system, causing a decrease in sanitary conditions across the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.^[24] In all, 209 people died in Haiti.^[1] Categories: Caribbean geography stubs | Capitals in North America | Haiti ... Cap-Haïtien (or Le Cap) is a city of about 500,000 people on the north coast of Haiti. ... Gonaïves is a city in northern Haiti, the capital of Artibonite department. ... The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ...

Like in the Dominican Republic, the agricultural sector suffered extreme damage. After a severe drought in 1997, Georges's severe flooding stopped any chances of recovering quickly. Most of the country's significant crop land, including Artibonite Valley, suffered total losses. Up to 80% of banana plantations were lost, while vegetable, roots, tubers, and other food crops were ruined. In addition, thousands of small farm animals were either killed or lost.^[19] Total agricultural losses amounted to $179 million (1998 USD, $210 million 2006 USD).^[25] The country requested food assistance in the aftermath of the hurricane to alleviate the serious losses.^[19]

Cuba

Upon making landfall, Hurricane Georges produced torrential rainfall, amounting to a maximum of 24.41 inches (620 mm) at Limonar in the province of Guantánamo. Several other locations reported over a foot (300 mm) of precipitation as well.^[1] Storm surge of 4–6 feet (1–2 m) was expected along the eastern coastline, along with dangerous waves on top of the surge. Though winds were reduced by the time Georges hit Cuba, it still retained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), along with stronger gusts in squalls.^[26] ...

The hurricane's heavy rainfall resulted in mudslides along the mountainous terrain. This, combined with strong winds, damaged 60,475 homes, of which 3,481 were completely destroyed.^[1] In the country, 100,000 were left homeless due to Hurricane Georges.^[27] High winds downed power lines, trees, and telephone poles, leaving many in eastern Cuba without electricity in the aftermath of the storm. Along the coast, severe flooding washed out railroad and highway bridges. Though eastern Cuba was the area most affected, the central and western portion of the island, including Havana, experienced torrential rains and strong wind gusts.^[28] There, strong waves broke over the seawall, and caused heavy flood damage to some of the town's old buildings.^[29] This article is about the Cuban city. ... Seawall protecting homes from storm waves and beach erosion. ...

Like in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, the severe drought during the El Niño of 1997 exacerbated the flood's disruption to crops in eastern Cuba. The heavy rainfall from Georges damaged the crops greatly, despite the effort to harvest them prior to its arrival. Up to 70% of the plantain crop, a chief food in the country's diet, was destroyed. The sugarcane crop fared badly as well, limiting one of the country's important export crops. The coffee and cocoa plantations also suffered from the hurricane, further damaging the country's food supply.^[19] Chart of ocean surface temperature anomaly [Â°C] during the last strong El NiÃ±o in December 1997 El NiÃ±o and La NiÃ±a (also written in English as El Nino and La Nina) are major temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. ...

Well-executed evacuations and warnings limited the death toll to six, ^[1] while damage amounted to $40 million (1998 USD, $46 million 2005 USD). ^[30]

Bahamas

Though Georges was forecast to move through the Bahamas, it passed to the south of the archipelago. It brought 70 mph (110 km/h) winds to Turks and Caicos Islands and South Andros, as well as precipitation in the storm's outer bands. Though damage was minimal, one person died in the country.^[31]^[1] South Andros is a district of the nation of The Bahamas. ...

South Florida

The eye of the storm passed near Key West about midday.^[6] Upon making landfall, Hurricane Georges brought a storm surge of up to 12 feet (3.6 m) in Tavernier, Florida, with similar but lesser amounts along the Florida Keys.^[6] The islands, some only 7 feet (2 m) high and 300 yards (275 m) wide, are easily flooded,^[7] and with up to 10 foot (3 m) waves many parts of the Overseas Highway were under water. Strong winds downed palm trees and power lines, leaving all of the Keys without power. Georges's waves overturned 2 boats in Key West,^[6] damaged 1,536 houses, and destroyed 173 homes, many of which were mobile homes. Rainfall amounts amounted to a maximum of 8.41 inches (210 mm) in Tavernier, while other locations reported lesser amounts.^[1] Damage in the Florida Keys amounted to $200 million (1998 USD, $235 million 2006 USD).^[32] Image File history File links Key_West_Damage. ... Image File history File links Key_West_Damage. ... Image File history File links Key_West_Seawall_Damage. ... Image File history File links Key_West_Seawall_Damage. ... Tavernier is a census-designated place and town located in Monroe County, Florida, on an island named Plantation Key in the Florida Keys. ... The Matecumbe Keys toll booth on June 21, 1938. ... Tavernier is a census-designated place and town located in Monroe County, Florida, on an island named Plantation Key in the Florida Keys. ...

