The world's first hyperboloid water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896

Hyperboloid structures in architecture were first applied by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853-1939). In the 1880s, Shukhov began to work on the problem of the design of roof systems to use a minimum of materials, time and labor. His calculations were most likely derived from mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev’s work on the theory of best approximations of functions. Shukhov’s mathematical explorations of efficient roof structures led to his invention of a new system that was innovative both structurally and spatially. By applying his analytical skills to the doubly-curved surfaces Nikolai Lobachevsky named "hyperbolic," Shukhov derived a family of equations that led to new structural and constructional systems, known as hyperboloids of revolution and hyperbolic paraboloids. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1188x1918, 194 KB) Summary Other versions unknown Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vladimir Shukhov Hyperboloid structure All-Russia exhibition 1896 Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1188x1918, 194 KB) Summary Other versions unknown Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vladimir Shukhov Hyperboloid structure All-Russia exhibition 1896 Metadata This file contains additional... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ... The mushroom-shaped concrete water tower of Roihuvuori in Helsinki, Finland was built in the 1970s. ... Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (Russian: ), (August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 - February 2, 1939) was a great Russian engineer renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for civil engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of hyperboloid structures, shell structures, tensile structures, oil... The worlds first hyperboloid structure by Vladimir Shukhov, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The worlds first steel tensile structure by Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The All-Russia industrial and art exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod was held from May 28 (June 9) till October 1 (13), 1896. ... Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, a master builder, from αρχι- chiefs, leader , builder, carpenter)[1] is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (Russian: ), (August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 - February 2, 1939) was a great Russian engineer renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for civil engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of hyperboloid structures, shell structures, tensile structures, oil... A roof tiled in imitation of thatch at Croyde, north Devon, England Rooftops in Vietnam Snow on the roof The roof, the top covering of a building, is one of the universal structures found on all buildings. ... Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (Russian: ) ( May 26 [O.S. May 14] 1821 – December 8 [O.S. November 26] 1894) was a Russian mathematician. ... Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский) (December 1, 1792 - February 24, 1856) was a Russian mathematician. ... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ... In mathematics, a paraboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation: (elliptic paraboloid), or (hyperbolic paraboloid). ...

The hyperboloid roofs of the exhibition pavilions of the 1896 All-Russian Industrial and Handicrafts Exposition in Nizhny Novgorod were the first publicly prominent examples of Shukhov’s new system. The roofs of these pavilions were doubly-curved surfaces formed entirely of a lattice of straight angle-iron and flat iron bars. Shukhov himself called them “metal lace.” The patent of this system, for which Shukhov applied in 1895, was awarded in 1899. The worlds first hyperboloid structure by Vladimir Shukhov, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The worlds first steel tensile structure by Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The All-Russia industrial and art exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod was held from May 28 (June 9) till October 1 (13), 1896. ... Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ...

A hyperboloid Kobe Port Tower, Kobe, Japan.

Two pavilions of this type were built for the Nizhni-Novgorod exposition, one oval in plan and one circular. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2142x3200, 1954 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hyperboloid structure Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2142x3200, 1954 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hyperboloid structure Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Kobe Port Tower ), a hyperboloid structure, is a 108 metre high lattice tower in form of a hyperboloid in Kobe, Japan. ... Kobe ) is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture and a prominent port city in Japan with a population of about 1. ...

Shukhov also turned his attention to the development of an efficient and easily constructed structural system for a tower carrying a large gravity load at the top - the problem of the water tower. His solution was inspired by observing the action of a woven basket holding up a heavy weight. Again, it took the form of a doubly-curved surface constructed of a light network of straight iron bars and angle-iron. The Eiffel Tower Fire-observation watchtower in Kostroma, Russia. ... The mushroom-shaped concrete water tower of Roihuvuori in Helsinki, Finland was built in the 1970s. ...

Shukhov's patent for an azhurnaia bashnia ("lace tower," i.e., lattice tower) was submitted in 1896 and awarded in 1899. Shukhov built his first example as a water tower (hyperbolic shell) for the 1896 All-Russian Exposition. The Eiffel Tower is a famous example of a lattice tower A lattice tower is a freestanding steel framework tower. ...

Over the next twenty years, he designed and built close to two hundred of these towers, no two exactly alike, most with heights in the range of 15m to 40m. The world’s first hyperboloid tower is located in Polibino of the Lipetsk Oblast of Russia. Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ... The Eiffel Tower Fire-observation watchtower in Kostroma, Russia. ... Lipetsk Oblast (Russian: , Lipetskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ...

