Hypomagnesemia
Classification & external resources

Magnesium
ICD-10	E83.4
ICD-9	275.2
DiseasesDB	6469
MedlinePlus	000315
eMedicine	med/3382  emerg/274 ped/1122

Hypomagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood. Usually a serum level less than 0.6 mmol/l is used as reference. It must be noted that hypomagnesemia is not equal to magnesium deficiency. Hypomagnesemia can be present without magnesium deficiency and vice versa. Magnesium table image created for Wikipedia by Schnee on June 24, 2003, 23:03 UTC. File links The following pages link to this file: Magnesium User:Femto/elements e2 Categories: GFDL images ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07) Disorders of thyroid gland (E00) Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (E01) Iodine-deficiency-related thyroid disorders and allied conditions (E02) Subclinical iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism (E03) Other hypothyroidism (E030) Congenital hypothyroidism with diffuse goitre (E031) Congenital hypothyroidism without goitre (E032) Hypothyroidism due to medicaments and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Electrolyte disturbance refers to an abnormal change in the levels of electrolytes in the body. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... Magnesium deficiency refers to an absolute lack of magnesium, the result of numerous conditions. ... This page includes English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations such as . ...

Deficiency of magnesium causes among others cardiac arrhythmia and increased irritability of the nervous system with tetany. It may result from a number of conditions including inadequate intake of magnesium, chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, alcoholism, diuretic use and other disorders. Cardiac arrhythmia is a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. ... The Human Nervous System The nervous system of a human coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... Tetany is the point at which signals from nerves (action potentials) are arriving to skeletal muscle rapidly enough in succession to cause a steady contraction, and not just a series of individual twitches. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ... Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... A diuretic (colloquially called a water pill) is any drug or herb that elevates the rate of bodily urine excretion (diuresis). ...

The prefix hypo- means low (contrast with hyper-, meaning high). The middle magnes refers to magnesium. The end portion of the word, -emia, means 'in the blood' (note, however, that hypomagnesemia is usually indicative of a systemic magnesium deficit).

Homeostasis

The body contains 21-28 grams of magnesium (1 mmol=2mEq=24.6 mg). Of this, 53% is located in bone, 19% in non-muscular tissue, and 1% in extracellular fluid. For this reason, blood levels of magnesium are not an adequate means of establishing the total amount of available magnesium. Most of the serum magnesium is bound to chelators, (i.e. ATP, ADP, proteins and citrate). Roughly 33% is bound to proteins, and 5-10% is not bound. This "free" magnesium is essential in regulating intracellular magnesium. Normal plasma Mg is 1.7-2.3 mg/dl (0.69-0.94 mmol/l). Of this 60% is free, 33% is bound to proteins, and less than 7% is bound to citrate, bicarbonate and phosphate. Homeostasis is the property of both an open system and closed system,[1] especially living organisms, to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition. ... Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ... In some animals, including mammals, the two types of extracellular fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Chemical strucutre of citric acid. ... For baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. ... Above is a ball-and-stick model of the inorganic hydrogenphosphate anion (HPO42−). Colour coding: P (orange); O (red); H (white). ...

Magnesium is abundant in nature. It can be found in green vegetables, chlorophyll, coca-derivatives, nuts, wheat, seafood, and meat. It is resorbed through the small intestine, and to a lesser degree in the colon. The rectum and sigmoid colon can absorb magnesium. Hypermagnesemia has been reported after enemas containing magnesium. Forty percent of dietary magnesium is absorbed. Hypomagnesemia stimulates and hypermagnesemia inhibits this absorption. A plate of vegetables Vegetable is a culinary term which generally refers to an edible part of a plant. ... The different chlorophyll and non-chlorophyll pigments associated with the photosystems all have different spectra, either because the spectra of the different chlorophyll pigments are modified by their local protein environment, or because the accessory pigments have intrinsically different absorption spectra from chlorophyll. ... Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel Chestnut A nut can be either a seed or a fruit. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ... Spaghetti with seafood (Spaghetti allo scoglio). ... Kinnikuman character, see Meat Alexandria. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. ... Colon has several meanings: colon (anatomy) colon (punctuation) colon (rhetoric) See also Colón This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. ... Hypermagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of magnesium in the blood. ...

The kidneys regulate the serum magnesium. About 2400 mg of magnesium passes through the kidneys, of which 5% (120 mg) is excreted through urine. The loop of Henle is the major site for Mg-homeostasis and 60% is resorbed. The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In the kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. ...