Further up the coast, the hurricane's outer bands produced light rainfall of up to 3 inches (80 mm).^[1] Strong winds knocked down power lines, leaving 200,000 without power in the Miami area. Damage was minimal, and there were no reported casualties.^[6] This article is about the city in Florida. ...

Louisiana

Georges's strong storm surge caused extensive beach erosion and flooding on the Chandeleur Islands, the first line of protection for the coasts of Louisiana and Mississippi. The long island chain was reduced to a few banks of sand in the Gulf. Grand Gosier, the home to a flock of the endangered Brown Pelicans, experienced severe flooding, destroying their habitats.^[32] Image File history File links Chandeleur_Islands_Pre_Georges. ... Image File history File links Chandeleur_Islands_Pre_Georges. ... The Chandeleur Islands are a chain of uninhabited barrier islands approximately 40 miles long, located in the Gulf of Mexico. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Binomial name Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766 The Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) is the smallest of the eight species of pelican, although it is a large bird in nearly every other regard. ...

Upon making landfall, Hurricane Georges brought a storm surge peaking at 8.9 feet (2.4 m) in Pointe a la Hache, Louisiana, along with higher waves on top of it. Located on the weaker side of the storm, rainfall totals were low, and amounted to a maximum of 3 inches (8 cm). Winds were generally light, peaking at 45 mph (70 km/h).^[1] Overall, damage was minimal in Louisiana. High winds downed power lines, leaving 160,000 without electricity across the state.^[33] In the state, Hurricane Georges caused $25 million (1998 USD, $29 million 2006 USD) in damage, but no deaths due to well-executed evacuations.^[1] Image File history File links Chandeleur_Islands_Post_Georges. ... Image File history File links Chandeleur_Islands_Post_Georges. ... Point a la Hache is an unincorporated village or place in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. ...

Mississippi

Upon making landfall, Hurricane Georges brought a storm surge of up to 8.9 feet (2.7 m) in Biloxi, Mississippi. While stalling over the southern portion of the state, it produced torrential rainfall, amounting to 16.7 inches (420 mm) in Pascagoula. The heavy flooding caused significant river overflowing, including the Tchoutacabouffa River at D'Iberville, which set a record crest of 19 feet (5.7 m). The overflown rivers in the southern portion of the state flooded homes and forced more to evacuate just days after the hurricane came through.^[1] In addition, squall lines spawned multiple tornadoes, damaging evacuation shelters in Pascagoula and Gautier.^[33] Biloxi Lighthouse (of 1848) Biloxi () is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the U.S.. The 2000 census recorded the population as 50,644. ... Pascagoula Refinery SkylineU.S. Route 90 Pascagoula is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. ... DIberville is a city located in Harrison County, Mississippi. ...

Beach erosion occurred along the coastline, resulting in some property damage on beach houses. Around Biloxi, coastal casinos and the shipyards experienced little from the storm. Inland, high winds and flooding caused extensive damage to homes.^[34] Georges's winds downed power lines, leaving 230,000 without power after the storm.^[10] After the storm, over 6,800 people stayed in 49 different shelters. One shelter in Forrest County was damaged, forcing the citizens to another camp. The shelters experienced roof damage and severe power outages, though one problem that could not be overcome was the language barrier with immigrants.^[9] Overall, Hurricane Georges caused $665 million (1998 USD, $779 million 2006 USD) in damage, though no deaths due to well-executed evacuations.^[1] Forrest County is a county located in the state of Mississippi. ...

Alabama

Upon making landfall, Georges brought a strong storm surge peaking at 11.9 feet (3.6 m) in Fort Morgan, along with 25 foot (7.6 m) waves on top of it.^[1]^[10] While moving slowly through the state, it dropped torrential rainfall, peaking at 29.66 inches (75 cm) in Bay Minette. Outer squalls spawned tornadoes in the southeast portion of the state, though damage from them was minimal.^[1] Along the coastline, heavy rainfall and strong waves caused extensive property damage. In Gulf Shores, for example, 251 houses, 16 apartment buildings, and 70 businesses experienced significant damage. On the barrier island, Dauphin Island, the hurricane destroyed 50 houses and left 40 uninhabitable.^[32] Further inland, high winds downed power lines and trees, leaving 177,000 people without power after the storm.^[10] 17 shelters housed 4,977 people in the aftermath of the storm. Damage to the buildings were minimal to non-existent, with the only direct effect from the hurricane being a brief interruption of electricity.^[9] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (811x693, 623 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hurricane Georges User:Icelandic Hurricane/Contributions ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (811x693, 623 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hurricane Georges User:Icelandic Hurricane/Contributions ... Fort Morgan, Mobile Point, Alabama, 1864, showing damage to the south side of the fort. ... Bay Minette is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. ... Gulf Shores is a coastal city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. ... Dauphin Island is a barrier island on the western edge of Mobile Bay. ...

