Hypercorrection comprises four linguistic phenomena: Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... For other uses, see Phenomena (disambiguation). ...

1. an elaborate, prescriptively based correction of common usage, often introduced in an attempt to avoid vulgarity or informality,^{[citation needed]} that results in wording commonly considered clumsier than the usual, colloquial usage.
2. usage that many informed users of a language consider incorrect, but that the speaker or writer uses through misunderstanding of prescriptive rules, often combined with a desire to seem formal or educated.^[1]
3. usage that is correct in another language but is not required in English. Examples include myself, yourself, himself which obtain in Irish and German for instance but not in the more casual English.
4. (also called overcompensation): the effect that results when a student of a new language has learned that certain phones of his or her original language must usually be substituted with another in the studied language, but has not learned when not to substitute them (or has learned, but must consciously remind himself of the exceptions and hence sometimes forgets not to substitute).^[2] (Compare overregularization, which is analogous in that the automatic overriding of a rule must be mastered.)

In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules for the use of a language. ... The term vulgar originally meant of the common people, from the Latin vulgus. ... Look up Colloquialism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Overregularization is a language-learning process in which the regular ways of modifying or connecting words are mistakenly applied to words that require irregular modifications or connections. ...

In English

Unlike some other languages, such as Italian ( Accademia della Crusca), French or Spanish, English has no single supreme authoritative body that governs whether any given usage will fall into the category of correct or incorrect. Nonetheless, within certain groups of users of English, some of which are quite large, certain usages are indeed considered either (1) unduly elaborate adherence to formal rules instead of rules of popular, widespread, or common usage, or (2) mis- or ill-informed changing of correct, but seemingly informal, usage into wording that is incorrect but seemingly formal. The Accademia della Crusca is an Italian institution that brings together scholars and experts in Italian linguistics and philology. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Preposition at the end of a clause

There is an anecdote mistakenly attributed to Winston Churchill as replying to a hypercorrective memo with the phrase "This is the sort of English up with which I will not put" or a similar construction. [1] This is an example of hypercorrection used as parody: Churchill went beyond creating a grammatically correct sentence to mock the elaborate refusal to end a clause in a preposition (or insistence on placing the preposition before the relative pronoun); he treated the adverbial particles up and with as prepositions. They are actually part of the phrasal verb put up with (which derives from the Irish idiom cur suas le), and their placement before put is extremely unusual. An anecdote is a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident. ... Churchill redirects here. ... For other uses, see Construction (disambiguation). ... In contemporary usage, a parody (or lampoon) is a work that imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself, the subject of the work, the author or fictional voice of the parody, or another subject. ... In grammar, an adposition is an element that, prototypically, combines syntactically with a phrase and indicates how that phrase should be interpreted in the surrounding context. ... A poprelative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause within a larger sentence. ... Adverbs redirects here. ... In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition. ... In the English language, a phrasal verb is a verb combined with an uninflected preposition, an adverb, or an adverbial particle; for example, stand up. A phrasal verb is also called verb-particle construction, verb phrase, multi-word verb, or compound verb. ...

Prescription against such constructions as "Where is the party at?" is not necessarily related to the prescription against using a preposition to end a sentence. The adverb where in such questions usually means "at what place", making the final at redundant. In linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used. ... Where? Here is this place; the place where a thinking subject is, or places itself. ... For other uses, see Question (disambiguation). ... In language, redundancy often takes the form of phrases which repeat a concept with a different word. ...

Personal pronouns

Jack Lynch, assistant professor of English at Rutgers University, describes another example of hypercorrection: A professor is a senior teacher and researcher, usually in a college or university. ... “Rutgers” redirects here. ...

We're taught as children—and beginning English learners are told—"You don't say, 'Me and you went to the movies'; it should be 'you and I.'" And a lot of people, therefore, internalize the rule that "you and I" is somehow more proper, and they end up using it in places where they shouldn't—such as "He gave it to you and I," when it should be "He gave it to you and me."^[3]

The rule is that the pronoun that would stand in isolation is the one to use: if "I went to the movies", then "You and I went to the movies"; if "He gave it to me", then "He gave it to you and me". ESL is a common abbreviation for: English as a Second Language. ... To internalize is to put something inside of borders where it did not originally belong. ...

Similar confusion between subject and object pronouns occurs with the relative/interrogative pronoun who and whom. As cases are dying out in English, many native speakers no longer understand the distinction between the subject "who" and the object "whom". Again, it is easy to remember proper usage by comparing the forms of "who/whom/whose" with those of "he/him/his". Look up who, whom in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject, of direct object, or of possessor. ...