Magnesium homeostasis comprises three systems: kidney, small intestine, and bone. In the acute phase of magnesium deficiency there is an increase in absorption in the distal small intestine and tubular resorption in the kidneys. When this condition persists serum magnesium drops and is corrected with magnesium from bone tissue. The level of intracellular magnesium is controlled through the reservoir in bone tissue.

Metabolism

Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme regulated reactions. Most importantly forming and using ATP, i.e. kinase. There is a direct effect on sodium- (Na), potassium- (K) and calcium (Ca)channels. It has several effects: Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...

• Potassium channels are inhibited by magnesium. Hypomagnesemia results in increased efflux of intracellular Mg. The cell loses potassium which then is excreted by the kidneys, resulting in hypokalemia.
• Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by magnesium. Low levels of magnesium stimulate the release of calcium and thereby an intracellular level of calcium. This effect similar to calcium inhibitors makes it "nature's calcium inhibitor." Lack of magnesium inhibits the release of parathyroid hormone, which can also result in hypocalcemia. Furthermore, it makes skeletal and muscle receptors less sensitive to parathyroid hormone.
• Through relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle it causes bronchodilation.
• The neurological effects are:
  • reducing electrical excitation
  • blocking release of acetylcholine
  • blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate, an excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system.

Active efflux is a mechanism responsible for extrusion of toxic substances and antibiotics outside the cell. ... Hypokalemia is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health. ... The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane (e. ... Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs with effects on many excitable cells of the body, like the muscle of the heart, smooth muscles of the vessels or neuron cells. ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. ... In medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of less than a total calcium of 2. ... A bronchodilator is a medication intended to improve bronchial airflow. ... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... Chemical structure of D-aspartic acid, a common amino acid neurotransmitter. ...

Causes

Magnesium deficiency is not uncommon in hospitalized patients. Elevated levels of magnesium (hypermagnesemia), however, are nearly always iatrogenic. 10-20% of all hospital patients, and 60-65% of patient in the intensive care unit (ICU) have hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesiemia is underdiagnosed, as testing for serum magnesium levels is not routine. Hypomagnesemia results in increased mortality. Hypermagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of magnesium in the blood. ... An iatrogenic (pronounced , IPA) condition is a state of ill health or adverse effect caused by medical treatment, usually due to mistakes made in treatment. ... For the record label, see Hospital Records. ... An intensive care unit An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Critical Care Unit (CCU) is a specialised facility in a hospital that provides intensive care medicine. ...

Low levels of magnesium in your blood may mean either there is not enough magnesium in the diet, the intestines are not absorbing enough magnesium or the kidneys are excreting too much magnesium. Deficiencies may be due to the following conditions:

• alcoholism. Hypomagnesemia occurs in 30% of alcohol abuse and 85% in delirium tremens, due to malnutrition and chronic diarrhoea. Alcohol stimulates renal excretion of magnesium, which is also increased because of alcoholic ketoacidosis, hypophosphatemia and hyperaldosteronism resulting from liver disease. Also hypomagnesemia is related to thiamine deficiency because magnesium is needed for transforming thiamine into thiamine pyrophosphate.
• diuretic use (the most common cause of hypomagnesemia)
• antibiotics (i.e. aminoglycosides, amphotericin, pentamidine, gentamicin, tobramycin, viomycin) block resorption in the loop of Henle. 30% of patients using these antibiotics have hypomagnesemia,
• other drugs
  • digitalis, displaces magnesium into the cell
  • adrenergics, displace magnesium into the cell
  • cisplatin, stimulates renal excretion
  • ciclosporin, stimulates renal excretion
• excess coffee or tea intake
• inreased levels of stress
• gastrointestinal causes: the distal tractus digestivus secretes high levels of magnesium. Therefore, secretory diarrhoea can cause hypomagnesemia. Thus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease and coeliac sprue can all cause hypomagnesemia.
• renal magnesium loss in Bartter's syndrome, postobstructive diuresis, diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and kidney transplant
• diabetes mellitus: 38% of diabetic outpatient clinic visits involve hypomagnesemia, probably through renal loss because of glycosuria or ketoaciduria.
• acute myocardial infarction: within the first 48 hours after a heart-attack 80% of patients have hypomagnesemia. This could be the result of an intracellular shift because of an increase in catecholamines.
• malabsorption
• milk diet in infants
• acute pancreatitis
• hydrogen fluoride poisoning