Overall, damage in Alabama amounted to $125 million (1998 USD, $146 million 2006 USD). Freshwater flooding in Mobile resulted in one death, the only death in the United States.^[1]

Florida Panhandle

Upon making landfall, Hurricane Georges produced a storm surge of up to 10 feet (3 m), with higher waves on top of it. As it moved slowly through the northern Gulf Coast, it produced torrential rainfall amounting to a maximum of 38 inches (960 mm) in Munson, with other locations reporting over 20 inches (510 mm). Winds were light, peaking at 50 mph (80 km/h) along the coast, though Eglin Air Force Base recorded a wind gust of 90 mph (145 km/h). Outer squalls produced a tornado outbreak of 28 twisters, most of which occurred in northwestern Florida.^[1] The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ... Eglin Air Force Base is the home of the United States Air Force 96th Air Base Wing of the Air Force Materiel Command, and is also headquarters for more than 45 associate units. ...

6,525 people stayed in 34 shelters in the Florida Panhandle, though the shelters experienced little from the hurricane.^[9] Damage amounted to $100 million (1998 USD, $117 million 2006 USD), though no deaths were reported.^[32] The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. ...

Georgia

In Georgia, the remnants of Georges dropped 4 inches of rain across Franklin County.^[35] In Appling County however, rainfall of 5-7 inches closed several roads and left $10,000 (1998 USD) in damage. ^[36] Atkinson County also reported flood damage of $15,000 (1998 USD) in damage. ^[37] Stewart County, received over 5 inches of rain which caused extensive flooding that left several roads impassable. Damage from the storm totaled to $33,000 (1998 USD). ^[38] In the town of Lumpkin, a funnel cloud was reported but there were no damage. ^[39] In addition to the flooding, the remnants of Georges spawned numerous tornadoes across the state of Georgia. In Randolph County, an F1 tornado uprooted several trees and injured one person. Damage from the tornado totaled up to $500,000 dollars (1998 USD)^[40] Franklin County is a county located in the state of Georgia. ... Appling County is a county located in the Georgia. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Atkinson County is a county located in the Georgia. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... A funnel cloud. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Retirement

The name Georges was retired in the spring of 1999 and will never again be used in the Atlantic basin. It was replaced with Gaston in the 2004 season. This is a list of all Atlantic hurricanes that have had their names retired. ... The Atlantic Basin includes the main body of the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, but ommits other bodies of water considered to be a part of the Atlantic Ocean in the broad sense, such as the Mediteranean Sea. ... Hurricane Gaston was a weak Category 1 hurricane that made landfall in South Carolina on August 29, 2004, crossed North Carolina and Virginia before exiting to the northeast and dissapating. ... The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2004, and lasted until November 30, 2004. ...

Other notes

is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Atlantic Basin includes the main body of the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, but ommits other bodies of water considered to be a part of the Atlantic Ocean in the broad sense, such as the Mediteranean Sea. ... The 1893 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1893, and lasted until November 30, 1893. ... Binomial name Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 The largemouth triplefin, Ucla xenogrammus, is a fish of the family Tripterygiidae and only member of the genus Ucla, found in the Pacific Ocean from Viet Nam, the Philippines, Palau and the Caroline Islands to Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Christmas Island), and the... The University of Miami (also known as UM or just The U) is a private university founded in 1925 with its main campus in the city of Coral Gables in metropolitan Miami, Florida, in the United States. ... The Miami Orange Bowl is a stadium in the City of Miami, Florida, west of Downtown in Little Havana. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] kmÂ²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hurricane Carla, a Category 5 at peak intensity, was one of the most powerful storms to ever strike the United States. ... The Eagle is a freighter which was sunk intentionally near Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida, to become an artificial reef and diving spot. ... Palm trees in Islamorada The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. ...

Contents

Storm history

Preparations

Impact

Leeward Islands

Puerto Rico

Hispaniola

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Cuba

Bahamas

South Florida

Louisiana

Mississippi

Alabama

Florida Panhandle

Georgia

Retirement

Other notes

See also

External links

Notes

Contents

Storm history var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Preparations

Impact

Leeward Islands

Puerto Rico

Hispaniola

Dominican Republic

Haiti

Cuba

Bahamas

South Florida

Louisiana

Mississippi

Alabama

Florida Panhandle

Georgia

Retirement

Other notes

See also

External links

Notes

Storm history