Aspire Tower, Doha, Qatar

At least as early as 1911, Shukhov began experimenting with the concept of forming a tower out of stacked sections of hyperboloids. Stacking the sections permitted the form of the tower to taper more at the top, with a less pronounced “waist” between the shape-defining rings at bottom and top. Increasing the number of sections would increase the tapering of the overall form, to the point that it began to resemble a cone. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 399 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (681 × 1024 pixel, file size: 276 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: Flickr File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 399 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (681 × 1024 pixel, file size: 276 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: Flickr File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Aspire Tower is a 318 meter structure located in the Sports City complex in Doha, Qatar. ... Doha (Arabic: , transliteration: or ), population 400,051 (2005 census), is the capital of Qatar and is at , on the Persian Gulf. ...

By 1918 Shukhov had developed this concept into the design of a nine-section stacked hyperboloid radio transmission tower for Moscow. Shukhov designed a 350m tower, which would have surpassed the Eiffel tower in height by 50m, while using less than a quarter of the amount of material. His design, as well as the full set of supporting calculations analyzing the hyperbolic geometry and sizing the network of members, was completed by February of 1919; however, the 2200 tons of steel required to build the tower to 350m were not available. In July 1919, Lenin decreed that the tower should be built to a height of 150m, and the necessary steel was to be made available from the army’s supplies. Construction of the smaller tower with six stacked hyperboloids began within a few months, and Shukhov Tower was completed by March of 1922. Towers A transmission tower, in contrast to a radio mast, is a free standing structure which can either hold antennae or are themselves antennae. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ... The Eiffel Tower (French: , ) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the River Seine in Paris, France. ... Shukhov Tower in Moscow The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka tower (Russian: Шуховская башня) is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by Vladimir Shukhov. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

Sagrada Família by Antoni Gaudi, hyperboloid detail of the facade, Barcelona, Spain

Antoni Gaudi and Shukhov carried out experiments with hyperboloid structures practically simultaneously in 1880-1895. They did those experiments independently from each other. Antoni Gaudi used structures in the form of hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) and hyperboloid of revolution in the Sagrada Família in 1910 [1]. In the Palau Güell, there is one set of interior columns along the main facade with hyperbolic capitals. Also, it appears that the crown of the the famous parabolic vault is a hyperboloid. The vault of one of the stables at the Church of Colònia Güell appears to be a hyperboloid. There is one unique column of sorts in the Park Güell that is a hyperboloid. Also, in the Sagrada Família, there are a few places on the nativity facade - a design not equated with Gaudi's ruled-surface design, where the hyperboloid crops up. All around the scene with the pelican, there are numberous examples (including the basket held by one of the figures). There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree (by connecting it to the bridge). And finally, the "bishop's mitre" spires are capped with hyperboloids. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (480x640, 60 KB) Barcelona, Sagrada Familia front File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hyperboloid structure Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (480x640, 60 KB) Barcelona, Sagrada Familia front File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hyperboloid structure Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... For the Alan Parsons Project song, see La Sagrada Familia (song). ... Antoni Gaud i Cornet (more widely known in the English speaking world under the Spanish version of his first name, as Antonio Gaud , or, just simply, Gaudi), (25 June 1852–10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Antoni Gaud i Cornet (more widely known in the English speaking world under the Spanish version of his first name, as Antonio Gaud , or, just simply, Gaudi), (25 June 1852–10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ... Paraboloid of revolution Hyperbolic paraboloid In mathematics, a paraboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation: (elliptic paraboloid), or (hyperbolic paraboloid). ... For the Alan Parsons Project song, see La Sagrada Familia (song). ... Front entrance allowed horse drawn carriages to enter the home through one door and exit through the other. ... The Lierne vault of the Liebfrauenkirche, Mühlacker 1482. ... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ... The Lierne vault of the Liebfrauenkirche, Mühlacker 1482. ... Antoni Gaudis great unfinished work. ... The entrance to the park Park Güell is a garden complex with architectural elements situated on the hill of el Carmel in the Gràcia district of Barcelona, Spain. ... For the Alan Parsons Project song, see La Sagrada Familia (song). ... West facade of the Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Cathedral A facade (or façade) (Pronounced fa-sa-de) is generally the exterior of a building — especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear. ... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ...

The famous Spanish engineer and architect Eduardo Torroja designed thin-shell water tower in Fedala and the roof of hippodrome "Zarzuela" in the form of hyperboloid of revolution. The worlds first double curvature lattice steel Shell by V.G.Shukhov (during construction), Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, 1897 Thin-shell structures can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports. ... Hyperboloid of one sheet Hyperboloid of two sheets In mathematics, a hyperboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation  (hyperboloid of one sheet), or  (hyperboloid of two sheets) If, and only if, a = b, it is a hyperboloid of revolution. ...

Le Corbusier and Félix Candela used hyperboloid structures (hypar). Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a French, Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called modernism, or the International Style. ... Félix Candela (1910-1997) was a Mexican architect and engineer. ...

The Georgia Dome is the first Hypar-Tensegrity Dome to be built [2]. The Georgia Dome is a domed stadium located in Atlanta, Georgia that is owned and operated by The State of Georgia who operates The Dome, The Georgia World Congress Center, and Centennial Olympic Park. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

See also

Hyperboloid Cathedral in Brasilia by Oscar Niemeyer, Brazil

Hyperboloid Ještěd Tower by Karel Hubáček, Czech Republic

Partial view of the hyperbolic roof Olympiapark, Munich, Germany, tensile structure

• Vladimir Shukhov, Shukhov Tower
• All-Russian Exposition 1896
• Antoni Gaudí, Sagrada Família
• Oscar Niemeyer, Cathedral of Brasília
• Shukhov tower on the Oka River
• Adziogol Lighthouse
• Guangzhou TV & Sightseeing Tower, [3]
• Ještěd Tower
• Aspire Tower (Doha Sport City Tower)
• Ochsenkopf TV Tower
• Święty Krzyż TV Tower
• Kobe Port Tower
• Sydney Tower
• Ieoh Ming Pei, Hyperboloid New York
• Ken Shuttleworth, "The Vortex"
• Ricardo Bofill, The traffic air control tower, [4], El Prat International Airport, Barcelona, Spain
• QIPCO Office Tower in Doha, Qatar
• Tensile architecture
• Tensile structure
• Georgia Dome
• Hyperbolic roof Olympic Stadium, Munich
• Hyperbolic paraboloid roof Pengrowth Saddledome
• Thin-shell structure
• Le Corbusier, Parliament Building, Chandigarh
• Le Corbusier, Iannis Xenakis, «Poème électronique» Hypar Philips Pavilion
• Gyo Obata, the McDonnell Planetarium in St. Louis
• Hyperbolic paraboloid roof Apache Plaza[5]
• Cooling tower

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (768x1024, 187 KB) From German Wikipedia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (768x1024, 187 KB) From German Wikipedia. ... Cathedral of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer The Cathedral of Brasilia is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. ... Bras lia is the capital city of Brazil and is located in the center of the country in a federal district created in the state of Goi s. ... Oscar Niemeyer Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho (born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect who is considered one of the most important names in international modern architecture. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1152 × 1536 pixel, file size: 261 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jested tower, author:nOvYl I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1152 × 1536 pixel, file size: 261 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jested tower, author:nOvYl I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Jested mountain with tower Location of Jested within the Czech Republic JeÅ¡tÄ›d Tower is a 100 metre high tower used to transmit television signal built on the top of JeÅ¡tÄ›d mountain near Liberec, Czech Republic. ... Image File history File links Muenchen_olympia_axb01. ... Image File history File links Muenchen_olympia_axb01. ... Partial view of The Olympiapark (a view down of the Olympiaturm to the Olympic Stadium, on the right: Olympia Halle, left: Schwimmhalle ) The Olympiapark in Munich, Germany, is an Olympic Park which was constructed for the 1972 Summer Olympics. ... The worlds first steel tensile structure by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Kings Domain, Melbourne A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. ... Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (Russian: ), (August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 - February 2, 1939) was a great Russian engineer renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for civil engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of hyperboloid structures, shell structures, tensile structures, oil... Shukhov Tower in Moscow The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka tower (Russian: Шуховская башня) is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by Vladimir Shukhov. ... The worlds first hyperboloid structure by Vladimir Shukhov, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The worlds first steel tensile structure by Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The All-Russia industrial and art exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod was held from May 28 (June 9) till October 1 (13), 1896. ... Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) – sometimes referred to by the Castilian translation of his name, Antonio Gaudí – was a Catalan architect who belonged to the Modernisme (Art Nouveau) movement and was famous for his unique style and highly individualistic designs. ... For the Alan Parsons Project song, see La Sagrada Familia (song). ... Oscar Niemeyer Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho (born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect who is considered one of the most important names in international modern architecture. ... Cathedral of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer The Cathedral of Brasilia is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. ... Shukhov Tower on the Oka River in the suburb of Nizhniy Novgorod, 2006 Shukhov Tower on the Oka River (Dzerzhinsk High-Voltage Mast) is the world’s only surviving hyperboloid electricity pylon. ... Located in the city of Guangzhou, China, Guangzhou TV & Sightseeing Tower [1] will be the tallest free standing structure after its completion in 2009, provided the Burj Dubai does not open first. ... Jested mountain with tower Location of Jested within the Czech Republic JeÅ¡tÄ›d Tower is a 100 metre high tower used to transmit television signal built on the top of JeÅ¡tÄ›d mountain near Liberec, Czech Republic. ... The Aspire Tower is a 318 meter structure located in the Sports City complex in Doha, Qatar. ... Khalifa Sports City Tower or Aspire Tower is a 318 meter (1,050 feet) tall skyscraper under construction at the Khalifa Sports City in Doha, Qatar. ... Aerial view of Ochsenkopf TV Tower Ochsenkopf TV Tower is a 163 metre tall TV tower of reinforced concrete, which was built in 1958 as replacement for a 50 metre tall guyed steel tube TV mast, which collapsed in January 1958 as result of icing, on the summit of the... ÅšwiÄ™ty Krzyż TV Tower ÅšwiÄ™ty Krzyż TV Tower ( Polish: RTCN ÅšwiÄ™ty Krzyż ) is the tallest free-standing TV tower in Poland ( of course there are taller architectural structures in Poland, but these are guyed masts or highrise buildings and chimneys equipped with antennas). ... Kobe Port Tower ), a hyperboloid structure, is a 108 metre high lattice tower in form of a hyperboloid in Kobe, Japan. ... Sydney Tower (also known as the AMP Tower, AMP Centrepoint Tower, Centrepoint Tower or just Centrepoint) is Sydneys tallest free-standing structure, and the second tallest in Australia (with the Q1 building on the Gold Coast being the tallest). ... The Louvre Pyramid, Paris Ieoh Ming Pei (Chinese: 貝聿銘; Pinyin: Bèi Yùmíng; b. ... Ken Shuttleworth (born 1954 in Birmingham, England) is a celebrated British architect. ... Ricardo Bofill (born December 5, 1939) is a Catalan architect. ... El Prat International Airport is an airport in Barcelona, Spain located 10kms away at El Prat de Llobregat. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Doha (Arabic: , transliteration: or ), population 400,051 (2005 census), is the capital of Qatar and is at , on the Persian Gulf. ... Tensile architecture is a relatively new field of architecture devoted to lightweight membrane structures. ... The worlds first steel tensile structure by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1896 The Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Kings Domain, Melbourne A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. ... The Georgia Dome is a domed stadium located in Atlanta, Georgia that is owned and operated by The State of Georgia who operates The Dome, The Georgia World Congress Center, and Centennial Olympic Park. ... The Munich Olympiastadion from bigfotos At the heart of the Olympiapark München in northern Munich, the Olympiastadion was the main venue for the 1972 Summer Olympics. ... The Saddledome and Calgary skyline at night The Pengrowth Saddledome is the main indoor arena facility in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and is situated on the east end of the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede grounds. ... The worlds first double curvature lattice steel Shell by V.G.Shukhov (during construction), Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, 1897 Thin-shell structures can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a French, Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called modernism, or the International Style. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a French, Swiss-born architect and writer, who is famous for his contributions to what now is called modernism, or the International Style. ... Iannis Xenakis Iannis Xenakis (Ιάννης Ξενάκης) (May 29, 1922 Brăila – February 4, 2001 Paris) was a Greek composer and architect who spent much of his life in Paris. ... Gyo Obata (born 1923) is a significant American architect. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Apache Plaza was a former shopping center, located in St. ... Image 1: Natural draft wet cooling towers at Didcot Power Station, UK Cooling towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working medium to near the ambient wet-bulb air temperature. ...

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Hyperboloid structure

Cooling tower Puertollano, Spain

Tower by Jan Bogusławski in Ciechanow, Poland

• Photos of Shukhov's Towers
• Photos of Hyperboloid structures, [6]
• General data of Shukhov Tower in Moscow
• New hyperboloid Tower in Guangzhou
• Hyperboloid structures of Sagrada Família
• Sagrada Família
• The Works of Gaudi
• Gaudi’s vaulted structures
• Gaudi and Shukhov
• Anticlastic hyperboloid shells
• Shells: Hyperbolic paraboloids (hypar)
• Hyperbolic Paraboloids & Concrete Shells
• Analyses hyperboloidal Shells
• Special Structures
• Hyperboloid structures and music.
• EXPO-70 Japan Automobile Pavilion by Kunio Maekawa
• Tower by Jan Bogusławski, 1972, Ciechanow, Poland
• Hyperboloid footbridge, 2000, Manchester, England
• Hyperboloid tower by Daniel Roth and Alexander Kohm, 2003, Zurich, Swiss
• Shukhov Tower Foundation
• "The Nijni-Novgorod exhibition: Water tower, room under construction, springing of 91 feet span", "The Engineer", № 19.3.1897, P.292-294, London, 1897.
• Rainer Graefe: “Vladimir G. Šuchov 1853-1939 - Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.”, S.192, Stuttgart, DVA, 1990. [7]
• The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture
• Elizabeth Cooper English: “Arkhitektura i mnimosti”: The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition”, a dissertation in architecture, 264p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.