This article needs cleanup. ... For the beer, see Delirium Tremens (beer). ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... Diarrhoea is the correct way to spell the word Diarrhoea. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Diabetic ketoacidosis. ... Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally depleted level of phosphate in the blood. ... For the similarly-spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ... Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacteria. ... Amphotericin B (Fungilin®, Fungizone®, Abelcet®, AmBisome®, Amphocil®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... Pentamidine isethionate is a drug primarily given for prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a type of pneumonia often seen in people with HIV infection. ... Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, and can treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infection. ... Tobramycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections. ... Viomycin sulfate (Viocin®) is an antibiotic medication used in the treatment of tuberculosis. ... In the kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. ... Species About 20 species, including: Digitalis cariensis Digitalis ciliata Digitalis davisiana Digitalis dubia Digitalis ferruginea Digitalis grandiflora Digitalis laevigata Digitalis lanata Digitalis leucophaea Digitalis lutea Digitalis obscura Digitalis parviflora Digitalis purpurea Digitalis thapsi Digitalis trojana Digitalis viridiflora Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous biennials, perennials and... Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e. ... Ciclosporin (INN), cyclosporine or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. ... A cup of coffee Workers sorting and pulping coffee beans in Guatemala Mature coffee fruit still on the plant Coffee is a widely consumed beverage prepared from the roasted seeds — commonly referred to as beans — of the coffee plant. ... Tea leaves in a Chinese gaiwan. ... Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining in between). ... Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by the bacteria Thropheryma whipplei. ... Coeliac disease (also called celiac disease, non-tropical sprue, c(o)eliac sprue and gluten intolerance) is an autoimmune disorder. ... Bartter syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by low potassium levels (hypokalemia), decreased acidity of blood (alkalosis), and normal to low blood pressure. ... Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ... Hydrogen fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula HF. It is the only fluoride of hydrogen. ...

Treatment

Treatment of hypomagnesemia depends on the degree of deficiency and the clinical effects. Oral replacement is appropriate for patients with mild symptoms, while intravenous replacement is indicated for patients with severe clinical effects. Intravenous magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄) can be given in the following conditions:

Arrhythmia

Magnesium is needed for the adequate function of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps in the cells of the heart. A lack of it depolarises and results in tachyarrythmia. Magnesium inhibits release of potassium, a lack of magnesium increases loss of potassium. Intracellular levels of potassium decrease and the cells depolarise. Digoxin increases this effect. Both digoxin and hypomagnesemia inhibit the Na-K-pump resulting in decreased intracellular potassium. A cardiac arrhythmia, also called cardiac dysrhythmia, is a disturbance in the regular rhythm of the heartbeat. ... Simplified Diagram of the sodium pump Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ exchanger) is an enzyme (EC 3. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... Digoxin (INN) (IPA: ) is a purified cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata. ...

Magnesium intravenously helps in refractory arrhythmia, most notably torsade de pointes. Others are ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Torsades de pointes is a medical condition, the name of which means in French twisting of the points. It is a potentially deadly form of ventricular tachycardia. ... Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach or VT) is a fast rhythm that originates in one of the ventricles of the heart. ... A supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a rapid rhythm of the heart in which the origin of the electrical signal is either the atria or the AV node. ... Atrial fibrillation (AF or afib) is an abnormal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmia) which involves the two small, upper heart chambers (the atria). ...

The effect is based upon decreased excitability by depolarisation and the slowing down of electric signals in the AV-node. Magnesium is a negative inotrope as a result of decrease calcium influx and calcium release from intracellular storage. It is just as effective as verapamil. In myocardial infarction there is a functional lack of magnesium, suppletion will decrease mortality. Verapamil (brand names: Isoptin®, Verelan®, Calan®) is a medical drug that acts as an L-type calcium channel blocker. ... Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ...

Obstetric

Most importantly pre-eclampsia. It has an indirect antithrombotic effect upon thrombocytes and the endothelial functions (increase in prostaglandin, decrease in thromboxane, decrease in angiotensin II), microvascular leakage and vasospasm through its function similar to calcium channel blockers. Pre-eclampsia (US: preeclampsia) is said to be present when hypertension arises in pregnancy (pregnancy-induced hypertension) in association with significant protein in the urine. ... Chemical structure of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). ... Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. ... Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I and angiotensin II are peptides involved in maintenance of blood volume and pressure. ... Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs with effects on many excitable cells of the body, like the muscle of the heart, smooth muscles of the vessels or neuron cells. ...