• He is someone to whom I owe a great deal. ("I" is subject, "whom" (relating to "he") the object)
• He is someone who is a great guy. ("who" is subject of the side clause)
• He is someone whose help I appreciate. ("whose" is adjunct to help, the side clause's subject)

On the basis of this confusion, a speaker might make hypercorrections.

• He is someone whom is a great guy.

Another form of pronoun hypercorrection seems to originate in the speaker's or writer's desire to appear educated or refined rather than in understanding of the usual usage of pronouns; this hypercorrection is the use of reflexive pronouns in places properly occupied by other pronouns. The reflexive pronouns in English are myself, yourself, thyself (archaic), himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Reflexive pronouns are properly used when the direct or indirect object of the verb is the same noun as the subject: for example, in "She dresses herself", the same person is designated by she in the subject and by herself in the object. Hypercorrection includes all non-appositive uses of the reflexive pronoun (1) as subject and (2) as object when the object is not the same person or thing as the subject. For example, “Oneself” redirects here. ... Apposition is a figure of speech, in which two elements are placed side by side, with the second element serving to define or modify the first (ex: My wife, a nurse by training. ...

• "Pat and myself went shopping" should be "Pat and I went shopping". The person designated by myself is in the subject, and so is properly designated by I.
• "Sam wants to give yourself a gift" should be "Sam wants to give you a gift". The person designated by yourself is not the same person as the one designated by Sam, and so is properly designated by you.
• "Joe likes myself and Alex" should be "Joe likes me and Alex" (or Alex and me). The person designated by myself is not the same person as the one designated by Joe, and so is properly designated by me.

(Appositive use of reflexive pronouns is not hypercorrection: e.g., "I, myself, went shopping", "Sam gave you, yourself, a gift", "Joe heard me, myself, in the kitchen", and "The students, themselves, are intelligent". Reflexive pronouns used this way are called intensive pronouns and are grammatically appropriate.)

Spelling

Hypercorrection can also affect spelling. For example, in standard English the word "its" (belonging to it) has no apostrophe, for "it's" is a contraction of "it is". Some people are therefore careful to spell the possessive of "one" without an apostrophe, as in "It is sometimes best to keep ones thoughts to oneself", though standard usage is "one's". Similar mistaken pedantry may lie behind the common misspellings of "till" as "'til", and "round" as " 'round" when the word "round" is used with the same meaning as "around".

Phonemes

Hypercorrection also occurs when speakers with non-standard accent backgrounds, in altering their speech to make it more similar to a form considered standard, duplicate certain sound shifts not only where those shifts are appropriate in mimicking the target accent, but also in similar but inappropriate areas. For example, speakers who pronounce both t and d as [ɾ], so that the t of waiter and the d of wader have the same sound, may, in an attempt to formalize, pronounce lady as laty ([ˈleɪ.ti]). Look up Accent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sound shift can refer to: Sound/Shift A multi-performer improvised music event organized in 2002 in Baltimore, Maryland by John Berndt. ... A mimic is any species that has evolved to appear similar to another successful species in order to dupe predators into avoiding the mimic, or dupe prey into approaching the mimic. ... This page discusses a phonological phenomenon. ...

Overcompensation can occur with an among speakers trying to ensure pronunciation of d in and, and with the participial -en suffix among speakers hoping to ensure pronunciation of g in the -ing suffix.

Many English speakers take unnecessary care to mispronounce "espresso", a coffee brewing technique developed in Italy, as "expresso" (despite the fact that Italian has no "x"). This may be hypercorrection, or it may be simple confusion with the English word "express". This also happens with the word "escape", which many people turn to excape, perhaps because they associate ex- to mean "out from" (which it does, in Latin). In the movie Idiocracy, the form excape has apparently become standard. Espresso brewing, with a dark reddish-brown foam, called crema or schiuma. ... Coffee preparation is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage. ... Idiocracy is a 2006 American dark comedy directed by Mike Judge, and starring Luke Wilson and Maya Rudolph. ...

Plurals

Another area of hypercorrection involves Greek- and Latin-looking words like octopus. The spurious plural octopi likens the octopus to Latin nouns of the Second Declension that form plurals in -i. (Were there actually a classical plural of octopus, it would be octopodes.) Words such as rhinoceros, status, census, omnibus (which in Latin is the dative plural of omnis), and ignoramus (which in Latin is a plural, first-person form of a verb) are sometimes inflected in the same way, although some much more commonly than others; none of these examples' sources would be inflected in that way in Latin or Greek. Virus sometimes gets the pseudoclassical plural form virii, which presumes Latin *virius. An even less sensible plural is penii (for singular penis; the true Latin plural is penes), which is not uncommon in Internet speak. Occasionally, one sees similar plurals for non-classical words, such as caucus and walrus, or invented words such as conundrum. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Octopus (disambiguation). ... Latin, like all other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflectional, and so has a very flexible word order. ... A classical language is a language with a literary tradition that can be judged as classical. According to George L. Hart: [To] qualify as a classical tradition, a language must fit several criteria: it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own not... For other uses, see Point of view (literature). ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Look up virus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ... Internet slang is slang which Internet users have coined and promulgated. ... A caucus is most generally defined as being a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution of Walrus Subspecies Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) are large semi-aquatic mammals that live in the cold Arctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. ... A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (or coined), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... A conundrum is a puzzling question. ...

All of these words take the regular English inflection in -s or -es, but a few of the hypercorrected forms have passed into such common usage as to be considered acceptable by some, despite their origins. Inflection of the Spanish lexeme for cat, with blue representing the masculine gender, pink representing the feminine gender, grey representing the form used for mixed-gender, and green representing the plural number. ...

It is unclear how much words like penii are used as wordplay. Donald Trump would, on the reality TV show The Apprentice, often refer to the contestants as his apprenti. It is assumed that Trump actually knows that the plural of apprentice is apprentices and not apprenti. An old joke involves a slightly tipsy professor who orders a martinus instead of a martini, because "If I wanted more than one, I would ask for it in the plural." Word play is a literary technique in which the nature of the words used themselves become part of the subject of the work. ... Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946 in Queens, New York, New York) is an American business executive, entrepreneur, television and radio personality and author. ... Reality television is a genre of television programming in which the fortunes of real life people (as opposed to fictional characters played by actors) are followed. ... The Apprentice is a television franchise that originated in 2004 in the United States. ... The martini is a cocktail made with gin or vodka and dry white vermouth. ...

Yet more hypercorrection deals with the pronunciation of the -es plural forms of certain English nouns. Although the most common way of pluralizing a noun in English is to add -s or -es to the end of the singular form, there are many exceptions. One such exception involves some words whose singular forms end in -is and the plurals of which are formed simply by the replacement of -is with -es: e.g., crisis and crises, or neurosis and neuroses. The standard pronunciation of such plurals has the final syllable equivalent to the sound of the English word ease [iːz]. Yet some speakers use the same ease [iːz] pronunciation for the -es endings of nouns whose plurals are formed in the ordinary way, by the addition of -es: e.g., processes (plural of process). The correct pronunciations of words such as processes and biases have the final syllable equivalent to that of houses and witches: /ɪz/. In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom schema of replacement is a schema of axioms in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. ... In modern psychology, the term neurosis, also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, is a general term that refers to any mental imbalance that causes distress, but (unlike a psychosis or personality disorder) does not prevent rational thought or an individuals ability to function in daily life. ...

Room for confusion exists in some homographic plurals, where the final "-es" pronunciation depends on the word's meaning. For example, axes is pronounced /ˈæksiːz/ for the plural of axis, but /ˈæksɨz/ for the plural of axe. The pronunciation of bases similarly depends on whether its singular is basis or base. Hypercorrective replacement of /ɨz/ with /iːz/ in plurals may result partly from confusion over these homographs. Look up homograph in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Semantic hypercorrection

An example of hypercorrecting a word rather than a pronunciation is found when law students—who have absorbed the idea that one should always say "British" rather than "English" (e.g., "the King of England"), so as not to exclude Welsh, Scots, Northern Irish, etc.—balk at using the term "English law". However, legally this term is quite correct, since Scotland, the Isle of Man, and (to a lesser extent) Northern Ireland have legal systems separate from that of England and Wales. It is correct, in some cases, to speak of "British law", but usually "English law" will be more accurate (unless the topic of discussion is Scottish, Manx, or Northern Irish law). This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... English law is a formal term of art that describes the law for the time being in force in England and Wales. ... This article is about the country. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ...

Hyperforeignism

When pronunciation and spelling of foreign loan words are erroneously based on rules that apply to other foreign words, but not to those in question, the phenomenon is called hyperforeignism. The following are examples. A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. ...

French words

Non-native French speakers may erroneously omit the last consonant in Vichyssoise /z/, in the chess term en prise, and in prix fixe. Those who know a little French omit the final s in fleur-de-lis although it is pronounced by the French, as well as in many French proper nouns such as Saint-Saëns, Boulez, and Berlioz, among many others which do not adhere to standard rules of French pronunciation. Similarly, the phrase "coup de grâce" is often mispronounced by omitting the final consonant "s", which is actually pronounced in French (see also entry coup de grâce). In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Vichyssoise ([1], commonly mispronounced ) is a French-style soup made of puréed leeks, onions, potatoes, cream, and chicken stock. ... Fleurs-de-lys on the flag of Quebec The fleur-de-lis (also spelled fleur-de-lys; plural fleurs-de-lis or -lys) is used in heraldry, where it is particularly associated with the France monarchy (see King of France). ... Charles Camille Saint-Saëns (IPA: [ʃaʁl. ... Pierre Boulez (IPA: /pjɛʁ.buˈlɛz/) (born March 26, 1925) is a conductor and composer of classical music. ... Portrait of Berlioz by Signol, 1832 Louis Hector Berlioz (December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869) was a French Romantic composer best known for the Symphonie Fantastique, first performed in 1830, and for his Requiem of 1837, with its tremendous resources that include four antiphonal brass choirs. ... Look up coup de grâce in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up coup de grâce in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Forte, meaning a person's strong point, is now usually pronounced with two syllables, under the influence either of the Italian musical term forte or of the many French loan words ending in é. This meaning was originally a metaphor drawn from fencing: the forte of the blade is its thick part, and the foible is the thin part. (In fencing context, it is still pronounced "fort".) The term is derived from French, where the equivalent word, in both the "strength" and the fencing meanings, is spelled fort and pronounced [fɔʁ], i.e., with a silent t. “Fortissimo” redirects here. ... This article is about metaphor in literature and rhetoric. ... Fencing advertisement for the 1900 Summer Olympic Games This article is about the sport, which is distinguished from stage fencing and academic fencing (mensur). ... In fencing, forte is the strong part of the blade - the one third closest to the hilt. ... Definitions and explanations of terms and maneuvers in fencing. ...

Many native speakers of American English pronounce the word lingerie as [lɑnʒɜˈɹeɪ], excessively depressing the first vowel to sound more like a "typical" French nasal vowel, and rhyming the final syllable with English ray, by analogy with the many French loanwords ending in -é(e), -er, -et, and -ez. A closer English approximation of the native French [lɛ̃ʒəʀi] would be [læn.ʒə.ɹi]. Assorted lingerie styles. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth. ... Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. ... A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with estimation. ...

Also, some may tend to pronounce the final t in "bon appétit", while it is silent in French.

Those who know a little French pronounce words such as Sartre as /sart/, although the French actually pronounce a short voiceless [ʁə] after the t. This even extends to words such as Louvre, which among some English speakers becomes /luv/.

Jejune [dʒəˈdʒuːn] or dʒi'dʒuːn] is often taken to be a French word and pronounced 'je jeune' although it is in fact Latin in origin.

Spanish and Italian words

The English [eɪ] pronunciation of the French -ez has been misapplied to Ruy López, the name of a Spanish priest used eponymously in chess, more properly approximated [ˌɾui-ˈlo.pɛθ]. Similarly, enchilada can be heard as [ˌɑn.ʧɪ. ˈlɑ.də]. Moves 1. ... This article is about religious workers. ... An eponym is the name of a person, whether real or fictitious, who has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. ... This article is about the Western board game. ...

The ch of the Spanish surname Chávez is often given a /ʃ/ ("sh") sound, by mistaken analogy to the standard French pronunciation of ch. In standard Spanish it is /tʃ/ ("ch").

Regarded as especially undesirable is pronouncing a word with a semi-English, semi-foreign pronunciation at the same time. For example, some English-speakers wanting to sound Spanish have been known to pronounce junta like "hunte(r)".

The word mezzo is pronounced [ˈmedzɔ] in Italian, but, in musical context (mezzo soprano, mezzo forte), is often rendered /ˈmɛtsoʊ/. (In Italian, "z" is indeed pronounced "ts" in some words, but "mezzo" is not one of them.) A mezzo-soprano (meaning medium or middle soprano in Italian) is a female singer whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above (i. ... “Fortissimo” redirects here. ...

English-speakers often pronounce Italian bruschetta with a "sh" instead of a "sk", through misunderstanding of the role of "h" in Italian or pronouncing the "sch" cluster as if it were German. The "sch" in Maraschino and in the brand-name Freschetta get the same treatment. Conversely, prosciutto is often mispronounced with "sk" instead of "sh" - whence the waiter's rule of thumb that prosciutto and bruschetta should always be served together to tourists to avoid a scene. Bruschetta made with tomatoes Bruschetta with olive oil and ham   is a food originating in central Italy. ... Maraschino is a bittersweet, clear liqueur flavored with marasca cherries, which are grown in northern Italy (near Trieste), Croatia, and Slovenia. ... Prosciutto Prosciutto (IPA: ) is the Italian word for ham, used in English to refer to dry-cured ham (prosciutto crudo). ...

