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Hydrogen storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. Some attention has been given to the role of hydrogen to provide grid energy storage for unpredictable energy sources, like wind power, but most research into hydrogen storage is focused on storing hydrogen in a lightweight, compact manner for mobile applications. A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which energy, for mobile applications (vehicles, aircraft) and electrical grid load balancing (daily peak demand reserve), is stored as hydrogen (H2). ...
Grid energy storage is the use of various energy storage techniques to complement electric power generation plants on the transmission grid. ...
Worldwide installed capacity and prediction 1997-2010, Source: WWEA Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually electricity using wind turbines. ...
Sequel, a fuel cell powered vehicle from General Motors A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle, such as an automobile or aircraft, which uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. ...
Hydrocarbons are stored extensively at the point of use, be it in the gasoline tanks of automobiles or propane tanks hung on the side of barbecue grills. Hydrogen, in comparison, is quite difficult to store or transport with current technology. Hydrogen gas has good energy density by weight, but poor energy density by volume versus hydrocarbons, hence it requires a larger tank to store. A large hydrogen tank will be heavier than the small hydrocarbon tank used to store the same amount of energy, all other factors remaining equal. Increasing gas pressure would improve the energy density by volume, making for smaller, but not lighter container tanks (see pressure vessel). Compressing a gas will require energy to power the compressor. Higher compression will mean more energy lost to the compression step. Alternatively, higher volumetric energy density liquid hydrogen may be used (like the Space Shuttle). However liquid hydrogen is cryogenic and boils around 20.268 K (–252.882 °C or -423.188 °F). Hence, its liquefaction imposes a large energy loss, used to cool it down to that temperature. The tanks must also be well insulated to prevent boil off. Ice may form around the tank and help corrode it further if the insulation fails. Insulation for liquid hydrogen tanks is usually expensive and delicate. Assuming all of that is solvable, the density problem remains. Even liquid hydrogen has worse energy density by volume than hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline by approximately a factor of four. Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ...
Environmental technology or green technology is the application of the environmental sciences to conserve the natural environment and resources, and by curbing the negative impacts of human involvement. ...
Air pollution is a chemical, physical (e. ...
Sugar cane can be used as a biofuel. ...
An active compost heap, steaming on a cold winter morning. ...
Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems1 instead of traditional forestry that maximizes economic productivity. ...
For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ...
Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ...
Future energy development faces great challenges due to an increasing world population, demands for higher standards of living, a need for less pollution, a need to avert global warming, and a possible end to fossil fuels (see Hubbert peak theory). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Natural building. ...
This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...
Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ...
The international recycling symbol. ...
World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **). Enlarge image to read exclusions. ...
// Renewable energy development covers the advancement, capacity growth, and use of renewable energy sources by humans. ...
Generally, remediation means giving a remedy. ...
The following page contains a list of different forms of waste treatment Anaerobic digestion ArrowBio Composting Gasification Incineration In-vessel composting Landfill Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical heat treatment Plasma Pyrolysis Recycling Sewage treatment Tunnel composting UASB Windrow composting Categories: | ...
Sustainable architecture is building design that takes into account all aspects of the building that will affect and be affected by the environment. ...
This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ...
Sustainable development has also been defined as the process of balancing the need of humans for economic and social development with the need to protect the natural and built environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. ...
The following page consist of a list of waste water treatment technologies: Activated sludge Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic lagoon Cesspit Combined sewer overflow Composting toilet Constructed wetland Imhoff tank Floculation Reed bed Septic tank Sequencing batch reactor UASB Aerobic Granular Reactor This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ...
Control room and schematics of the water purification plant to Bret lake. ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Waste For the company, see Waste Management, Inc. ...
In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is a cleaning solution consisting only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ...
Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ...
Car redirects here. ...
Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. ...
It has been suggested that Grilling be merged into this article or section. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
The fuel value or relative energy density is the quantity of potential energy in fuel, food or other substance. ...
Steel Pressure Vessel A pressure vessel is a closed, rigid container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ...
Cryogenics is the study of very low temperatures or the production of the same, and is often confused with cryobiology, the study of the effect of low temperatures on organisms, or the study of cryopreservation. ...
The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. ...
The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ...
Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ...
Liquefaction may refer to: Soil liquefaction, the process by which sediments are converted into suspension, as in earthquake liquefaction, quicksand, quick clay, and turbidity currents. ...
Corrosion is deterioration of essential properties in a material due to reactions with its surroundings. ...
In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: Ï (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is...
Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ...
Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ...
Mobile storage targets
Targets are set by the FreedomCAR Partnership in January of 2002 between the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and DOE (Targets assume a 5-kg H2 storage system). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
FreedomCAR is a USA national program developing more energy efficient and environmentally friendly highway transportation technologies that will enable America to use less petroleum. ...
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
Ammonia storage Ammonia (NH3) can be used to store hydrogen chemically and then release it in a catalytic reformer. Ammonia provides exceptionally high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with mild pressurization and cryogenic constraints. It can also be stored as a liquid at room temperature and pressure when mixed with water. Ammonia is the second most commonly produced chemical in the world and a large infrastructure for making, transporting and distributing ammonia already exists. Ammonia can be reformed to produce hydrogen with no harmful waste, or can mix with existing fuels and burn efficiently. Pure ammonia burns poorly at the atmospheric pressures found in Natural Gas fired water heaters and stoves. Under compression in an automobile engine it is a suitable fuel for slightly modified gasoline engines. Ammonia is very energy expensive to make and the existing infrastructure would have to be greatly enlarged to handle replacing transportation energy needs. Ammonia is a toxic gas at normal temperature and pressure and has a potent odor. See: Ammonia production. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly-produced inorganic chemicals. ...
Technical University of Denmark scientists announced in September 2005 a method of storing hydrogen in the form of ammonia saturated into a salt tablet. They claim it will be an inexpensive and safe storage method. [1] New Scientist [2] state that Arizona State University is investigating using a Borohydride solution to store hydrogen, which is released when the solution flows over a catalyst made of ruthenium. Technical University of Denmark The Technical University of Denmark (Danish: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)) was founded in 1829 as the College of Advanced Technology (Danish: Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt) belonging to the University of Copenhagen. ...
Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. ...
New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. ...
Arizona State University (ASU) is a public institution of higher education and research with campuses located in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. ...
A borohydride is a salt of the tetrahydridoborate(III) ion, BH4-. Some important borohydrides are: Lithium borohydride Sodium borohydride Uranium borohydride Category: ...
Metal hydrides There are proposals to use metal hydrides as the carrier for hydrogen instead of pure hydrogen. Hydrides can be coerced, with varying degrees of ease, into releasing and absorbing hydrogen. Some are easy-to-fuel liquids at ambient temperature and pressure, others are solids which could be turned into pellets. Proposed hydrides for use in a hydrogen economy include simple hydrides of magnesium or transition metals and complex metal hydrides, typically containing sodium, lithium or calcium and aluminium or boron. These have good energy density by volume, although their energy density by weight is often worse than the leading hydrocarbon fuels and often require high temperatures to release their hydrogen content. A Hydride is a chemical compound or form of a bond between hydrogen with a metal usually found in group 1 of the Periodic table, usually with a more electropositive element or group. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 24. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number sodium, Na, 11 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 3, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 22. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/grey Atomic mass 6. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number boron, B, 5 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 13, 2, p Appearance black/brown Atomic mass 10. ...
Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ...
Solid hydride storage is a leading contender for automotive storage. A hydride tank is about three times larger and four times heavier than a gasoline tank holding the same energy. For a standard car, that's about 45 US gallons (0.17 m3) of space and 600 pounds (270 kg) versus 15 US gallons (0.057 m3) and 150 pounds (70 kg). A standard gasoline tank weighs a few dozen pounds (tens of kilograms) and is made of steel costing less than a dollar a pound ($2.20/kg). Lithium, the primary constituent by weight of a hydride storage vessel, currently costs over $40 a pound ($90/kg). Any hydride will need to be recycled or recharged with hydrogen, either on board the automobile or at a recycling plant. A metal-oxide fuel cell, (i.e. zinc-air fuel cell), may provide a better use for the added weight, than a hydrogen fuel cell with a metal hydride storage tank. The gallon is a unit of volume used for measuring liquids (as well as dry matter). ...
Zinc-air batteries, also called “zinc-air fuel cells,“ are non-rechargeable electro-chemical batteries powered by the oxidation of zinc with oxygen from the air. ...
Often hydrides react by combusting rather violently upon exposure to moist air, and are quite toxic to humans in contact with the skin or eyes, hence cumbersome to handle (see borane, lithium aluminum hydride). This is why such fuels, despite being proposed and vigorously researched by the space launch industry, have never been used in any actual launch vehicle. A borane is an inorganic chemical compound of boron and hydrogen. ...
Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4, commonly abbreviated to LAH) is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ...
Few hydrides provide low reactivity (high safety) and high hydrogen storage densities (above 10% by weight). Leading candidates are sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride and ammonia borane. Sodium borohydride and ammonia borane can be stored as a liquid when mixed with water, but must be stored at very high concentrations to produce desirable hydrogen densities, thus requiring complicated water recycling systems in a fuel cell. As a liquid, sodium borohydride provides the advantage of being able to react directly in a fuel cell, allowing the production of cheaper, more efficient and more powerful fuels cells that do not need platinum catalysts. Recycling sodium borohydride is energy expensive and would require recycling plants. More energy efficient means of recycling sodium borohydride are still experimental. Recycling ammonia borane by any means is still experimental. Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydroborate, has the chemical formula NaBH4. ...
Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4, commonly abbreviated to LAH) is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ...
Ammonia borane, NH3BH3, is an inorganic hydride of nitrogen and boron. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ...
Hydrogen produced for MH storage has to be of a high purity, contaminants alter the MH surface and prevent absorption, oxygen 10 ppm O2 maximum in H2, carbon monoxide hydro-carbons and water at very low levels. General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...
Synthesized hydrocarbons An alternative to hydrides is to use regular hydrocarbon fuels as the hydrogen carrier. Then a small hydrogen reformer would extract the hydrogen as needed by the fuel cell. However, these reformers are slow to react to changes in demand and add a large incremental cost to the vehicle powertrain. Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ...
A hydrogen reformer is a device that extracts the hydrogen contained in other fuels. ...
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...
Direct methanol fuel cells do not require a reformer, but provide a lower energy density compared to conventional fuel cells, although this could be counter balanced with the much better energy densities of ethanol and methanol over hydrogen. Alcohol fuel is a renewable resource. Direct-methanol fuel cells or DMFCs are a subcategory of Proton-exchange fuel cells where, the fuel, methanol, is not reformed, but fed directly to the fuel cell. ...
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound with a distinctive perfume-like odor, and is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. ...
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ...
Gasoline on the left, alcohol on the right at a filling station in Brazil Rising energy prices and global warming have led to increased interest in alternative fuels. ...
A natural resource qualifies as a renewable resource if its stock (quantity) can increase over time. ...
Solid-oxide fuel cells can run on light hydrocarbons such as propane and methane without a reformer, or can run on higher hydrocarbons with only partial reforming, but the high temperature and slow startup time of these fuel cells makes them prohibitive for automobiles. Solid oxide fuel cells, or SOFC, are intended mainly for stationary applications with an output of 1 kW and larger (power plants). ...
Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. ...
Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH4. ...
Research
Carbon nanotubes More exotic hydrogen carriers based on nanotechnology are examined, such as carbon buckyballs and nanotubes, carbon nanotubes are able to store up to 8% weight hydrogen in small samples, research is at an early stage. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. ...
The fullerenes, discovered in 1985 by researchers at Rice University, are a family of carbon allotropes named after Richard Buckminster Fuller and are sometimes called buckyballs. ...
An electronic device known as a diode can be formed by joining two nanoscale carbon tubes with different electronic properties. ...
Metal-Organic Frameworks Another class of synthetic porous materials that could store hydrogen efficiently are Metal-Organic Frameworks. In 2006, chemists at UCLA and the University of Michigan have achieved hydrogen storage concentrations of up to 7.5% weight in a Metal Organic Framework material. However, the storage was achieved at the low temperature of 77 Kelvin. [3] Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline compounds consisting of metal ions coordinated to an often rigid organic molecule, creating holes in the structure. ...
Binomial name Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 The largemouth triplefin, Ucla xenogrammus, is a fish of the family Tripterygiidae and only member of the genus Ucla, found in the Pacific Ocean from Viet Nam, the Philippines, Palau and the Caroline Islands to Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Christmas Island), and the...
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM, U of M or U-M) is a coeducational public research university in the U.S. state of Michigan. ...
Phosphonium borate In 2006 researchers of University of Windsor reported on reversible hydrogen storage in a non-metal phosphonium borate [4] [5] [6]: The University of Windsor is a non-denominational, provincially-supported, coeducational, public comprehensive university located in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. ...
The phosphino-borane on the left accepts one equivalent of hydrogen at one atmosphere and 25°C and expels it again by heating to 100°C. The storage efficiency is 0.25% still rather below the 6 to 9% required for practical use. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 166 pixels Full resolution (1520 × 316 pixel, file size: 14 KB, MIME type: image/png) Phosphino borane hydrogenstorage Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Polymer Aug 4 2006 - A team of Korean researchers led bij Professor Lim Ji-sun of Seoul National University’s School of Physics found a new material with the hydrogen storage efficiency at 7.6 percent, the hydrogen can be stored in solid matter in normal temperatures and pressures by attaching a titanium atom to a polyacetylene. [[1]] [[2]] For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
Seoul National University (SNU) is South Koreas national university, whose main campus is located in Seoul, South Korea. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ...
Polyacetylene (PA) is conducting polymer of the rigid-rod polymer host family. ...
Glass microspheres Hollow glass microspheres can be utilized for controlled storage and release of hydrogen. Glass microspheres are spheres of glass technically manufactured with a diameter in the micrometer range (from 1 to 1000 (microns))[1], although the term is also used for a wider range of 100 nanometres to 5 millimetres. ...
See also A complex hydride is a (usually solid) material such as sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4, a. ...
This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...
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