Convulsions are the result of cerebral vasospasm. The vasodilatatory effect of magnesium seems to be the major mechanism. This article is about the medical condition. ...

Electrolyte disturbances

• Hypokalemia: 42% of patients with hypokalemia also have hypomagnesemia, not responding to potassium supplementation. Magnesium is needed for the ATPase, Na-K-pump.
• Hypocalcemia is present in 33% of patients in the intensive care unit, not responding to calcium supplementation. This is because of decreased function of the calcium pump, but also because of a decreased release of calcium by inhibition of parathyroid hormone release.

Hypokalemia is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health. ... In medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of less than a total calcium of 2. ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. ...

Pulmonary

Acute asthma, here there is a bronchodilatatory effect, probably by antagonizing a calcium-mediated constriction. Also, adrenergic stimulation, i.e. sympatheticomimetics used for treatment of asthma, might lower serum levels of magnesium, which must therefore be supplemented.

Sedation and anxiolytics may help in decreasing bronchoconstriction. Sedation is a medical procedure involving administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure, such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or minor surgery with local anaesthesia. ... An anxiolytic is a drug prescribed for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety. ... Bronchoconstriction is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tighting of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. ...

References

1. Cecil Textbook of Medicine
2. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3. Intensive Care Medicine by Irwin and Rippe
4. The ICU Book by Marino
5. The Oxford Textbook of Medicine
6. Saeed M.G. Al-Ghamdi, Eugene C. Cameron, MD and Roger A.L. Sutton, "Magnesium Deficiency: Pathophysiology And Clinical Overview", American Journal Of Kidney Diseases, 1994; 24 (5), 737-752.
7. Delhumeau, J.C. Granry, J.P. Monrigal, F. Costerousse, "Indications Du Magnésium En Anesthésie-Réanimation", Annales Francaises D'Anesthésie Et De Réanimation, 1995; 14, 406-416.
8. J. Durlach, V. Durlach, P. Bac, M. Bara and A. Gulet-Bara, "Magnesium And Therapeutics", Magnesium Research 1994; 7 (3-4), 313-328.
9. Mark D. Faber, Warren L. Kupin, Charles W. Heilig and Robert G. Narins, "Common Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Problems In The Intensive Care Unit: Selected Issues", Seminars In Nephrology 1994; 14 (1), 8-22.
10. Lee Goldman, J. Claude Bennett, Cecil's Textbook of Medicine, 21st Edition, 2000, 1137-1139.
11. Paul L. Marino, The ICU Book, Second Edition 1998, Chapter 42, 660-672.
12. A.E. Meinders, Professor of Internal Medicine at Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, "Magnesium", Bij Intensive Care Patiënten
13. R. Mills, M. Leadbeater and A. Ravalia, "Case Report: Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate In The Management Of Refractory Bronchospasm In A Ventilated Asthmatic", Anaesthesia, 1997; 52, 782-785.
14. Michael A. Olerich, MD; Robert K. Rude, MD, "Should We Supplement Magnesium In Critically Ill Patients?", New Horizons, 1994; 2 (2),186-192.
15. James G. Ramsay, MD, "Cardiac Management In The ICU", Chest, 1999; 115: 138S-144S.
16. Richard A. Reinhart, MD, "Magnesium Deficiency: Recognition And Treatment In The Emergency Medicine Setting", American Journal Of Emergency Medicine, 1992; 10 (1), 76-83.
17. Richard A. Reinhart, MD; Norman A. Desbiens, MD, "Hypomagnesemia In Patients Entering The ICU", Critical Care Medicine, 1985; 13 (6), 506-507.
18. Elisabeth Ryzen, MD; Park W. Wagers, MD; Frederick R. Singer, MD; Robert K. Rude, MD, "Magnesium Deficiency In A Medical ICU Population", Critical Care Medicine, 1985; 13 (1), 19-21.
19. Elisabeth Ryzen, MD, "Magnesium Homeostasis In Critically Ill Patients", Magnesium, 1998; 8, 201-212.
20. Robert Whang, Edward M. Hampton and David D. Whang, "Magnesium Homeostasis And Clinical Disorders Of Magnesium Deficiency", The Annals Of Pharmacotherapy, 1994; 28, 220-226.

See also

• Hypermagnesemia
• Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia

Hypermagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of magnesium in the blood. ... Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting intestinal magnesium absorption. ...

External links

• WebElements.com – Magnesium
• Magnesium Deficiency
• The Magnesium Website
• Magnesium
• Dietary Reference Intake
• The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency