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Hypatia of Alexandria (Greek: Υπατία; born between 350 and 370 AD – 415 AD) was a Greek[1][2] or Egyptian [3] scholar, considered the first notable woman in mathematics, who also taught in the fields of astronomy and astrology. She lived in Roman Egypt, and was killed by a mob in 415 AD. Hailed as a "valiant defender of science against religion"[4], some suggest that her murder marked the end of the Hellenistic Age.[5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
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This article is about the Renaissance artist. ...
The School of Athens or in Italian is one of the most famous paintings by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. ...
Events January 18 - Magnentius proclaimed Emperor by the army in Autun. ...
Events Basil of Caesarea becomes bishop of Caesarea. ...
Events The Visigoths leave Gallia Narbonensis and relocate in Spain Wallia becomes king of the Visigoths. ...
For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ...
Hand-coloured version of the anonymous Flammarion woodcut (1888). ...
The Roman Empire 120, with Aegyptus province highlighted See Egypt Province for the province of the Ottoman Empire. ...
A Neoplatonist philosopher, she followed the school characterized by the 3rd century Plotinus, and discouraged mysticism - while encouraging logical and mathematical studies.[6] Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists. ...
Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with Neo-Platonism. ...
Plotinus (Greek: ) (ca. ...
Life and career
 A 1908 portrait of Hypatia Hypatia travelled to both Athens and Italy to study,[7] before becoming head of the Platonist school at Alexandria in approximately 400 AD,[8] and taught mathematics and philosophy in her own home.[citation needed] Image File history File links Hypatia. ...
Image File history File links Hypatia. ...
This article is about the capital of Greece. ...
For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
Although Hypatia was herself a pagan, she was respected by a number of Christians, and later held up by Christian authors as a symbol of virtue.[6] The late Byzantine Greek Suda claims that Hypatia rebuffed a suitor by showing him her menstrual rags, claiming they demonstrated that there was "nothing beautiful" about carnal desires.[9] Personification of virtue (Greek á¼€Ïετή) in Celsus Library in Ephesos, Turkey Virtue (Latin virtus; Greek ) is moral excellence of a person. ...
The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ...
Suda (Σουδα or alternatively Suidas) is a massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopædia of the ancient Mediterranean world. ...
Wingless type (left) and winged type (right) of disposable sanitary napkin. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Hypatia maintained correspondence with her former pupil Bishop of Ptolomais Synesius of Cyrene.[10] Together with the references by Damascius, these are the only writings with descriptions or information from her pupils that survive.[11] Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ...
The original Wikisource logo. ...
Synesius (c. ...
Damascius, the last of the Neoplatonists, was born in Damascus about AD 480. ...
The contemporary Christian historiographer Socrates Scholasticus described her in his Ecclesiastical History as follows: Socrates Scholasticus was a Greek Christian church historian; born at Constantinople c. ...
- There was a woman at Alexandria named Hypatia, daughter of the philosopher Theon, who made such attainments in literature and science, as to far surpass all the philosophers of her own time. Having succeeded to the school of Plato and Plotinus, she explained the principles of philosophy to her auditors, many of whom came from a distance to receive her instructions. On account of the self-possession and ease of manner, which she had acquired in consequence of the cultivation of her mind, she not unfrequently appeared in public in presence of the magistrates. Neither did she feel abashed in going to an assembly of men. For all men on account of her extraordinary dignity and virtue admired her the more.[6]
Works
 An actress, possibly Mary Anderson, in the title role of the play "Hypatia" circa 1900. Many of the works commonly attributed to Hypatia are believed to have been collaborative works with her father. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Mary Anderson (July 28, 1859 - May 29, 1940) was an American stage actress. ...
A partial list of specific accomplishments follows;
Apollonius's Conics, Title page of the 1621 edition of Diophantus Arithmetica, translated into Latin by Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac. ...
This article is about the geographer, mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. ...
Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i. ...
Apollonius of Perga [Pergaeus] (ca. ...
Her contributions to science are reputed to include the invention of the astrolabe and the hydrometer. A 16th century astrolabe. ...
A hydrometer is an instrument used for determining the specific gravity of liquids. ...
Death Believed to have been the the reason for the strained relationship between the Imperial Prefect Orestes and the Bishop Cyril, Hypatia attracted the ire of a Christian population eager to see the two reconciled.-1...
