The Honda Insight has been the most fuel efficient of the hybrids.

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle without being hampered by range from a charging unit like a battery electric vehicle, which uses batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems may have common subsystems or components. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) Automobiles are among the most commonly used engine powered vehicles. ... Ground propulsion is a different term than transport, because it refers to solid bodies being propelled. ... A rechargeable energy storage system or RESS is a system that stores energy for delivery of electric energy and which is rechargeable. ... Fuel economy monitor from a 2006 Honda Airwave Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of fuel required to move the automobile over a given distance. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... For electric vehicles other than battery powered passenger automobiles, see electric vehicle. ...

Regular HEVs most commonly use an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass produced HEVs prolong the charge on their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking, and some HEVs can use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (often a motor-generator) to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed. An HEV's engine is smaller and may be run at various speeds, providing more efficiency. A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Four double-A batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ... For other kinds of motors, see motor. ... Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardised products on production lines. ... The cars of a roller coaster reach their maximum kinetic energy when at the bottom of their path. ... Regenerative braking is any technology which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost to heat when braking. ... This article is about machines that produce electricity. ... Radio station motor-generator, converting from low to the high voltage power supply. ... Idle reduction is type of automobile emissions control aimed at reducing the amount of energy wasted by an idling vehicle. ...

HEVs became widely available to the public in the late 1990s with the introduction of the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. HEVs are viewed by some automakers as a core segment of the next future automotive market.^[1] An article for the July-August 2007 issue of THE FUTURIST magazine titled "Energy Diversity as a Business Imperative"^[2] included plug-in hybrid vehicles. GM vice president for environment and energy Elizabeth Lowery is quoted as saying, "Today, we are embracing multiple energy sources because there is no single answer available for the mass market…"^[3] For the band, see 1990s (band). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ... Automakers, also known as carmakers, automobile manufacturers, motor manufacturers, or the automobile industry are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ... // Main article: automakers As fuel price doubled between 2002 and 2006, SUV unit sales were seemingly strong. ... Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ...

Technology

The variety of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of the hybrid vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type and the mode of operation. Petroleum electric hybrid vehicles make use of both an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion. ...

In 2007, several manufacturers have announced that vehicles will use aspects of hybrid electric technology to reduce fuel consumption without the use of the hybrid drivetrain. Regenerative braking can be used to recapture energy and stored to power electrical accessories, such as air conditioning. Shutting down the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions without the addition of a hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some of the advantages of hybrid electric technology are gained while additional cost and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they may be termed mild hybrids. Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. ...

The 2000s saw development of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid and do not require conventional fuel for short trips. The Renault Kangoo was the first production model of this design, released in France in 2003. The number of US survey respondents willing to pay $4,000 more for a plug-in hybrid car increased from 17% in 2005 to 26% in 2006. ... Power line redirects here. ... The Renault Kangoo and Kangoo Express is a van and leisure activity vehicle produced by Renault since 1997. ...

Engines and fuel sources

Gasoline

Gasoline engines are used in most hybrid electric designs, and will likely remain dominant for the foreseeable future. While petroleum-derived gasoline is the primary fuel, it is possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created from renewable energy sources. Like most modern ICE-powered vehicles, HEVs can typically use up to about 15% bioethanol. Manufacturers may move to flexible fuel engines, which would increase allowable ratios, but no plans are in place at present. Gasoline engine (also referred to as petrol engine or Otto engine) invented at the end of the 19th century by German engineer Nikolaus Otto is a type of internal combustion engine which is often used for automobiles, aircraft, small mobile vehicles such as lawnmowers or motorcycles, and outboard motors for... Petro redirects here. ... Renewable energy effectively utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... A flexible-fuel vehicle or dual-fuel vehicle is an automobile or truck (lorry) that can typically alternate between two sources of fuel. ...

Diesel

Diesel-electric HEVs use a diesel engine for power generation. Diesels have advantages when delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering less wear while operating at higher efficiency. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most diesel vehicles can use 100% pure biofuels (biodiesel), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all for fuel (although mixes of biofuel and petroleum are more common, and petroleum may be needed for lubrication). If diesel-electric HEVs were in use, this benefit would likely also apply. Diesel-electric hybrid drivetrains have begun to appear in commercial vehicles (particularly buses); as of 2007, no light duty diesel-electric hybrid passenger cars are currently available, although prototypes exist. Peugeot is expected to produce a diesel-electric hybrid version of its 308 in late 2008 for the European market.^[4] A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... Diesel engines in a museum Diesel generator on an oil tanker A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle. ... Bio-energy redirects here. ... This article is about transesterified lipids. ... Petro redirects here. ... Lubrication occurs when opposing surfaces are separated by a lubricant film. ...

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid drivetrain: the Peugeot 307, Citroën C4 Hybride HDi and Citroën C-Cactus.^[5] Volkswagen made a prototype diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 L/100 km (140 mpg imp/120 mpg US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. General Motors has been testing the Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009. PSA Peugeot Citroën (PSA) is a vehicle company that owns the marques Peugeot and Citroën. ... A red Peugeot 307 CC, a coupé cabriolet with a folding steel roof The Peugeot 307 Sedan sold in the Chinese Market only The Peugeot 307 is a small family car produced by the French Peugeot manufacturer since 2001. ... Rear of a Citroën C4 three-door The Citroën C4 is a small family car produced by French automaker Citroën since autumn 2004. ... This Citroën is a cheerfully and attractively-styled C-Cactus concept, debuting at the Frankfurt Motor Show 2007. ... VW redirects here. ... For other uses, see Prototype (disambiguation). ... General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is an American automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ... See also Vauxhall Astra, Holden Astra, and Saturn Astra for the usage of the nameplate by other General Motors subsidiaries. ...

Robert Bosch GmbH is supplying hybrid diesel-electric technology to diverse automakers and models, including the Peugeot 308.^[6] Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... The Peugeot 308 is the name of the replacement for the Peugeot 307, a small family car produced by the French automaker PSA. It was unveiled on June 5, 2007 and it is the first car of the 008 generation of Peugeot models. ...

So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in mass transit buses. In the United States of America, transit describes local area common carrier passenger transportation configured to provide scheduled service on fixed routes on a non-reservation basis. ...

FedEx, along with Eaton Corp. in the USA and Iveco in Europe, has begun deploying a small fleet of Hybrid diesel electric delivery trucks.^[7] As of October 2007 Fedex now operates more than 100 diesel electric hybrids in North America, Asia and Europe.^[8] Federal Express redirects here. ...

Design considerations

In some cases, manufacturers are producing HEVs that use the added energy provided by the hybrid systems to give vehicles a power boost, rather than significantly improved fuel efficiency compared to their traditional counterparts.^[9] The trade-off between added performance and improved fuel efficiency is partly controlled by the software within the hybrid system and partly the result of the engine, battery and motor size. In the future, manufacturers may provide HEV owners with the ability to partially control this balance (fuel efficiency vs. added performance) as they wish, through a user-controlled setting.^[10] Toyota announced in January, 2006 that it was considering a "high-efficiency" button.

Conversion kits

Main article: Electric vehicle conversion

One can buy a stock hybrid or convert a stock petroleum car to a hybrid electric vehicle using an aftermarket hybrid kit .^[11] An electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) driven vehicle to battery electric propulsion, creating a battery electric vehicle. ... Aftermarket (Music), Master psuedoname of projects by engineer/producer Jonathan Borsis. ...

Benefits

Benefits of the hybrid electric design include:

Fuel consumption

Current HEVs reduce petroleum consumption (compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles) primarily by using three mechanisms:
a) Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the ICE off;
b) Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking);
c) Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, by using the added power from the electric motor to compensate for the loss in peak power output from the smaller ICE.

Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may be used in different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power, emissions, weight and cost profiles. The ICE in an HEV can be smaller, lighter, and more efficient than the one in a conventional vehicle, because the combustion engine can be sized for slightly above average power demand rather than peak power demand. The drive system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and power, but an ICE has its highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation, making conventional vehicles inefficient. In contrast, in most HEV designs, the ICE operates closer to its range of highest efficiency more of the time. The power curve of electric motors is better suited to variable speeds and can provide substantially greater torque at low speeds compared with internal-combustion engines. The greater fuel economy of HEVs has implication for reduced petroleum consumption and vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide^[12] Fuel efficiency, sometimes also referred to as fuel economy and commonly gas mileage in the United States, is a numeric measure often used to describe the amount of fuel consumed with regard to the distance travelled in a transportation vehicle, such as an automobile. ... Roadway air dispersion is applied to highway segments Roadway air dispersion modeling is the study of air pollutant transport from a roadway or other linear emitter. ...

Durability

Reduced wear on the gasoline engine, particularly from idling with no load. Reduced wear on brakes from the regenerative braking system use.

There's no definitive word on replacement costs of the batteries because they are almost never replaced. According to Toyota, since the Prius first went on sale in 2000, they have not replaced a single battery for wear and tear.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental impact

Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction,^[13] in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial noise health effects (although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid design alone). Reduced noise may not be considered an advantage by some; for example, some people who are blind or visually-impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets and feel quiet hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard.[1] Reduced air pollution emissions due to lower fuel consumption, leading to improved human health with regard to respiratory and other illness. Pollution reduction in urban environments may be particularly significant due to elimination of idle-at-rest.

One common misconception is: "However, one must remember the environmental stamp of HEV batteries, which must be replaced on a regular basis and are treated as extremely hazardous waste." This is not entirely true. Battery toxicity is a concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH batteries, not the environmentally problematic rechargeable nickel cadmium. "Nickel metal hydride batteries are benign. They can be fully recycled," says Ron Cogan, editor of the Green Car Journal. Toyota and Honda say that they will recycle dead batteries and that disposal will pose no toxic hazards. Toyota puts a phone number on each battery, and they pay a $200 "bounty" for each battery to help ensure that it will be properly recycled.

Roadway noise is the most prevalent form of environmental noise. ... Noise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce unwanted environmental sound. ... Roadway noise is the main source of exposure Noise health effects, the collection of health consequences of elevated sound levels, constitute one of the most widespread public health threats in industrialized countries. ... Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent. ... Respiration can refer to: Cellular respiration, which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. ...

History

Early developments

In 1901, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche designed the "Mixte", a series-hybrid vehicle based on his earlier "System Lohner-Porsche" electric carriage. The Mixte broke several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a range of 50 km, a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... With hybrid technology, and in-wheel engines becoming ever more prominent within the automotive industry, touted as being new technology, its ironic that the concept was designed and built by Ferdinand Porsche in the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid, way back in 1901. ... A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Look up generator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A hub motor is an internal combustion or electric motor built into the hub of a wheel. ... Kwai Lo is Chinese slang for foreigner or ghost person. ...

The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker, had a four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (25 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its 35 mph (55 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up to 1918.^[14] Woods Motor Vehicle Company was a manufacturer of Brass Era electric automobiles in Chicago, Illinois. ...

Forefathers of current technology

A more recent working prototype of the HEV was built by Victor Wouk (one of the scientists involved with the Henney Kilowatt, the first transistor-based electric car). Wouk's work with HEVs in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid".^[15] Wouk installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain (with a 16 kW electric motor) into a 1972 Buick Skylark provided by GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was stopped by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976 while Eric Stork, the head of the EPA at the time, was accused of a prejudicial coverup.^[16] Victor Wouk (1919-2005) was an American scientist and pioneer in the development of electric and hybrid vehicles. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... For other kinds of motors, see motor. ... The Buick Skylark was a passenger car produced by the Buick division of General Motors. ... EPA redirects here. ... For with(out) prejudice in law, see Prejudice (law). ... When a scandal breaks, the discovery of an attempt to cover up the evidence of wrongdoing is often regarded as even more scandalous than the original deeds. ...

The regenerative braking system, the core design concept of most production HEVs, was developed by electrical engineer David Arthurs around 1978 using off-the shelf components and an Opel GT. However the voltage controller to link the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC generator was Arthurs'. The vehicle exhibited 75 mpg–U.S. (3.14 L/100 km / 90.1 mpg–imp) fuel efficiency and plans for it (as well as somewhat updated versions) are still available through the Mother Earth News web site. The Mother Earth News' own 1980 version claimed nearly 84 mpg–U.S. (2.8 L/100 km / 100.9 mpg–imp). An engineers degree is an academic degree which is intermediate in rank between a masters degree and a doctorate; it is occasionally to be encountered in the United States in technical fields. ... The Opel GT is a two-seat sports car introduced by Opel in 1968. ... Look up generator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. ... Mother Earth News Cover For the Early 1900s anarchist magazine, see Mother Earth (magazine) Mother Earth News is a bi-monthly American magazine that has a circulation of 350,000. ...

In 1989, Audi produced its first iteration of the Audi Duo (or Audi 100 Avant duo) experimental vehicle, a plug-in parallel hybrid based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro. This car had a 12.6 bhp Siemens electric motor which drove the rear wheels. A trunk-mounted nickel-cadmium battery supplied energy to the motor that drove the rear wheels. The vehicle's front wheels were powered by a 2.3-litre five-cylinder engine with an output of 136 bhp. The intent was to produce a vehicle which could operate on the engine in the country and electric mode in the city. Mode of operation could be selected by the driver. Just ten vehicles are believed to have been made; one drawback was that due to the extra weight of the electric drive, the vehicles were less efficient when running on their engines alone than standard Audi 100s with the same engine. Audi AG, more commonly known as Audi, is a premium German automobile manufacturer and one of the worlds leading performance-luxury marques, with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. ... Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ... The Audi 100 was a mid-sized automobile from Audi, made between 1968 and 1994. ... This article refers to the car named the Audi Quattro. ... This article is about a unit of measurement. ... Siemens has the following uses: Siemens is a German family name carried by generations of the telecommunications industrialists, including Werner von Siemens, Sir William Siemens, Wilhelm von Siemens and Peter von Siemens Siemens AG is a German electrical and telecommunications company, founded as a telegraph equipment manufacturer by Werner von... For other kinds of motors, see motor. ... Trunk may be: Look up trunk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd and pronounced nye-cad) is a popular type of rechargeable battery for portable electronics and toys using the metals nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) as the active chemicals. ... The word drawback can mean:- In general usage, a disadvantage. ...

Two years later, Audi unveiled the second duo generation - likewise based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro. Once again this featured an electric motor, a 28.6 bhp three-phase machine, driving the rear wheels. This time, however, the rear wheels were additionally powered via the Torsen differential from the main engine compartment, which housed a 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine. Torsen traction, an automotive part adding differential, was invented by American Vernon Gleasman and manufactured by the Gleason Corporation. ...

The Bill Clinton administration initiated the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) program on 29 September 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle.^[17] The NRC cited automakers’ moves to produce HEVs as evidence that technologies developed under PNGV were being rapidly adopted on production lines, as called for under Goal 2. Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether the “Big Three” would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective, pre-production prototype vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3.^[18] The program was replaced by the hydrogen-focused FreedomCAR initiative by the George W. Bush administration in 2001,^[19] an initiative to fund research too risky for the private sector to engage in, with the long-term goal of developing effectively carbon emission- and petroleum-free vehicle William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... The 80 mpg diesel-hybrid GM Precept The 72 mpg diesel-hybrid Ford Prodigy The 72 mpg diesel-hybrid Chrysler ESX-3 The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles was a cooperative research program between the U.S. government and major auto corporations, aimed at establishing U.S. leadership... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, including the Chrysler Brand, see Chrysler (disambiguation). ... Ford may mean a number of things: A ford is a river crossing. ... General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ... USCAR means: United States Council for Automotive Research US Climate Action Report United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Category: ... Doe is the term used for the females of various species of animal, including: some species of deer rabbits In job and classified ads, DOE is an acronym for Depending On Experience and usually indicated in pay rates. ... -1... A method of production which embodies groups of workers repeating the same procedures of production along a line over which the product is moved and gradually completed. ... For other uses, see Prototype (disambiguation). ... FreedomCAR is a USA national program developing more energy efficient and environmentally friendly highway transportation technologies that will enable America to use less petroleum. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

Production HEVs

Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, by Green Car Congress; Toyota: 85 %

Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the ICE to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius [ˈpri. ...

The Prius has been in high demand since its introduction. Newer designs have more conventional appearance and are less expensive, often appearing and performing identically to their non-hybrid counterparts while delivering 40% better fuel efficiency. The Honda Civic Hybrid appears identical to the non-hybrid version, for instance, but delivers about 50 mpg–U.S. (4.7 L/100 km / 60.1 mpg–imp). The redesigned 2004 Toyota Prius improved passenger room, cargo area, and power output, while increasing energy efficiency and reducing emissions. The Honda Insight, while not matching the demand of the Prius, stopped being produced after 2006 and has a devoted base of owners. In 2004, Honda also released a hybrid version of the Accord but discontinued it in 2007 citing disappointing sales.^[20] Main article: Honda Civic The Honda Civic Hybrid is a hybrid version of the Honda Civic sedan. ... The Honda Accord is an automobile manufactured by Honda since 1976, debuting as a compact hatchback and evolving into a intermediate vehicle. ...

An R.L. Polk survey of 2003 model year cars showed that hybrid electric car registrations in the United States rose to 43,435 cars, a 25.8% increase from 2002 numbers.^{[citation needed]} California had the most HEVs registered: 11,425. The proportionally high number may be partially due to the state's higher gasoline prices and stricter emissions rules, which HEVs generally have little trouble passing. The model year of a product is a number used to describe approximately when a product was produced. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Honda, which offers Insight, Civic and Accord models, sold 26,773 HEVs in the first 11 months of 2004. Toyota has sold a cumulative 306,862 HEVs between 1997 and November 2004, and Honda has sold a total of 81,867 HEVs between 1999 and November 2004.^[21]

Audi was the first European car manufacturer to put in 1997 a hybrid vehicle into series production, the third generation Audi duo, then based on the A4 Avant.^[22] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Audi A4 is a compact executive car produced by the German automaker Audi since 1994. ...

2005 saw the first hybrid electric sport utility vehicle (SUV) released, the Ford Escape Hybrid. Toyota and Ford entered into a licensing agreement in March 2004 allowing Ford to use 20 patents from Toyota related to hybrid technology, although Ford's engine was independently designed and built. In exchange for the hybrid licenses, Ford licensed patents involving their European diesel engines to Toyota. Toyota announced model year 2005 hybrid electric versions of the Toyota Highlander and Lexus RX 400h with 4WD-i, which uses a rear electric motor to power the rear wheels negating the need for a differential. Toyota also plans to add hybrid drivetrains to every model it sells in the coming decade.^{[citation needed]} A fourth-generation (2006-) Ford Explorer, the best-selling mid-size SUV in the United States. ... The Ford Escape Hybrid, launched in 2004, is a gas-electric hybrid powered version of the Ford Escape SUV developed by the Ford Motor Company. ... The Toyota Highlander (Toyota Kluger in Japan and Australia) is a crossover SUV assembled by the Toyota Motor Corporation under the Toyota brand name in its Kyūshū, Japan assembly plant and its Ikeda, Osaka, Japan assembly plant during 2008 and present. ... The Lexus RX 400h is an automobile assembled by Toyota Motor Corp. ...

In 2007, Lexus released a hybrid electric version of their GS sport sedan dubbed the GS450h, with "well in excess of 300hp".^{[citation needed]} The 2007 Camry Hybrid became available in Summer 2006 in the United States and Canada. Nissan announced the release of the Altima hybrid (technology supplied by Toyota) in 2007.Hybrid cars see record sales.^[23] 2007 Toyota Camry Hybrid The Toyota Camry Hybrid is a hybrid version of Toyotas popular Camry sedan, introduced for the 2007 model year in May 2006. ... Nissan Motor Co. ... For the Final Fantasy Tactics character, see Altima (Final Fantasy Tactics). ...

Manufacturers are going to introduce 15 new hybrids in 2008^[24]

Production PHEVs

In 2007 appears the DoE´s Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plan and the PHEV mass-production race. Doe is the term used for the females of various species of animal, including: some species of deer rabbits In job and classified ads, DOE is an acronym for Depending On Experience and usually indicated in pay rates. ...

Further information: History of plug-in hybrids

The history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles spans a little more than a century. ...

Vehicle types

Motorcycles

eCycle Inc produces series diesel-electric motorcycles, with a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a target retail price of $5500.^[25] eCycle means: ECycle (Recycling) eCycle, Inc Hybrid Motorcycle maker. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometres per hour (American spelling: kilometers per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ...

Automobiles and light trucks

A number of manufacturers currently produce hybrid electric automobiles and light trucks, including Ford, General Motors, Honda, Mazda, Mercury, Nissan, PSA (Peugeot-Citröen), Renault, and Toyota. Other types of HEVs are manufactured including Microhybrids (small hybrid electric city cars) like the Aptera. Diesel-electric hybrid vehicles such as Citroën C-Cactus concept car and GM's Chevy Volt plug-in hybrid may soon see mass-production. “Ford” redirects here. ... General Motors Corporation (NYSE: GM), also known as GM, is an American automobile maker with worldwide operations and brands including Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saturn, Saab and Vauxhall. ... This article is about the Japanese motor corporation. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Mercury is an automobile marque of the Ford Motor Company founded in 1939 to market near-luxury cars slotted between entry-level Ford and luxury Lincoln models, similar to General Motors Buick (and former Oldsmobile) brand and Chryslers Chrysler brand. ... Nissan Motor Co. ... PSA is a three letter acronym which may stand for: Pacific Sociological Association Pacific Southwest Airlines, a former U.S. airline that used to fly passenger services inside California and to other nearby Western areas during the 1970s and early 1980s; its trademark was a smile drawn under their planes... Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... The current top of range Citroën C6 Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. ... For the author, see Mary Renault. ... This article is about the automaker. ... The Fiat Panda, a 1980s city car A current model Toyota Aygo city car A city car (or urban car) is a small, moderately powered automobile intended for use in urban areas. ... The Aptera is a high-efficiency vehicle currently in development by Aptera Motors, Inc, formerly Accelerated Composites[3], now accepting pre-orders. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... This Citroën is a cheerfully and attractively-styled C-Cactus concept, debuting at the Frankfurt Motor Show 2007. ... General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ... The Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid concept car created by General Motors. ... Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ...

Combined sales of HEVs in the U.S. rose 54% in February 2007 to more than 22,998 units, up 52% from the results in February 2006. The figures do not include sales of GM HEVs, which the automaker does not yet break out, but do reflect the addition of the Nissan Altima Hybrid, now sold in eight states.^[26] An estimated 180,000 HEVs were sold in the U.S. in first half of 2007, or 3% of car sales during that period.^[27] For the Final Fantasy Tactics character, see Altima (Final Fantasy Tactics). ...

Taxis

Ford Escape hybrid-electric taxi.

HEVs (and specially plug-ins) may be particularly appropriate for use as taxicabs, as in many locations they are used in predominantly urban environments; have intensive operating schedules, maximizing fuel savings over the life of the vehicle; may spend considerable periods of time at idle, where the hybrid electric engine may allow for the ICE to be shut off (while retaining use of electrical accessories); and can recharge batteries at taxicab stands. ?Yves is koning For other Ford vehicles marketed as Ford Maverick, see Ford Maverick. ... For specific countries see Taxicabs around the world. ... For other meanings, including people named Idle, see Idle (disambiguation). ... A taxi stand in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong on a rainy day. ...

New York City started converting its taxi fleet to hybrids in 2005,^[28] with 375 active as of July, 2007. The mayor plans to convert 20% of the remaining 13,000 taxis each year. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

San Francisco intends to convert its entire fleet to hybrid or Compressed natural gas vehicles by 2008.^[29] This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Typical North America vehicles carry this diamond shape symbol, meaning it is running on compressed natural gas fuel. ...

Buses

Main article: Hybrid bus

Hybrid technology for buses has seen increased attention since recent battery develpments decreased battery weight significantly. Drivetrains consist of conventional diesel engines and gas turbines. Some designs concentrate on using car engines, recent designs have focused on using conventional diesel engines already used in bus designs, to save on engineering and training costs. Several manufacturers are currently working on new hybrid designs, or hybrid drivetrains that fit into existing chassis offerings without major re-design. A challenge to hybrid buses may still come from cheaper lightweight imports from the former Eastern block countries or China, where national operators are looking at fuel consumption issues surrounding the weight of the bus, which has increased with recent bus technology innovations such as glazing, air conditioning and electrical systems. A hybrid bus can also deliver fuel economy though through the hybrid drivetrain. Hybrid technology is also being promoted by environmentally concerned transit authorities. Honda Insight, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle 2004 Toyota Prius, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle A hybrid vehicle uses multiple energy sources or propulsion systems to provide motive power. ...

Trucks

In 2003 GM introduced a hybrid diesel-electric military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid electric light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes Benz (Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system. In 2007, height petroleum price means a hard sell for hybrid trucks^[30] and appears the first U.S. production hybrid truck (International DuraStar Hybrid).^[31] General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... Mercedes-Benz Cars is a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks owned by Daimler AG, previously Daimler-Benz (1926–1998). ... It has been suggested that International Harvester be merged into this article or section. ... Eaton (disambiguation). ... This article is about a truck manufacturer. ...

Other vehicles are:

• Big mining machines like the Liebherr T 282B dump truck or Keaton Vandersteen LeTourneau L-2350 wheel loader are powered that way.
• Also NASA's huge Crawler-Transporters are propelled diesel-electrically.
• Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid is a diesel-electric commercial truck.

Hino Motors (a Toyota subsidiary) has the world's first production hybrid electric truck in Australia (110 kW/150 hp diesel engine plus a 23 kW/31 hp electric motor).^[32] The Liebherr T 282B is a large earth-hauling truck designed by Liebherr, a German manufacturer of heavy equipment and household appliances, established in 1949. ... LeTourneau can refer to several things: R.G. LeTourneau, U.S. businessperson and university founder LeTourneau University, university founded by R.G. LeTourneau Fanny Létourneau, Canadian synchronized swimmer Mary Kay Letourneau, former teacher known for the highly publicized case of having a sexual relationship with an underage pupil, and... The L-2350 loader from LeTourneau Inc. ... A loader clearing a landslide. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... Crawler-transporter #2 (Franz) in a December 2004 road test after track shoe replacement. ... Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid promotional image The Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid is a hybrid electric commercial truck made and sold by the Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation in Japan. ... Hino Motors, Ltd. ... This article is about the automaker. ... For other kinds of motors, see motor. ...

Other hybrid petroleum-electric truck makers are DAF Trucks, MAN AG with MAN TGL Series, Nissan Motors and Renault Trucks with Renault Puncher. DAF Trucks NV is a Dutch truck manufacturing company and a division of PACCAR. Its headquarters and main plant are in Eindhoven. ... MAN AG (German: Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, ISIN: DE0005937007) is a German transportation company. ... Nissan redirects here. ... Renault Trucks is a French truck manufacturer, owned by Volvo. ... The Renault Puncher, of Renault Trucks, is the vehicle specially dedicated to 20-26 tonnes distribution. ...

Hybrid electric truck technology and powertrain maker: ZF Friedrichshafen. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... ZF Friedrichshafen AG (meaning Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Aktiengesellschaft which was until 1992 the name of the company) is a leading supplier of automobile transmissions. ...

Military vehicles

The United States Army's manned ground vehicles of the Future Combat System all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems. Other military hybrid prototypes include the Millenworks Light Utility Vehicle, the International FTTS, and the Shadow RST-V. The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... Future Combat Systems (FCS) is the core building block of the US Army’s Future Force. ... The MillenWorks Light Utility Vehicle (LUV) is prototype testbed for automotive technologies. ... The International FTTS (Future Tactical Truck System) demonstrator UV (Utility Vehicle) is a technology demonstration vehicle designed by International Truck for evaluation by the US Army, who along with the US Marine Corps are hoping to replace the aging HMMWV as part of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle program. ...

Locomotives

Main article: Hybrid Locomotive

In May 2003 JR East started test runs with the so called NE (new energy) train and validated the system's functionality (series hybrid with lithium ion battery) in cold regions. In 2004, Railpower Technologies had been running pilots in the US with the so called Green Goats,^[33] which led to orders by the Union Pacific^[34] and Canadian Pacific^[35] Railways starting in early 2005. Hybrid Locomotive is a Locomotive or Multiple Unit Train that uses an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fuelled power source for propulsion. ... Yamanote Line, Tokyo JR Yamanote Line train in Tokyo, Japan Above Yurakucho in Tokyo East Japan Railway Company (東日本旅客鉄道 Higashi-Nihon Ryokyaku Tetsudo or JR東日本; JR Higashi-Nihon) is a Japanese private railroad company, one of the seven JR companies. ... Lithium ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-Ion or Li-On) are a type of rechargeable battery commonly used in consumer electronics. ... RailPower Technologies TSX: P is a Canadian company that builds environmentally friendly hybrid yard locomotives, founded by Frank Donnelly and Gerard Koldyk. ... The Union Pacific Railroad (NYSE: UNP) is the largest railroad in the United States. ... The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway that is operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ...

Railpower offers hybrid electric road switchers,^[36] as does GE.^[37] Diesel-electric locomotives may not always be considered HEVs, not having energy storage on board, unless they are fed with electricity via a collector for short distances (for example, in tunnels with emission limits), in which case they are better classified as dual-mode vehicles. A modern US switcher, an EMD SW1500. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... For other types of Hybrid Transportation, see Hybrid (disambiguation)#Transportation. ...

Marine and other aquatic

Produces marine hybrid propulsion:

• eCycle Inc.^[38]
• Solar Sailor Holdings

eCycle means: ECycle (Recycling) eCycle, Inc Hybrid Motorcycle maker. ... Solar Sailor Holdings Ltd (SSHL) is an Australian company founded in 1999. ...

Comparison of regular hybrids with petroleum and plug-in hybrid vehicles

Conventional vehicles

HEVs are more expensive (the so-called "hybrid premium") than traditional ICE vehicles (ICEV), due to extra batteries, more electronics and in some cases other design considerations. The trade-off between higher initial cost and lower fuel costs (often referred to as the payback period) is dependent on usage - miles traveled, or hours of operation, fuel costs, and in some cases, government subsidies. Traditional economy vehicles may result in a lower direct cost for many users (before consideration of any externality). This article is about water ice. ... Payback period in business and economics refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to repay the sum of the original investment. ... In economics, an externality is an impact (positive or negative) on anyone not party to a given economic transaction. ...

Consumer Reports ran an article in April 2006 stating that HEVs would not pay for themselves over 5 years of ownership. However, this included an error with charging the "hybrid premium" twice.^[39] When corrected, the Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Prius did have a payback period of slightly less than 5 years.^[40] This includes conservative estimates with depreciation (seen as more depreciation than a conventional vehicle, although that is not the current norm) and with gas prices. In particular, the Consumer Reports article assumed $2/U.S. gallon for 3 years, $3/U.S. gallon for one year and $4/U.S. gallon the last year. As recent events have shown, this is a volatile market and hard to predict. For 2006, gas prices ranged from low $2 to low $3, averaging about $2.60/U.S. gallon.

A January 2007 analysis by Intellichoice.com shows that all 22 currently available HEVs will save their owners money over a five year period. The most savings is for the Toyota Prius, which has a five year cost of ownership 40.3% lower than the cost of comparable non-hybrid vehicles.^[41]

A report in the Greeley Tribune says that over the five years it would typically take for a new car owner to pay off the vehicle cost differential, a hybrid Camry driver could save up to $6,700 in gasoline at current gasoline prices, with hybrid tax incentives as an additional saving.^[42] The Toyota Camry is a large family car manufacured by Toyota in the United States at Georgetown, Kentucky, as well as Australia and Japan. ...

In countries with incentives to fight against global warming and contamination and promote vehicle fuel efficiency, the pay-back period can be immediate and ICEV can cost more than hybrid because they generate more pollution. Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ... The Lachine Canal, in Montreal, is badly polluted Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ... Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. ...

Plug-in hybrids

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

Plug-in hybrids can also be recharged using an electric outlet. Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ... CEE 7/7 plug and socket This article covers only plugs and sockets intended for common domestic use. ...

Legislation and incentives

In order to encourage the purchase of HEVs, several incentives and ecotaxes have been made into law. For the game developer, see Incentive Software. ... Ecotax, short for Ecological taxation, can refer to: A fiscal policy that introduces taxes intended to promote ecologically sustainable activities via economic incentives. ...

Europe

In the Netherlands, the Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT), payable when a car is sold to its first buyer, can earn the owner of an HEV a discount up to €6,000. In the Republic of Ireland, a 50% reduction in VRT applies, which normally amounts to 25% of the market value of a car. A vehicle registration plate, also called a license plate or number plate is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. ... The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. ...

Drivers of HEVs in the United Kingdom benefit from the lowest band of vehicle excise duty (car tax), which is based on carbon dioxide emissions. In central London, these vehicles are also exempt from the £8 daily London congestion charge.^[43] Due to their low levels of regulated emissions, the greenest cars are eligible for 100% discount under the current system. To be eligible the car must be on the current Power Shift Register.^[44] At present, these include the cleanest LPG and natural gas cars and most hybrid-, battery- and fuel cell-electric vehicles. Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The white-on-red C marks all entrances to the congestion charge zone. ... LPG might be an initialism or abbreviation for: Liquified petroleum gas Laboratoire de Planetologie, Grenoble, France Literary Press Group of Canada Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (German, obsolete/historical) Long period grating This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...

Canada

Residents in Ontario and Quebec, Canada can claim a rebate on the Provincial Retail Sales Tax of up to $2,000 CDN on the purchase or lease of a hybrid electric vehicle.^[45] Ontario recently announced a new green license plate for hybrid car users and will announce a slew of benefits that go along with it in 2008.^[46] Residents in British Columbia are eligible for a 100% reduction of sales tax up to a maximum of $2,000 if the hybrid electric vehicle is purchased or leased before April 1, 2011 (extended in 2007/2008 budget from March 31, 2008 and expanded from a maximum of only $1,000 from April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009, at which point the concession was scheduled to expire.)^[47] Prince Edward Island residents can claim rebates on the Provincial Sales Tax of up to $3,000 CDN on the purchase or lease of any hybrid vehicles since March 30, 2004.^[48] The Canadian federal government recently began offering rebates in March 2007 of $1000-$2000. Generally cars getting 6.5 L/100km or better and light trucks getting 8.3 L/100km or better will quailify.^[49]

USA

Federal

Diesel-electric and gasoline-electric hybrids are not grouped under the electric fuel category because the input fuel is diesel or gasoline rather than an alternative transportation fuel. DOE, which has EPACT92 implementation authority, ruled that diesel-electric and gasoline-electric hybrids are not "alternative fuel vehicles."^[50] Doe is the term used for the females of various species of animal, including: some species of deer rabbits In job and classified ads, DOE is an acronym for Depending On Experience and usually indicated in pay rates. ... The Energy Policy Act (109th Congress H.R.776. ...

The purchase of hybrid electric cars qualifies for a federal income tax credit up to $3,400 on the purchaser's Federal income taxes. The tax credit is to be phased out two calendar quarters after the manufacturer reaches 60,000 new cars sold in the following manner: it will be reduced to 50% ($1700) if delivered in either the third or fourth quarter after the threshold is reached, to 25% ($850) in the fifth and sixth quarters, and 0% thereafter. Many states give additional tax credits to hybrid electric car buyers. Within the Australian, Canadian, United Kingdom, and United States tax systems, a tax credit is an item which is treated as a payment already made towards taxes owed. ... Within the Australian, Canadian, United Kingdom, and United States tax systems, a tax credit is an item which is treated as a payment already made towards taxes owed. ...

States and local

• Certain states (e.g., New York, California, Virginia, and Florida) allow singly-occupied HEVs to enter the HOV lanes on the highway. Initially, the Federal Highway Administration ruled that this was a violation of federal statute^[51] until August 10, 2005 when George W. Bush signed the Transportation Equity Act of 2005 into law.
• Some states, e.g. California, exempt hybrid electric cars from the biennial smog inspection, which costs over $50 (as of 2004).
• The city of San Jose, California issued a free parking tag until 2007 when it became issued for a fee annually for hybrid electric cars that were purchased at a San Jose dealership. The qualified owners do not have to pay for parking in any city garage or road side parking meters.
• City of Los Angeles, California offers free parking to all HEVs starting on 1 October 2004. The experiment is an extension to an existing offer of free parking for all pure electrical vehicles.
• In October, 2005, the City of Baltimore, Maryland started to offer discount on monthly parking in the city parking lots, and is considering free meter parking for HEVs. On 3 November 2005, the Boston Globe reports that the city council of Boston is considering the same treatment for hybrid electric cars.
• Annual vehicle registration fees in the District of Columbia are half ($36) that paid for conventionally vehicles ($72).

This article is about the state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Look up Biennial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Biennial is a term referring to a period of two years, much in the same way centennial refers to 100 years. ... For other uses, see Smog (disambiguation). ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see San José. Nickname: Location of San Jose within Santa Clara County, California. ... Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Baltimore redirects here. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Boston Globe is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts and in the greater New England region. ... Boston redirects here. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ...

Emergence of hybrid vehicles

AllianceBernstein projects that worldwide by 2030, 72% of the fleet and 85% of new cars will be hybrids (regular or plug-in hybrids).^[52] Note: Alliance Capital Management LP officially changed its name to AllianceBernstein L.P. on February 24, 2006. ... A Chevy Volt, one example of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, expected to set a new benchmark. ... Hybrids Plus plug-in hybrid Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile or 48 km all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electric power source. ...

Worldwide demand for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) will advance rapidly to 4.0 million units in 2015. HEVs are expected to quickly penetrate the world light vehicle market in response to rising energy costs and increased emissions regulations worldwide.^[53]

Raw Materials Shortage

There is an impeding shortage of many rare raw materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars (Nishiyama 2007) (Cox 2008). For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is required to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors used in hybrid cars (Cox 2008). However, over 95% of the world's rare earth elements are mined in China (Haxel et al. 2005), and domestic Chinese consumption is expected to consume China's entire supply by 2012 (Cox 2008). Rare earth ore Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are trivial names sometimes applied to a collection of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table, namely scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. ... General Name, Symbol, Number dysprosium, Dy, 66 Chemical series lanthanides Group, Period, Block n/a, 6, f Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 162. ... Electric motors of various sizes. ...

A few non-Chinese sources such as Thor Lake and Hoidas Lake in Canada, as well as Mt Weld in Australia are currently under development (Lunn 2006). However, it is not known if they will be online in time to supply sufficient production by the time shortage hits.

See also

Energy Portal

Sustainable development Portal

• ACT Hybrid Vehicle Authority
• Bivalent (engine)
• Comparison of Toyota hybrids
• List of hybrid vehicles
• Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
• Tribrid vehicle
• Valence Technology, manufacturers of lithium phosphate batteries used in electric vehicles

Image File history File links Crystal_128_energy. ... Image File history File links Sustainable_development. ... Bivalent is the engine that can use petroleum and renewable energy. ... References (1) http://www. ... This is a list of hybrid vehicles in chronological order of production: // 1899 Dr Ferdinand Porsche, then a young engineer at Jacob Lohner & Co, built the first Hybrid Car. ... The Aptera hybrid car, an example of a SULEV Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a conventionally powered or gas-electric hybrid vehicle designed to produce minimal air pollution at their point of use, typically less than 10% of that of an equivalent ordinary vehicle. ... A tribrid vehicle is a third generation in alternative propulsion vehicles, that is, a bivalent hybrid vehicle with turbine (second generation), that also obtains energy from the ambient environment (solar panel, windmill or sail). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. ... For other uses, see Battery. ... For battery powered passenger automobiles, see battery electric vehicle. ...

References

Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to china [Internet]. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc; [updated 2008; cited 2008 Mar 18]. Available from http://theanchorhouse.com/2008/03/ is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Haxel G, Hedrick J, Orris J. 2006. Rare earth elements critical resources for high technology. Reston (VA): United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087‐02. Available online from the USGS at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087‐02/fs087‐02.pdf

Lunn J. 2006. Great western minerals [Internet]. London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research; [Updated 3 October 2006; Cited 2008 Mar 18]. Available online from http://www.gwmg.ca/pdf/Insinger_Report.pdf

External links

This article or section may contain an excessive amount of external links. Please improve this article by incorporating them into the appropriate end section, or by converting them to inline citations

• Electric and Gas Hybrids at the Open Directory Project
• How hybrid cars work at HowStuffWorks
• Compare hybrid cars at FuelEconomy.gov
  • U.S. Federal Income Tax Deduction for Hybrids Placed in Service
• New York City Taxis to go all hybrid by 2012 2007-05-22
• GM Announces Chevrolet Volt Series Hybrid Concept Vehicle 2007-01-07
• Series, Parallel, and series-parallel systems animation by Union of Concerned Scientists
• Mother Earth News article from 1978 on the original regenerative braking hybrid car
• Folsom Technologies, Inc. Hybrid Hydraulic, Hybrid Electric, and CVT technologies
• Hybrid-Electric "Bus of the Future" Tested By Capital Metro.
• Toyota's hybrid cars information, HYBRID SYNERGY DRIVE
• Israel Mulls Hybrid Taxis
• FedEx to Launch Commercial Hybrid-Electric Vans from Iveco in Europe
• About FedEx Hybrid Electric Vehicle in the USA
• 2004 Toyota Prius - Motor Trend Car of the Year