Hydropneumatic is the name given to a suspension system invented by Citroën and fitted to Citroën cars, as well as being adapted by other car manufacturers, notably Rolls-Royce, Mercedes-Benz and Peugeot. It was also used on Berliet trucks. Similar systems are also used on some military vehicles. The front suspension components of a Ford Model T. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. ... Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... The Rolls Royce logo Rolls-Royce is a set of several companies, all deriving from the British automobile and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls in 1906. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Peugeot is a major French car brand which is today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... Berliet was a French manufacturer of automobiles, trucks and other utility vehicles. ...

The purpose of this system is to provide built in self-leveling for the vehicle. Also, France was noted for poor road quality in the post-war years, so the only way to maintain relatively high speed in a vehicle was if it could easily absorb road irregularities. Self-levelling refers to an automobile suspension system that maintains a constant ride height of the vehicle above the road, regardless of load. ... Combatants Allies: • Poland, • UK & Commonwealth, • France/Free France, • Soviet Union, • USA, • China, ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, ...and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total: 50 million Full list Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total: 12 million Full list World War II...

While the system has inherent advantages over steel springs, generally recognized in the auto industry, it also has an element of complexity, so automakers like Mercedes-Benz, Austin-Morris, and Lincoln have sought to create "simpler" variants. Mercedes-Benz 600 LWB See also Mercedes-Benz 600 (disambiguation) for other models called 600 The Mercedes-Benz 600 was a large limousine automobile. ... Hydragas is a type of automotive suspension system used in many cars produced by British Leyland and its successor companies. ... Lincoln is an American luxury automobile brand, operated under the Ford Motor Company. ...

Over 9 Million vehicles have been produced with this type of suspension.

This system uses a belt driven pump from the engine to pressurise a special hydraulic fluid, which then powers the brakes, suspension and power steering. It can also power any number of features such as the clutch, turning headlamps and even power windows. The suspension system can feature variable ride height, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain. A brake is a device for slowing or stopping the motion of a machine, and to keep it from starting to move. ... The front suspension components of a Ford Model T. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. ... Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels. ... A clutch is a subcomponent of an engines transmission designed to allow engagement or disengagement of the engine to the gearbox or whatever apparatus is being driven. ... The DS (also known as Déesse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French) was a model of Citroen automobile manufactured and sold between 1955 and 1975. ...

The suspension setup is referred to as 'oléopneumatique' in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.

Citroën quickly realized that standard brake fluid was not ideally suited to high pressure hydraulics. They invented a new, green fluid, LHM. LHM stands for Liquide Hydraulique Minéral and is a mineral oil, quite close to automatic transmission fluid. Mineral oil will not absorb water from the air like standard brake fluid, which causes gas bubbles to form in the system, creating a 'sprongy' brake feel. Use of mineral oil has thus spread beyond Citroen, Rolls-Royce, Peugeot, and Mercedes-Benz, to include Jaguar, Audi, and BMW. Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline. ... An automatic transmission is an automobile gearbox that can change gear ratios automatically as the car or truck moves, thus freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. ... A girl in a swimming pool full of water Water (from the Old English waeter; c. ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Citro n is a French automobile manufacturer started in 1919 by Andr Citro n. ... The Rolls Royce logo Rolls-Royce is a set of several companies, all deriving from the British automobile and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls in 1906. ... Peugeot is a major French car brand which is today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Binomial name Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large member of the cat family found primarily in the warm regions of the Americas. ... Au. ... BMW AG (an abbreviation of Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, or in English, Bavarian Motor Works), is a German company and manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. ...

There have been many improvements to this system over the years, including variable ride firmness (Hydractive) and active control of body roll (Activa). The latest incarnation features a simplified single pump-accumulator sphere combination . The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Citroën Activa 1 Citroën Activa 2 The Citroën Activa and Activa 2 were two concept cars produced by the French manufacturer Citroën as a means to test and to showcase features intended for future use in their production cars. ...

History

Citroën first introduced this system in 1954 on the rear suspension of the Traction Avant. The first full implementation was in the advanced DS in 1955. 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Citroën Traction Avant was a automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1935 to 1957. ... The Citroën DS (also known as Déesse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French) was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1955 and 1975. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Major milestones of the hydropneumatics design were:

• During World War II, Paul Mages, an employee of Citroen, with no formal training in enginering, secretly develops the concept of an air/oil suspension to combine a new level of softness with vehicle control
• 1954 Traction Avant 15H: Rear suspension, using LHS hydraulic fluid.
• 1955 DS: Suspension, power steering, brakes and optionally the gearbox/clutch assembly powered by high pressure hydralic assistance. A belt driven pump, similar in size to a power steering pump generates this pressure when the engine is running.
• 1962 Morris introduces the '1100' with hydrolastic suspension
• 1964 Mercedes-Benz introduces the 600 with air suspension designed to avoid Citroën patents
• 1965 Rolls-Royce licenses Citroen technology for the suspension of the new Silver Shadow
• 1966 Mercedes-Benz introduces the 6.3 also with air suspension
• 1967 The superior LHM mineral fluid is introduced
• 1970 GS: Adaptation of the hydropneumatic suspension to a small car
• 1970 SM: Variable speed auto returning power steering, dubbed DIRAVI, and hydraulically powered directional high beams
• 1974 The Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 becomes the first hydropneumatic Mercedes-Benz automobile, with the pump driven by the engine's timing chain instead of an external belt. This adaptation was used only for the suspension. Power steering and brakes were conventional hydraulic- and vacuum-powered, respectively.
• 1983 Citroën BX, built as a 4WD in 1990
• 1989 XM: electronic regulation of the hydropneumatic system; sensors measure acceleration and other factors and dynamically alter suspension characteristics- Hydractive
• 1990 Peugeot 405 Mi16x4: first Peugeot equipped with rear hydropneumatic suspension
• 1993 Xantia: Optional 'Activa' system, eliminating body roll by acting on torsion bars. An 'Activa' equipped Xantia was able to reach more than 1 g lateral acceleration
• 2001 C5: No more central hydraulic pressure generation; combined pump/sphere unit for the suspension only and with electric height adjustment sensors.

Combatants Allies: • Poland, • UK & Commonwealth, • France/Free France, • Soviet Union, • USA, • China, ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, ...and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total: 50 million Full list Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total: 12 million Full list World War II... The Citroën Traction Avant was a automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1935 to 1957. ... In mathematics, LHS is informal shorthand for the left-hand side of an equation. ... The Citroën DS (also known as Déesse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French) was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1955 and 1975. ... Hydrolastic is a type of automotive suspension system used in many cars produced by British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successor companies. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... Mercedes-Benz 600 LWB See also Mercedes-Benz 600 (disambiguation) for other models called 600 The Mercedes-Benz 600 was a large limousine automobile. ... Vehicle suspension in which compressed air is used as a spring. ... The Rolls Royce logo Rolls-Royce is a set of several companies, all deriving from the British automobile and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls in 1906. ... The Rolls-Royce Silver Shadows measured 5. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... The mighty Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6. ... Vehicle suspension in which compressed air is used as a spring. ... The Citroën GS/GSA was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1970 and 1986. ... The Citroën SM was a high performance coupé automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1970 and 1975. ... DIRAVI is the name given by Citroen to its proprietary power steering system, first seen in 1970. ... European-spec 450SEL 6. ... The Citroën BX was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1982 and 1994. ... This article is about the year. ... The Citroën XM was a full-size luxury automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1989 and 2000. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Peugeot 405 The Peugeot 405 was a midsize sedan automobile manufactured by the French manufacturer Peugeot between 1988 and 1997. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citroën Xantia The Citroën Xantia was a mid-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1993 and 2001. ... The Citroën C5 is a mid-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since early 2001. ...

Functioning

At the heart of the system, acting as pressure sink as well as suspension elements, are the so called 'spheres',five in all; one per wheel and one accumulator. They consist of a hollow metal ball, open to the bottom, with a flexible desmopan rubber membrane, fixed at the 'equator' inside separating top and bottom. The top is filled with nitrogen at high pressure, up to 75 bar, the bottom connects to the car's LHM fluid circuit. (See hydraulic accumulator). General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ... Look up bar and Bar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device. ...

The high pressure pump powered by the engine pressurizes the circuit and an accumulator sphere. This part of the circuit is between 150 and 180 bars. It powers the front brakes first, prioritised via a security valve, and depending on type, can power steering, clutch, gearchange etc. A hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device. ...

Pressure goes from this circuit to the wheel spheres, pressurizing the bottom part of the spheres and rods connected to the wheel suspension. Suspension works by the rod pushing LHM into the sphere, compacting the nitrogen in the upper part of the sphere, the damping is provided by a two-way 'leaf valve' in the opening of the sphere. LHM has to squeeze through and back this valve which causes resistance and controls the suspension movements, it is the simplest damper and one of the most efficient. Car height correcting works by height correctors connected to the anti-roll bar, front and rear. These height connectors allow for more fluid to travel under pressure to the rod/sphere system when detecting that the suspension is lower than its expected ride height (e.g. the car is loaded)and when the car is too high (e.g. after unloading). Height correctors act with some delay in order not to correct regular suspension movements. Rear brakes are powered from the rear suspension spheres. Because the pressure there is proportional to the load, so is the braking power.

Manufacturing

The whole high pressure part of the system is manufactured from steel tubing of small diameter, connected to valve control units by Lockheed type pipe unions with special seals made from desmopan rubber, a type of rubber compatible with the LHM fluid. The moving parts of the system e.g. suspension strut or steering ram are sealed by extremely small tolerances between the cylinder and piston for tightness under pressure. The other plastic/rubber parts are return tubes from valves such as the brake control or height corrector valves, also catching seeping fluid around the suspension push-rods. The metal and alloy parts of the system rarely fail even after excessively high mileages but the rubber components (especially those exposed to the air) can harden and leak, typical failure points for the system.

Spheres are subject to no mechanical wear but suffer pressure loss, mostly from nitrogen naturally diffusing through the membrane. They typically keep between 60,000 and 100,000 km. Spheres originally used to have a valve on top and be rechargeable. Newer spheres do not have this valve anymore, but it can be retrofitted. Though a rechargeable sphere has a longer lifespan, the membranes will eventually wear out though this can take over 20 years. A ruptured membrane means suspension loss at the attached wheel, or in the case of the accumulator sphere, reliance on the high pressure pump as the only source of braking pressure to the front wheels.

Advantages

• maintains ride height independent of load - Self-levelling is integral
• constant ride height is critical to vehicle aerodynamics
• excellent ride comfort - vehicle seems to be floating above the road surface
• isolation from road lessens driver fatigue on long journeys
• large loads make no real changes to the handling
• compact suspension design
• maintenance for trained mechanic is relatively easy, no need to bleed the air out of the brakes
• inexpensive in mass production
• damping is very well controlled - the suspension is very soft but never wallows
• the driver feels in complete command of the vehicle - a unique combination of precision roadholding without the harshness of a "sports" car
• For vehicles that would otherwise have a conventional power steering pump, hydropneumatic adds no new equipment
• Ride height adjustment is easily incorporated - allows the vehicle extra clearance over rough terrain
• compensates automatically to allow travel with flat tire
• can be conveniently interconnected in the roll plane to improve roll stiffness and thus roll stability limit, especially for heavy vehicles.
• can be connected in the pitch plane to improve braking dive and traction squat.
• the pressure exerted between the tyres of the same axle upon body roll is not subject to the same differential as on some other cars, the pressure in one suspension strut e.g.left hand, equals the pressure in the right hand through Pascal's law giving the 'light' tyre potentially more footprint pressure.
• If they are interconnected in the three-dimensional full car model, the interconnected hydro-pneumatic suspension could realize enhanced roll and pitch control during excitations arising from steering, braking/traction, road input and crosswind, as with the Hydractive arrangement
• flexibility in the suspension strut design in the interconnected suspension system to realize desirable vertical, roll and pitch properties for different types of vehicles.
• Mechanical steel spring suspension systems that try to replicate some of the inherent advantages of hydropneumatic suspension (multilink, adjustable shock absorbers) end up more complex to build and maintain than the straightforward hydropneumatic layout

Self-levelling refers to an automobile suspension system that maintains a constant ride height of the vehicle above the road, regardless of load. ... Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A multi-link suspension is a type of suspension design typically used in independent suspensions, using 3 or more lateral arms, and one or more longitudinal arms. ...

Disadvantages

• Service requires a trained mechanic - non-Citroën, Rolls-Royce, or Mercedes-Benz specialists are terrified of the system
• Suspension spheres and hydraulic fluid need maintenance every two years
• Poorly maintained vehicles can have expensive problems
• body roll can be noticeable in older versions of the system. In their latest models barely any roll is experienced.
• floating sensation can lead to sea sickness in some passengers
• failure of the hydraulic system due to leak or belt breakage can prevent vehicle travel at normal speed, similar to loss of power steering belt or brake fluid in a conventional vehicle
• car lowers when system depressurizes - innocuous except for the legal ban on this feature imposed in the US in 1974

Although physically no more complex than a traditional gas strut and coil spring set up, Hydropneumatics are not as intuitive to understand. This leads to people feeling wary of the technology and in turn reluctant to purchase older cars (without warranties) that use it.

The system had one key negative impact on inventor Citroën - only specialist garages were qualified to work on the cars - making them seem radically different from ordinary cars with common mechanicals. Citroen thus encountered the same issue as Apple Computer did - building a proprietary system deprives you of positive network externalities. Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... Apple Computer, Inc. ... Proprietary indicates that a party exercises private ownership, control or use over an item of property, usually to the exclusion of other parties. ... The network effect causes a good or service to have a value to a potential customer dependent on the number of customers already owning that good or using that service. ...

Auto manufacturers are still trying to catch up with the combination of features offered by this 1955 suspension system, typically by adding layers of complexity to an ordinary steel spring mechanical system.

Hydractive

Hydactive Suspension is a new automotive technology introduced by the French manufacturer Citroen in 1990. Citro n is a French automobile manufacturer started in 1919 by Andr Citro n. ...

It describes a development of the 1955 Hydropneumatic suspension design using additionaly electronic sensors and driver control of suspension performance. The driver can make the vehicle stiffen (sport mode) or ride in outstanding comfort (soft mode). Sensors in the steering, brakes, suspension, throttle pedal and gearbox to feed information on the car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to on-board computers. Where appropriate - and within milliseconds - these computers switched an extra pair of suspension spheres in or out of circuit, to allow the car a smooth supple ride in normal circumstances, or greater roll resistance for better handling in corners.

This development keeps Citroen in the forefront of suspension design, given the widespread goal in the auto industry of an Active Suspension system. The front suspension components of a Ford Model T. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. ...

All auto suspension is a compromise between comfort and handling. Auto manufacturers try to balance these aims and locate new technologies that offer more of both.

Citroën hydractive suspension was available on several models, including the XM and Xantia, which had a more advanced sub-model known as the Activa. Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The Citroën Xantia is an mid-sized automobile produced by PSA Peugeot-Citroen, and was produced between 1993 and 2001. ... Citroën Activa 1 Citroën Activa 2 The Citroën Activa and Activa 2 were two concept cars produced by the French manufacturer Citroën as a means to test and to showcase features intended for future use in their production cars. ...

The 2003 Citroën C5 has continued development of Hydractive suspension. Compared to earlier cars, the C5 stays at normal ride height even when the engine is turned off for an extended period, through the use of electronics. The C5 also uses a new, incompatible orange fluid, rather than the familiar green LHM mineral oil used in millions of hydropneumatic vehicles. The Citroën C5 is a mid-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since early 2001. ...

Tidbits

• The accumulator sphere typically has enough pressure left for multiple hard brakings (up to 50), even if the engine (and attached high pressure pump) stops working.
• Hydropneumatic cars can drive on 3 wheels. One can remove one rear wheel, and the car will be able to compensate by pressurising the other 3 wheels higher.
• Maseratis in the 1970s borrowed some parts of the system for braking and power steering, but the only Maserati that did use a hydropneumatic suspension was the Quattroporte II. Citroen owned Maserati at this time and produced the 'Citroen-Maserati' SM.
• Rolls-Royce cars used the system in combination with a standard suspension.
• The first hydropneumatic cars used a different liquid called LHS (liquide hydraulique synthétique). This was thought to have superior properties over LHM, but it turned out to eat the rubber of the return tubes when aging and absorb atmospheric moisture turning acidic, thoroughly immobilising thousands of 50s cars. This probably contributed to uneasiness of the systems reliability.
• Hydropneumatic parts are finely machined to the micrometre level of tolerance - a level not otherwise seen in auto manufacture
• The "poor man's" alternative to hydropneumatic is British Leyland's Hydragas system, which uses pre-pressurised spheres which are interconnected between axles, and various air suspension arrangements

Present Maserati logo Maserati is a famous Italian manufacturer of racing cars and sports cars, established in 1914 in Bologna. ... Maserati Quattroporte (I) The Maserati Quattroporte is a luxury four-door sedan made by Maserati of Italy. ... 1974 Citroën SM. Citroën purchased Maserati in 1968 with the intention of harnessing Maseratis high performance engine technology to produce a true Gran Turismo car, combining sophisticated Citroën suspension with a Maserati power unit. ... The Rolls Royce logo Rolls-Royce is a set of several companies, all deriving from the British automobile and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls in 1906. ... A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer), symbol µm, is an SI unit of length. ... Hydragas is a type of automotive suspension system used in many cars produced by British Leyland and its successor companies. ... Vehicle suspension in which compressed air is used as a spring. ...

External links

• Detailed Explanation
• Air Ride Suspension
• Suspension and Hydraulics

	Citroën In production - Europe Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ... Citroen Logo, claiming fair use This work is copyrighted. ...
Berlingo | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C8 | Jumpy | Jumper | Xsara In production - China (DPCA) The Citroën Berlingo is a mini MPV produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 1996. ... The Citroën C1 is a city car produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 2005. ... The Citroën C2 is a supermini automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 2004. ... The Citroën C3 is a supermini automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 2003. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citroën C4 The Citroën C4 is a compact automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since fall 2004. ... The Citroën C5 is a mid-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since early 2001. ... The Citroën C6 is a full-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 2005. ... The Citroën C8 is a minivan automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 2002. ... The Citroën Jumpy (called Citroën Dispatch on the UK market) is a small van produced at Sevel Nord from 1995. ... The Citroën Jumper is a van produced by Sevel Sur from 1994. ... The Citroën Xsara is a compact automobile produced by French manufacturer Citroën since 1997. ... Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile is a joint venture between the Dongfeng Motor Corporation and the PSA Group. ...
Citroën C-Triomphe | Citroën Elysée | Citroën Fukang | Xsara | Citroën Xsara Picasso Historic The Citroën C-Triomphe is a compact sedan automobile produced for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile, a joint venture between the French PSA Group (Peugeot-Citroën) and the Chinese manufacturer Dongfeng. ... The Citroën Elysée is a compact sedan automobile produced for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile, a joint venture between the French PSA Group (Peugeot-Citroën) and the Chinese manufacturer Dongfeng. ... The Fukang was the first in a range of cars produced for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile group, a joint venture between the French PSA Group (Peugeot-Citroën) and the Chinese manufacturer Dongfeng. ... The Citroën Xsara is a compact automobile produced by French manufacturer Citroën since 1997. ... The Citroën Xsara is a compact automobile produced by French manufacturer Citroën since 1997. ...
Type A | Traction Avant | TUB | TUC | 2CV | Acadiane | Ami 6 | Ami 8 | Ami Super | Axel | AX | BX | CX | C15 | C25 | C35 | Dyane | DS | ID | Evasion | FAF | GS | GSA | H Van | LN | LNA | M35 | Méhari | Saxo | SM | Visa | XM | Xantia | ZX Trucks The Citroën Type A was the first car produced by Citroën from 1919 to 1921 in Paris. ... The Citroën Traction Avant was a automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1935 to 1957. ... The Citroën TUB and TUC (from the French Traction Utilitaire de type B or type C) were light trucks derived from the Traction Avant and produced by Citroën between 1939 and 1941. ... The Citroën TUB and TUC (from the French Traction Utilitaire de type B or type C) were light trucks derived from the Traction Avant and produced by Citroën between 1939 and 1941. ... The Citroën 2CV (deux chevaux - French, literally two horses, from the tax horsepower rating) was a small automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1948 to 1990. ... The Acadiane is a small commercial vehicle derived from the Dyane, produced from 1978 to 1987. ... The Citroën Ami was a series of automobiles produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1961 to May 1978. ... The Citroën Ami was a series of automobiles produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1961 to May 1978. ... The Citroën Ami was a series of automobiles produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1961 to May 1978. ... The Citroën Axel was a supermini automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1985 and 1990. ... The Citroën AX was a supermini automobile built by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1986 to 1998. ... The Citroën BX was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1982 and 1994. ... The Citroën CX was a full-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1974 to 1991. ... The C15 was the forerunner to todays utility vehicles. ... The Citroën C25 is a van produced by Sevel Sur from 1981 to 1993. ... Citroën C32 and Citroën C35 were vans produced by Citroën from 1974 to 1992. ... The Citroën Dyane was a small automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën, based on the famous Citroën 2CV. It was produced from 1967 to 1983. ... The Citroën DS (also known as Déesse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French) was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1955 and 1975. ... The Citroën DS (also known as Déesse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French) was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1955 and 1975. ... 1998 SX 2. ... The Citroën FAF was a car derived from the 2CV and designed for the Third World countries. ... The Citroën GS/GSA was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1970 and 1986. ... The Citroën GS/GSA was an automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1970 and 1986. ... The Citroën H Van, Type-H or HY was a light truck produced by Citroën between 1947 and 1981. ... The Citroën LN and LNA was a subcompact automobile. ... The Citroën LN and LNA was a subcompact automobile. ... The Citroën M35 was a coupé derived from the Ami 8, and equiped with a Wankel engine and an hydropneumatic suspension. ... The Citroën Méhari was a small open-top automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1968 to 1988. ... The Citroën Saxo was a supermini automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1996 to 2003. ... The Citroën SM was a high performance coupé automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1970 and 1975. ... The Citroën Visa was a supermini automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1978 to 1988. ... The Citroën XM was a full-size luxury automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1989 and 2000. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citroën Xantia The Citroën Xantia was a mid-size automobile produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1993 and 2001. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citroën ZX Inter. ...
U23 | Belphegor Prototypes and concept cars In 1936, Citroën released the Citroën U23. ... In 1964, Citroën released a range of trucks from 3. ...
G Van | Prototype C | Prototype Y | 2CV Pop | GS Camargue | C44 | Karin | Zabrus | Activa | C6 Lignage | C-Airplay External links Citroën website Citroenet CITROËN#1 Citroën books & modelcars G Van 1948 prototype The Citroën G Van was the 1948 prototype built by Citroën of a small truck which looked like a scaled down version of the H Van, and equipped with the 375 cc engine of the 2CV. It was never put into production. ... The Citroën Prototype C was a range of vehicles created by Citroën from 1955 to 1956 under the direction of André Lefèbvre. ... The Citroën Prototype Y or Citroën VD (VD was standing for Voiture Diminuée) was a project of replacement of the Citroën Ami studied by Citroën in the early seventies. ... The Citroën 2CV Pop was the study by Citroën of a luxuous execution of the 2CV, built in 1973. ... The Citroën GS Camargue was a concept car of a Citroën GS Coupé 2+2 which was designed by the Italian company Bertone. ... The Citroën C44 is a little-known CX-engined VW Iltis jeep. ... The Citroën Karin was a concept car presented at the Paris Motor Show in 1980. ... Citroën Zabrus The Citroën Zabrus was a concept car of a Coupé 2+2 which was designed by the Italian company Bertone. ... Citroën Activa 1 Citroën Activa 2 The Citroën Activa and Activa 2 were two concept cars produced by the French manufacturer Citroën as a means to test and to showcase features intended for future use in their production cars. ... The Citroën C6 Lignage was a concept car. ... The Citroën C-Airplay is a concept car presented by Citroën in December 2005 at the Bologna Motor Show. ...
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