-1...
Hypatia by Charles William Mitchell (1885) Charles William Mitchell was an English pre-Raphealite painter from Newcastle, born in 1854 and died in 1903. ...
Orestes was appointed imperial Prefect of Alexandria shortly after a young Cyril succeeded to the Patriarchate of Alexandria after the death of Theophilus, Cyril’s own uncle. ...
Cyril of Jerusalem was a distinguished theologian of the early Church ( 315 - 386). ...
One day during the season of Lent, while returning home, her chariot was waylaid by a Christian mob led by a man identified only as "Peter". She was stripped naked and dragged through the streets to the newly christianised Caesareum church and killed. Some reports suggest she was flayed with sharp shells and set ablaze while still alive, though other accounts suggest those actions happened after her death. It has been suggested that Cuaresma be merged into this article or section. ...
St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar...
Michelangelos Last Judgment - Saint Bartholomew holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin Flaying is the removal of skin from the body. ...
Long after her death, her story began to be infused with Christian details, as Diodata Saluzzo Roero's 1827 Ipazia ovvero delle Filosofie suggested that Cyril had actually converted her to Christianity, and that she had been killed by a "treacherous" priest. Charles Kingsley's 1853 story Hypatia recounted her conversion by a Jewish Christian named Raphael Aben-Ezra after supposedly becoming disillusioned with Orestes. Charles Kingsley A statue of Charles Kingsley at Bideford, Devon (UK) Charles Kingsley (June 12, 1819 – January 23, 1875) was an English novelist, particularly associated with the West Country. ...
Despite her actual background, authors Soldan and Heppe wrote a text in 1990 arguing that Hypatia may have been the first famous "witch" punished under Christian authority. [14] “Witch†redirects here. ...
| Socrates Scholasticus (4th-century) | | John of Nikiû (7th-century) | | Edward Gibbon (18th-century) | | Yet even she fell a victim to the political jealousy which at that time prevailed. For as she had frequent interviews with Orestes, it was calumniously reported among the Christian populace, that it was she who prevented Orestes from being reconciled to the bishop. Some of them therefore, hurried away by a fierce and bigoted zeal, whose ringleader was a reader named Peter, waylaid her returning home, and dragging her from her carriage, they took her to the church called Caesareum, where they completely stripped her, and then murdered her by scraping her skin off with tiles and bits of shell. After tearing her body in pieces, they took her mangled limbs to a place called Cinaron, and there burnt them. Socrates Scholasticus was a Greek Christian church historian; born at Constantinople c. ...
John of Nikiû was a Coptic bishop of Nikiû/Pashati in the Egyptian Delta and appointed general administrator of the monsteries of Upper Egypt in 696. ...
Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ...
| | A rumor was spread among the Christians, that the daughter of Theon was the only obstacle to the reconciliation of the prefect and the archbishop; and that obstacle was speedily removed. On a fatal day, in the holy season of Lent, Hypatia was torn from her chariot, stripped naked, dragged to the church, and inhumanly butchered by the hands of Peter the Reader and a troop of savage and merciless fanatics: her flesh was scraped from her bones with sharp oyster-shells and her quivering limbs were delivered to the flames. | | And in those days there appeared in Alexandria a female philosopher, a pagan named Hypatia, and she was devoted at all times to magic, astrolabes and instruments of music, and she beguiled many people through Satanic wiles...A multitude of believers in God arose under the guidance of Peter the magistrate...and they proceeded to seek for the pagan woman who had beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments. And when they learnt the place where she was, they proceeded to her and found her...they dragged her along till they brought her to the great church, named Caesarion. Now this was in the days of the fast. And they tore off her clothing and dragged her...through the streets of the city till she died. And they carried her to a place named Cinaron, and they burned her body with fire. And all the people surrounded the patriarch Cyril and named him 'the new Theophilus'; for he had destroyed the last remains of idolatry in the city. |
Later references Wikisource has original text related to this article: - In the 14th century, historian Nicephorus Gregoras descibed Eudokia Makrembolitissa as a "second Hypatia"
- In 1853, novelist Charles Kingsley wrote the serialized novel Hypatia, based loosely on the historical Hypatia.
- Carl Sagan provided a vivid account of her death and the burning of the Library of Alexandria in Cosmos.
- In 1868 Julia Margaret Cameron created a photograph entitled Hypatia.[15]
- In 1885, artist Charles William Mitchell painted his best-known work, Hypatia just prior to her death
- Feminist artist Judy Chicago included Hypatia in the First Wing of her work The Dinner Party.
- Hypatia figures prominently in the first episode of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan in scenes depicting the Library of Alexandria.
- The Heirs of Alexandria series written by Mercedes Lackey, Eric Flint and Dave Freer, includes fictitious references to Hypatia's conversion to Christianity and subsequent correspondence with John Chrysostom and Augustine.
- Hypatia Cade, a precocious child and main character in the science fiction novelThe Ship Who Searched by Mercedes Lackey and Anne McCaffery is named after Hypatia of Alexandria.[citation needed]
- Umberto Eco's novel Baudolino sees the protagonist meet a secluded society of satyr-like creatures who all take their name and philosophy from Hypatia.
- Rinne Groff's 2000 play The Five Hysterical Girls Theorem features a character named Hypatia who lives silently, in fear that she will suffer the fate of her namesake.
- Remembering Hypatia is a fictional treatment of her life and death by author Brian Trent.
- Hypatia is a recurring character in Mark London Williams' juvenile fiction Danger Boy
- Hypatia is the name of a 'shipmind' (ship computer), modeled after the historical Hypatia, in The Boy Who Would Live Forever, a novel in Frederick Pohl's Heechee series.
- Charlotte Kramer's Holy Murder: The Death of Hypatia of Alexandri is a novel published in 2007.
- Hypatia Sans Pro is an Adobe typeface named after her.
- One of approximately 300 lunar craters named after Mathematicians is named Hypatia.
- The Corto Maltese adventure Fable of Venice, by characteristic superposition of anachronistic elements, sees Hypatia preside over an intellectual salon in pre-Fascist Italy.
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A portrait of Julia Jackson who was Camerons niece and favorite subject, an albumen silver print by Julia Margaret Cameron, taken in 1867. ...
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Nicephorus Gregoras (c. ...
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See also: 1852 in literature, other events of 1853, 1854 in literature, list of years in literature. ...
A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ...
Charles Kingsley A statue of Charles Kingsley at Bideford, Devon (UK) Charles Kingsley (June 12, 1819 – January 23, 1875) was an English novelist, particularly associated with the West Country. ...
Insert non-formatted text here Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrobiologist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ...
Inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Balbilus of Rome (d. ...
The cover For the TV series, see Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. ...
A portrait of Julia Jackson who was Camerons niece and favorite subject, an albumen silver print by Julia Margaret Cameron, taken in 1867. ...
Hypatia by Charles William Mitchell (1885) Charles William Mitchell was an English pre-Raphealite painter from Newcastle, born in 1854 and died in 1903. ...
Judy Chicago (born Judy Cohen on July 20, 1939) is a feminist artist, author, and educator. ...
Cover of Judy Chicago’s 1996 book describing the work The Dinner Party is a work by feminist artist Judy Chicago depicting place settings for 39 mythical and historical famous women throughout history. ...
Cosmos: A Personal Voyage was the name of a thirteen part television series produced by Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan which was first broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service in 1980. ...
Insert non-formatted text here Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrobiologist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ...
Inscription regarding Tiberius Claudius Balbilus of Rome (d. ...
The Heirs of Alexandria is an alternate history/historical fantasy series set primarily in the Republic of Venice in the 1530s. ...
Mercedes Lackey (born June 24, 1950) (also known as Misty Lackey) is a prolific American author of fantasy novels. ...
Eric Flint (born California, USA, 1947) is an American science fiction and fantasy author and editor. ...
Dave Freer is a South African-born science fiction author writing mostly humourous or alternate history novels. ...
John Chrysostom (349– ca. ...
Augustinus redirects here. ...
Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ...
Mercedes Lackey (born June 24, 1950) (also known as Misty Lackey) is a prolific American author of fantasy novels. ...
Anne Inez McCaffrey (born April 1, 1926) is an American science fiction author best known for her Dragonriders of Pern series. ...
Umberto Eco (born January 5, 1932) is an Italian medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) and his many essays. ...
Baudolino is a 2000 novel by Umberto Eco about a young man named Baudolinos adventures in the known and mythical Christian world of the 12th century. ...
A bald, bearded, horse-tailed satyr balances a winecup on his erect penis, a trick worthy of note, on an Attic red-figured psykter, ca. ...
Rinne Groff is a playwright and performer. ...
Art by Michael Koelsch Mark London Williams is an American author, playwright, journalist, and creator of the young adult time travel series Danger Boy. ...
Danger Boy, created and written by Mark London Williams, is a young adult time travel series. ...
This article is about the writer and editor. ...
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This is a list of the craters on the Moon. ...
Corto Maltese (Corto Maltese Venetsiassa is the title of the Finnish translation of Fable of Venice. ...
References - ^ Research Machines plc. (2004). The Hutchinson dictionary of scientific biography. Abingdon, Oxon: Helicon Publishing, 608. “Hypatia (c. 370-415) Greek natural philosopher who is credited with being the first female astronomer and mathematician of note.”
- ^ Mueller, I., 'Hypatia (370?-415)', in Women of Mathematics: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook , eds. L.S. Grinstein & P.J. Campbell, New York: Greenwood Press, p. 74-79, 1987.
- ^ Hypatia, Encyclopædia Britannica: "Egyptian Neoplatonist philosopher who was the first notable woman in mathematics."
- ^ John William Draper, as quoted in the 1996 The Literary Legend of Hypatia by Maria Dzielska
- ^ Women Philosophers in the Ancient Greek World: Donning the Mantle, by Kathleen Wider. Hypatia © 1986 Indiana University Press p. 49-50
- ^ a b c Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History.
- ^ http://www.inventions.org/culture/female/hypatia.html
- ^ Historical Dictionary of Feminism, by Janet K. Boles, Diane Long Hoeveler. pp 166.
- ^ Suda online, Upsilon 166, 6[1] Accessed 22 June 2006. "She was so very beautiful and attractive that one of those who attended her lectures fell in love with her. He was not able to contain his desire, but he informed her of his condition. Ignorant reports say that Hypatia relieved him of his disease by music; but truth proclaims that music failed to have any effect. She brought some of her female rags and threw them before him, showing him the signs of her unclean origin, and said, "You love this, O youth, and there is nothing beautiful about it." His soul was turned away by shame and surprise at the unpleasant sight, and he was brought to his right mind."
- ^ A. Fitzgerald, Letters of Synesius of Cyrene, London, 1926. (Letter 154 of Synesius of Cyrene to Hypatia).
- ^ Dzielska, Maria. Hypatia of Alexandria. Oxford Press, 1996.
- ^ http://hem.bredband.net/b153434/Works/Hypatia.htm
- ^ http://cosmopolis.com/people/hypatia.html
- ^ Soldan, W.G. und Heppe, H., Geschichte der Hexenprozesse, Essen 1990. p.82.
- ^ Marsh, Jan, and Pamela Gerrish Nunn. Pre-Raphaelite Women Artists. London: Thames & Hudson, 1998. (33, cat#38)
The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ...
John William Draper (5 May 1811, St Helens, Merseyside – 4 January 1882, Hastings, New York) was a U.S. (English-born) chemist, botanist, historian and photographer. ...
Socrates Scholasticus was a Greek Christian church historian; born at Constantinople c. ...
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External links - Resources on Hypatia: booklist, classroom activities
- Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr The first biography of Hypatia to integrate all aspects of her life. Includes serious discussion of her mathematics. By Michael Deakin, honorary research fellow and former senior lecturer in the School of Mathematical Sciences at Monash University, Australia
- Hypatia on ABC Radio Transcript of an interview with Dr Michael Deakin about his research on Hypatia, broadcast on Australia's ABC Radio National. Sunday, 3 August, 1997
- Extensive biography on Hypatia This website takes the position that Hypatia was an astrologer
- James Grout: Hypatia, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
- "Hipatia" – an organization promoting "the adoption of public policies combined with human and social behaviour that favour the free availability and sustainability of, and social access to, technology and knowledge"
- Her history and contributions to science
- Hypatia World: website dedicated to the continuation of the work of Hypatia
- A counter-point to some of the assertions appearing in Maria Dzielska's Hypatia of Alexandria
- The Important Life & Tragic Death of Hypatia
- O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Hypatia of Alexandria". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
- A collection of free high-resolution Hypatia-related images.
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