Similarly the z in (Spanish) chorizo or Ibiza is often pronounced with a "ts" instead of a "th" (as it is in Castilian Spanish - giving rise to the increasingly common English pronunication "Ibeefa") or "ss" (as it is in Southern Spain and South America - and, indeed, in Eivissa), possibly by confusion with Italian or German. Chorizo (in Spanish; IPA: [tʃoriθo] or [tʃoɹɪso]) or Chouriço (in Portuguese) is a term encompassing several types of pork sausage originating from the Iberian Peninsula. ... “Ebusus” redirects here. ... Spanish () or Castilian () is an Iberian Romance language. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Eivissa or Ibiza is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea, and belonging to Spain. ...

Many non-Spanish speakers attempt to sound more Spanish by pronouncing Barcelona as Barthelona (affecting the [θ] pronunciation of the /s/ phoneme, as is usual in Castilian Spanish). This is hypercorrective in that (a) the affectation is unnecessary (just as it is unnecessary to affect London to replace Londres in Spanish), and (b) both [θ] and [s] can be heard in Spain anyway, the latter in fact being usual in the Catalan dialect of Barcelona. Spanish people are used to accent differences and do not proscribe either [s] or [θ].

Greek words

The word aphelion can be hypercorrected to "ap-helion" by analogy with its antonym perihelion, but it is correct to take the "ph" as an "f" sound as usual, because the ap(o)- becomes aph- before a vowel with rough breathing (transliterated as "h") — the Greek is ἀφήλιον. Ironically, despite all of this tedious nit-picking about Attic sandhi, it turns out that the actual Ancient Greek pronunciation of "ph" or "φ" was probably an aspirated bilabial stop, which sounds nearly identical to the English "p." However, "φ" is traditionally pronounced like "f" in English (and most other modern languages). This brings up the question of how closely one is to look back at the phonological rules of foreign languages for guidance on the "correct" pronunciation. This article is about several astronomical terms (apogee & perigee, aphelion & perihelion, generic equivalents based on apsis, and related but rarer terms. ... Look up Antonym in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about several astronomical terms (apogee & perigee, aphelion & perihelion, generic equivalents based on apsis, and related but rarer terms. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ...

Due to the fact that American English spelling has, in many cases, dropped a vowel from many Greek diphthongs, hypercorrection will often occur in some words of Greek origin but not in others from the same root or diphthong. For example, one will hear "pediatrician/paediatrician" and "orthopedic/orthopaedic" pronounced differently form "pedophile/paedophile" (Greek παιδί), and "phoenix" pronounced differently from "Edipus/Oedipus". On the other hand, no English variant of these words even closely approximates the original Ancient Pronunciation, but rather can imitate the guesses of Renaissance Greek scholars.

Words from Asian languages

Some English-speakers (including the BBC radio news) mispronounce Beijing with /ʒ/, even though the Mandarin Chinese sound represented by the j in Pinyin is closer to the English j (that is, /ʥ/). Similarly, the j in the name of the Taj Mahal is often rendered /ʒ/, though a closer approximation to the Hindi/Urdu sound is /ʤ/. (J in most other Roman-alphabet spellings of words associated with languages of India is best approximated /ʤ/.) Peking redirects here. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Taj Mahal Location of the Taj Mahal within India The Taj Mahal (Devanagari: ताज महल, Nastaliq: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. ... Hindi (DevanāgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA:  ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ...

Another example is the pronunciation of Punjab as [ˈpun.ʤɑb]; in the Anglo-Indian spelling convention, Hindi's neutral vowel is represented by the letter u with a sound similar to that of the u in English cup [ʌ]. This article is about the geographical region. ... Hindi (DevanāgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA:  ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ...

Diacritics

Hypercorrection arises in the use of diacritics in words from foreign languages. For example, habañero peppers is a misapplied analogy with jalapeño; the standard Spanish spelling has no tilde—habanero. The Italian word grande is sometimes spelled grandé by English-speakers—in some cafés, for example. It is also possible that the acute accent is used specifically to induce readers to pronounce the word at least semi-correctly, as [ˈgɹɑndeɪ] instead of [gɹænd] or [ɡʀɛ̃d]. Unintentional misuse of diacritics should not, however, be confused with intentional misuse, or use without concern for traditional function, as in the heavy-metal umlaut. Example of a letter with a diacritic A diacritic or diacritical mark, also called an accent, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... Binomial name The jalapeño is a large to giant-size chili pepper that is prized for the cold, burning sensation that it produces in the left kidney when eaten. ... For the baseball player known as the Big Tilde, see Magglio Ordóñez. ... Binomial name Jacq. ... The acute accent (   ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin and Greek scripts. ... The heavy metal umlaut, or rock dots, is an umlaut over letters in the name of a heavy metal band, such as Mötley Crüe or Motörhead. ...

Hyperforeignism for comic effect

Use of the ironic term "par-tay" for "party" is a hyperforeignism that mockingly reverses the tendency to pronounce French-derived words ending in "-ée" (eg, "enchantée" is ɑ̃.ʃɑ̃.te) to rhyme with English "see" rather than "say".^{[citation needed]} Ironic redirects here. ...

The silent 't' in "report" in the title of the parody pundit show The Colbert Report is a hyperforeignism used for comedic effect. It is also an allusion to the actual English word (which is a French loanword) "rapport" (pronounced "ra-pour") meaning "close personal relationship." In contemporary usage, a parody (or lampoon) is a work that imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself, the subject of the work, the author or fictional voice of the parody, or another subject. ... The Colbert Report (IPA ) is an American satirical television program that airs from 11:30 p. ... A comedy is a dramatic performance of a light and amusing character, usually with a happy conclusion to its plot. ...

In Oxford during the late 1980s it was common to hear the bookshop Blackwells referred to as something akin to "Blah-wées" on the logic that the clutter of consonants sounded far too low born for an Oxford institution. Similarly certain newly genteel South London suburbs were jocularly re-named "Clahm", "Ba-TER-zee-a", "St. Ockwell" and the like. More recently, the North London suburb of Crouch End, known for its upmarket brasseries and well-heeled population, has been dubbed 'CrOOsh-ON' in the French manner.

The name of Target stores in both Australia and the U.S. is pronounced by some with in a tongue-in-cheek manner as if it were a French name, "tar-ZHAY" (/tarˈʒeɪ/), ironic for a large chain store. This article is about the United States retail company. ... Sarcasm is the making of remarks intended to mock the person referred to (who is normally the person addressed), a situation or thing. ...

In other languages

West South Slavic languages

The syllables je and ije appear in Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin speech where Serbian has only variation in quality (length of the vowel) of e. Not every Serbian e becomes je or ije like in the other West Balkan countries. Serbian speakers may hypercorrect their dialect by either undersupplying or oversupplying the jes and the ijes. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Serbian (; ) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ... ...

Russian language

In native Russian words, most consonants undergo palatalization before so-called "soft vowels" (or one could say these vowels are written after palatalized consonants). However, many loanwords in Russian (mostly coming from English and French) that contain the Russian letter "е" (IPA:/e/, /ɛ/ or /ə/), do not follow this rule, because the letter э, representing a nonpalatalized e, is only supposed to be written either at the beginning of a word, or after another vowel (as in Aeroflot). Here are some examples: See also consonance in music. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. ... Ye, or E (Е, е), is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. ... E or E Oborotnoye (Э, э) is a letter of the Russian alphabet, representing the non-iotated vowel, IPA: or ). Code positions See also Glagolitic alphabet Categories: Cyrillic letters | Language stubs ... JSC Aeroflot - Russian Airlines (Russian: ) (MICEX:AFLT RTS:AFLT), or Aeroflot (Russian: ) as the airline is commonly known, is the Russian flag carrier and the largest airline in Russia. ...

• business → бизнес
• interview → интервью
• modern → модерн
• energy → энергия
• cocktail → коктейль
• model → модель
• chaussé → шоссе
• café → кафе

However the bold consonants in these words are sometimes palatalized by native speakers, which is regarded as a solecism and a shibboleth. Other loanwords with this feature, such as tennis (теннис), have been more firmly embedded in native Russian speakers with non-palatalized pronunciation, and are almost never mispronounced. Other loanwords swing both ways, such as sexual (сексуальный). However, sources may vary depending on their level of prescriptivism. Examples of hyperforeignisms are found in Russian when loanwords (commonly older loanwords) contain consonants that should be palatalized. Yet some speakers, emphasizing the foreign quality of the word, do not palatalize them. For example: theme (тема), technical (технический), text (текст), museum (музей), gazette (газета) and effect (эффект). In linguistic prescriptivism, a solecism is a grammatical or other mistake or absurdity. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules of the language. ...

Chinese languages

Modern Cantonese is currently undergoing a phonological shift, one of the changes being the dropping of the initial ng- consonant (pronounced [ŋ]). For instance, the word 牙 (ngaa4, meaning "tooth"), ends up being pronounced aa4 (Note: Cantonese romanization provided using Jyutping). Prescriptivists tend to consider these changes as substandard and denounce them for being "lazy sounds" (懶音). However, in a case of hypercorrection, some speakers have started pronouncing words that should have a null initial using an initial ng-, even though according to historical Chinese phonology, only words with Yang tones (which correspond to tones 4, 5, and 6 in Cantonese) had voiced initials (which includes ng-). Words with Yin tones (1, 2, and 3) historically should have unvoiced or null initials. Because of this hypercorrection, words such as 愛 (oi3, meaning "love"), which has a Yin tone, are pronounced by speakers with an ng- initial, ngoi3. Standard Cantonese is a variant, and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese Chinese. ... Sound change or phonetic change is a historical process of language change consisting in the replacement of one speech sound or, more generally, one phonetic feature by another in a given phonological environment. ... The initial, also called the onset, or in Chinese shengmu (PY: shēngmǔ, TC: 聲母, SC: 声母), is an important concept in the phonological study of Chinese languages. ... Languages can be romanized in a variety of ways, as shown here with Mandarin Chinese In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language... Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... Historical Chinese Phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. ... Some web browsers may not be able to view this correctly; you may see transcriptions in parentheses after the character, like this: () instead of on top of the character as intended. ... A voiced consonant is a sound made as the vocal cords vibrate, as opposed to a voiceless consonant, where the vocal cords are relaxed. ...

Speakers of some accents of Mandarin, particularly in the south of China and in Taiwan, pronounce the retroflex initials zh-, ch- and sh- as the alveolar initials z-, c- and s-. Such speakers may hypercorrect by pronouncing words that should start with z-, c- and s- as if they started with their retroflex counterparts. This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... Retroflex consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up and back so the bottom of the tip touches the roof of the mouth. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ...

In Taiwan, under the influence of Taiwanese (Min Nan), many people pronounce the initial f- as h-, and often hypercorrect by pronouncing the initial h- as f-. This is also noticeable in the Hakka population, where many words that begin in h- in Mandarin and Taiwanese begin in f- in Hakka. (Examples: 火, 花) For other uses, see Formosan languages, Taiwanese Mandarin, and Languages of Taiwan. ... Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ...

German

In German, the dialect spoken in the city of Düsseldorf and its surroundings heavily features the front 'ch' sound (aka the "ich sound", [ç]) where standard German calls for the 'sch' [ʃ] sound. Speakers with this accent would say 'Fich' [fɪç] instead of 'Fisch' [fɪʃ] (fish), and 'Tich' [tɪç] instead of 'Tisch' [tɪʃ] (table). This is due to a hypercorrection of the Rhineland accent prevalent in that area of Germany, an accent that often replaces the front 'ch' [ç] sound with the 'sch' [ʃ] sound. Attempting to avoid this error, speakers of the Düsseldorf accent hypercorrect it to an abundance of 'ch' [ç]. For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... Düsseldorf (IPA: ) is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and one of the economic and cultural centres of Germany and western Europe. ... Standard German is the prescriptive norm variant of the German language used as a written language, in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. ...

Another example is use of the genitive case where the dative case is required. Colloquially, the genitive is often dropped in favor of the dative even if correct grammatical usage demands the genitive. Because language critics deride such substitution, many German speakers use the genitive even with prepositions that actually demand the dative (e.g., entgegen, entlang, gegenüber), seemingly under the false impression that the genitive is always right and the dative is always wrong, or at least that the genitive is a better form of the dative. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. ...

Hebrew and Yiddish

Careful Hebrew speakers are taught to avoid the colloquial pronunciation of בדיוק (bediyyuq, "exactly") as [biˑ.ˈdjuk]. Many speakers accordingly pronounce להיות (lihyot, "to be") as if it were spelled "lehiyyot" ([lɛˑ.hiˑ.ˈjot]), though there is no grammatical justification for doing so. Hebrew redirects here. ...

Hypercorrection can work in both directions. It is well known that the vowel kamatz gadol, which in the accepted Sephardic pronunciation is rendered as /aː/, becomes /ɔ/ in Ashkenazi Hebrew (and therefore in Yiddish). Many older British Jews therefore consider it more colloquial and "down-home" to say "Shobbes", "cholla" and "motza", though the vowel in these words is in fact a patach, which is rendered as /a/ in both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Hebrew. In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; dots) is the system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters in the Hebrew alphabet. ... The Sephardi Hebrew language is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice. ... Ashkenazi Hebrew is the pronunciation system for Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian  ; dots) is the system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters in the Hebrew alphabet. ...

The consistent pronunciation of all forms of kamatz as /a/, disregarding katan and chataf forms, could also be seen as a hypercorrection, when Ashkenazic Hebrew speakers attempt to pronounce Sephardic Hebrew. (e.g. צָהֳרָיִם, "midday" as "tzaharayim", rather than "tzohorayim" as in standard Israeli pronunciation; proper Sephardi pronunciation is "tzahorayim")

Other hypercorrections occur when speakers of Israeli (based on Sephardic) Hebrew attempt to pronounce Ashkenazi Hebrew. The month of Shevat (שבט) is mistakenly pronounced "Shvas", as if it were spelled *שְׁבַת. In an attempt to imitate Polish and Lithuanian dialects, kamatz (both gadol and katan), which would normally be pronounced [ɔ], is hypercorrected to the pronunciation of cholam, [ɔj], rendering גדול ("large") as goydl and ברוך ("blessed") as boyrukh. In the story of Xenogears, Shevat is the name of a country, named after the Hebrew month. ...

Latin

In the Middle Ages, the spelling of Latin was simplified in various respects: for example, ae and oe became e, and ch became c. Occasionally these changes were reversed, and e and c were sometimes expanded to ae (or oe) and ch, even when such spelling contradicted Classical Latin. For example, caelum was contracted to celum and re-expanded to coelum. These spellings are often preserved in English derivatives, including et cætera and et coetera (occasionally found as variants for et cetera); foetus (originally fetus); lachrymose, from lachryma (a false Hellenisation, originally lacrima, "a tear"); and schedule, from schedula (originally scedula). The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Classical Latin is the language used by the principal exponents of that language in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. ... In mathematics, the derivative of a function is one of the two central concepts of calculus. ... The &c (et ceterarum, [Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland] and of others) shows that Oliver Cromwell did not renounce the English claims on France. ... For other uses, see Fetus (disambiguation). ... Tears trickling down the cheeks Lacrimation is the bodys process of producing tears, which are a liquid to clean and lubricate the eyes. ... For schedule in computer science, see schedule (computer science). ...

Swedish

An example of hyperforeignism in Swedish is the common use of "chevré" in "chevré[ost]" for "chèvre cheese", which is quite different from the original French "chèvre". (Possibly by (false) analogy with the Swedish "grevé" cheese [grevéost].) Goats Cheese Chèvre cheese is cheese made from goats milk (chèvre is French for goat). ...

Similarly "Entrecôte", is also often spelled "Entrecoté", yet more often than not pronounced without the ending "t" sound. (Prudery may be a factor here, since the Swedish word "kåt" (sounding similar to "côte") means "horny".) In French, the word entrecôte denotes a cut of beef sirloin also known as a contre-filet. ...

Norwegian

The French "Entrecôte" and "Pommes frites" more often than not is pronounced without the ending "t" sound.

Bulgarian

In standard Bulgarian and in the eastern dialects, the old yat letter is pronounced as я ("ya") when stressed and the following syllable does not contain the vowels и ("i") or е ("e"), and pronounced as е in all other cases. But in the western dialects it is always pronounced as е. Attempting to speak correctly, some speakers from Western Bulgaria mispronounce many words containing the yat letter - голями ("golyami"), желязни ("zhelyazni"), бяли ("byali"), видяли ("vidyali"), спряни ("spryani"), живяли ("zhivyali") instead of големи ("golemi"), железни ("zhelezni"), бели ("beli"), видели ("videli"), спрени ("spreni"), живели ("zhiveli"). This trend is especially common with past participles such as видяли. Yat or Jat (, ) is the name of the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet, or of the sound it represents. ...

See also

• Disputed English grammar
• List of English words with disputed usage

A case of disputed English grammar arises when there is disagreement about whether a given construction constitutes correct English. ... Some English words are often used in ways that are contentious among writers on usage and other prescriptivists. ...

Notes

References

• Labov, William. 1966. "Hypercorrection by the Lower Middle Class as a Factor in Linguistic Change". In Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the UCLA Sociolinguistics Conference, 1964. William Bright, ed. Pp. 84-113. The Hague: Mouton.
• Joshua Blau, On Pseudo-Corrections in Some Semitic Languages. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 1970.