IBM 1130 Console, restoration in progress.

The IBM 1130 Computing System was introduced in 1965. It was IBM's least-expensive computer to date, and was aimed at price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets like education and engineering. The IBM 1800 was a process control variant of the 1130 with two extra instructions (CMP and DCM) and extra I/O capabilities. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 85 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photo of IBM 1130 console being restored. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 85 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photo of IBM 1130 console being restored. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... IBM redirects here. ... The NASA Columbia Supercomputer. ... The IBM 1800 was a process control variant of the IBM 1130 with one extra instruction and extra I/O capabilities. ... Process control is an engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms, and algorithms for controlling the output of a specific process. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled instruction set architecture. ... Energy Input: The energy placed into a reaction. ...

Description

The 1130 became quite popular, and the 1130 and its non-IBM clones gave many people their first feel of "personal computing." Though its price-performance ratio was good and it notably included inexpensive disk storage, it otherwise broke no new ground technically. The 1130 holds a place in computing history primarily because of the fondness its former users hold for it. Disk storage is a group of data storage mechanisms for computers; data are transferred to planar surfaces or disks for temporary or permanent storage. ...

The IBM 1130 used System/360 electronics packaging called Solid Logic Technology (SLT) and had a 16-bit binary architecture, not very different from later minicomputers like the PDP-11 or Data General Nova. The address space was 15 bits, limiting the 1130 to 32K 16-bit words of core memory. Both direct and indirect addressing capabilities were implemented. Amazing loops were possible. System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... A double width SLT card. ... In computer science, 16-bit is an adjective used to describe integers that are at most two bytes wide, or to describe CPU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. ... Minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a largely obsolete term for a class of multi-user computers which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (traditionally, mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). ... The PDP-11 was a 16-bit minicomputer sold by Digital Equipment Corp. ... Data General SuperNova The Data General Nova was a popular 16-bit minicomputer built by the United States company Data General starting in 1969. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Kilo (symbol: k) is a prefix in the SI system denoting 103 or 1000. ... In computing, word is a term for the natural unit of data used by a particular computer design. ... A 16×16 cm area core memory plane of 128×128 bits, i. ...

Much programming was done in Fortran. The 1130 Fortran compiler could run on a machine with only 4K words of core. That's 8 kilobytes, the minimum file allocation on many PC's. To maximize speed and conserve space, the operating system and compilers were written entirely in assembly language, and employed techniques seen less frequently today including tight integration of code and data as well as self-modifying code. Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... Depending on the context in which it is used, the word kilobyte may mean either 1,000 or 1,024 bytes. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ... In computer science, self-modifying code is code that alters its own instructions, whether or not it is on purpose, while it is executing. ...

Other programming languages available on the 1130 included: APL^[1], BASIC, COBOL, FORTH, PL/I and RPG. Eastern Michigan University developed a Fortran IV compiler for the 1130. APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced pee el one) is a computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. ... RPG is a native programming language for IBMs iSeries servers - the latest generation of midrange servers which included System/38, System/36, AS/400, iSeries and System i5 systems. ... Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. ...

The basic 1130 came with an IBM 2310 disk drive. These read pizza-box-sized 2315 single platter cartridges that held 512 K words or 1 M byte (less than a 3.5" floppy). Disk memory was used to store the operating system, object code, and data, but not source code. The last was kept on punch cards. The disk operating system was called DMS or DM2 (for Disk Monitor System, Release 2). Magnetic disk storage was a critical component of the computer revolution. ... Punched cards (or Hollerith cards, or IBM cards), are pieces of stiff paper that contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. ... Disk Operating System (specifically) and disk operating system (generically), most often abbreviated as DOS (not to be confused with the DOS family of disk operating systems for the IBM PC compatible platform), refer to operating system software used in most computers that provides the abstraction and management of secondary storage...

Other available peripherals included the IBM 1132 and IBM 1403 lineprinters, the IBM 1442 card reader/punch, the IBM 2311 Disk Drive, the IBM 2250 Graphic Display Unit and the IBM 1627 drum plotter. The plotter was very useful for engineering work. The console typewriter used an IBM Selectric mechanism, which meant one could change the type by replacing a hollow, golf-ball sized type element. There was a special type element available for APL, a powerful array-oriented programming language using a special symbolic notation. The IBM 1132 Line Printer was part of the IBM 1130 Computer. ... The IBM 1403 Printer was introduced as part of the IBM 1401 computer in 1959, but had an especially long life in the IBM product line. ... Fragment of lineprinter cylinder with the type of % The Line printer is a form of high speed impact printer in which a line of type is printed at a time. ... IBM 1442. ... Magnetic disk storage was a critical component of the computer revolution. ... The IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit was announced as part of System/360 in 1964. ... A Calcomp plotter, model 565, sold by IBM for use with the IBM 1620, and, later, the IBM 1130 computers. ... The IBM Selectric typewriter (occasionally known as the IBM Golfball typewriter) is the electric typewriter design that brought the typewriter into the electronic age starting in 1961. ... APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ...

The IBM 1130 MTCA, for Multiple Terminal Control Adapter, was announced late in the 1130's product life; it allowed up to four 2741 terminals to be connected to an IBM 1130, for use with APL.

A standard 1130 had a 3.6 microsecond memory cycle time, with a more expensive model equipped with 2.2 µs memory cycle time. (You could use the latter with a 1403 printer connected through a 1133 multiplexer.) To further tap the low end of the market, IBM introduced the 1130 Model 4, with a 5.6 µs cycle time - at a lower price of course. The Model 4's 1132 printer was derated as well, but the slower CPU still could not keep up with it. (The 1132 used the CPU to determine when to fire the print wheels as they rotated, a very compute intensive function.) Careful readers of the 1130 hardware manual discovered that when the printer interrupt level (4) was on, the 1130 Model 4 ran at the faster 3.6 us cycle time. Some users of the Model 4 would write a phony printer driver that turned on level 4 and left it on. They would call this driver when running a compute-intensive job and write their output to disk, the printer being unusable, of course. When done, they'd run a normal program to print their output. In computing, an interrupt is an asynchronous signal from hardware or software indicating the need for attention. ... Windows XP loading drivers during a Safe Mode bootup A device driver, or a software driver is a specific type of computer software, typically developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. ...

IBM 1130 Models

IBM implemented five models of the 1131 Central Processing Unit which was the primary processing component of the IBM 1130 Computing Systems. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

The IBM 1800 was a variant of the IBM 1130 with additional features for process control applications. Just as the IBM 1130 was a successor to the IBM 1620, the IBM 1800 was a successor to the IBM 1710 The IBM 1800 was a process control variant of the IBM 1130 with one extra instruction and extra I/O capabilities. ... The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959 and marketed as an inexpensive scientific computer. It was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. ... The IBM 1800 was a process control variant of the IBM 1130 with one extra instruction and extra I/O capabilities. ... The IBM 1710 was a process control system that IBM marketed in the early 1960s. ...

Chronology

• Feb. 11, 1965 - IBM introduces the 1130 (Models A1, A2, B1 and B2). Also announced is the IBM 1132 printer, the lowest cost online computer printer ever announced by IBM at that time.
• Fourth Quarter 1965 - First customer shipments begin from the San Jose plant.
• August 9, 1966 - IBM rolls out the 1130 synchronous communications adapter, which permits the small 1130 system to be connected by regular leased telephone lines to, and function as a communications terminal for, any model of the IBM System/360.
• April 17, 1967 - A four-way expansion of the 1130 is announced (Models B3, C2, C3, D2 and D3), involving:
  • five times the disk storage and four times the magnetic core memory size;
  • an additional processing speed almost 40 percent faster than previously available;
  • More and faster peripheral equipment, including an optical mark reader;
  • an improved commercial programing package.
• January 1968 - First shipments begin of the 1130 Models B3, C2, C3, D2 and D3.
• July 1968 - The Boca Raton plant begins shipping the 1130.
• July 22, 1971 - 1130 Models 4A and 4B are introduced at new levels of economy.
• September 1971 - First customer shipments begin of the 1130 Model 4.
• May 31, 1972 - Models 1C, 1D, 5B, 5C and 5D are announced.

Trivia

Punch card containing a self-loading 1130 program that would copy the deck of cards placed after it in the input hopper.

• Brian Utley was the 1130's Project Manager during its development and introduction. Brian said at the third 11/30 party that before IBM Marketing named the 1130 it was known as the Small Engineering Computer System or SECS.^[2] The initial architecture was 18 bits but was changed to 16 bits due to the influence of the System/360 development. The full dialogue of his 2005 presentation is available at IBM1130.Org.

• Notable software designer Grady Booch got his first exposure to programming on an IBM 1130:^[3]

... I pounded the doors at the local IBM sales office until a salesman took pity on me. After we chatted for a while, he handed me a Fortran [manual]. I'm sure he gave it to me thinking, "I'll never hear from this kid again." I returned the following week saying, "This is really cool. I've read the whole thing and have written a small program. Where can I find a computer?" The fellow, to my delight, found me programming time on an IBM 1130 on weekends and late-evening hours. That was my first programming experience, and I must thank that anonymous IBM salesman for launching my career. Thank you, IBM. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1654x798, 559 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): IBM 1130 ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1654x798, 559 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): IBM 1130 ... System/360 Model 65 operators console, with register value lamps and toggle switches (middle of picture) and emergency pull switch (upper right). ... Grady Booch (born February 27, 1955) is a software designer, a software methodologist and a design pattern enthusiast. ...

• LISP guru Guy Steele wrote a LISP interpreter for the IBM 1130 when he was in high school (Boston Latin School, which had an IBM 1130 for student use)^[4][5]

• Chuck Moore wanted to call his new language "Fourth" but the IBM 1130 operating system was limited to five character names, so it wound up being called FORTH.^[6]

• Dan Bricklin creator of the VisiCalc program got his start in programming when he learned and used the IBM 1130 as part of the National Science Foundation Computer/Math Summer Project for high school students, given at the University of Pennsylvania in 1966.^[7]

• An IBM 1130 with 8 kilowords of core was used for the world's first full-time Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence research at The Ohio State University Radio Observatory.^[8]

• Charles Goldfarb, the father of SGML, describes a job installing a typesetting system based on an IBM 1130 that "eventually changed my career", driving him towards generic markup:^[9]

The system was an IBM 1130 computer, a machine the size of a desk with 8KB (sic!) of main memory, a 512KB disk drive, a Teletype CX paper tape reader and BRPE paper tape punch, and a Photon 713 photomechanical typesetter. The assignment was my first experience with managing a machine-readable document database: I learned to roll the punched paper tape carefully so that it could be stored neatly in cylindrical waste paper baskets.
In the meantime, though I didn't know about it, the roots of generalized markup were being planted. Historically, electronic manuscripts contained control codes or macros that caused the document to be formatted in a particular way ("specific coding"). In contrast, generic coding, which began in the late 1960s, uses descriptive tags (for example, "heading", rather than "format-17"). For the programming language, see Lisp (programming language). ... Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. ... Charles H. Moore (also known as Chuck Moore) is the inventor of the Forth programming language. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... Daniel S. Bricklin (born 16 July 1951) is the co-creator, with Bob Frankston, of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. ... VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. ... The SETI Institute has received limited telescope time at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. ... The Big Ear was a radio telescope located on the grounds of the Ohio Wesleyan Universitys The Perkins Observatory from the 1960s to 1998 when it was disassembled. ... Charles F. Goldfarb is known as the father of SGML, co-inventor of the concept of markup languages. ... The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is a metalanguage in which one can define markup languages for documents. ...

• There was an urban legend at the time of introduction that since it was a small scientific machine, the model number of the IBM 1130 was obtained from multiplying the model number of the IBM 360 by π.

• There was an early version of the operating system which had the unique feature that the file headers when written by either FORTRAN and and early RPG compiler were not compatible. Before using the other language, the file had to be copied.

The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a computer system family announced by International Business Machines on April 7, 1964. ...

Instruction set overview

 Main Registers: IAR = Instruction Address Register ACC = Accumulator EXT = Extension Register XRx = Index Registers x = 1,2,3 1130 Instruction Set Mnemonics: LD = Load ACC STO = Store ACC LDD = Load Double (ACC & EXT) STD = Store Double (ACC & EXT) LDX = Load Index STX = Store Index LDS = Load Status STS = Store Status A = Add ACC AD = Add Double S = Subtract ACC SD = Subtract Double M = Multiply D = Divide AND = Boolean And OR = Boolean Or XOR = Boolean Exclusive Or SLA = Shift Left ACC SLT = Shift Left ACC & EXT SLCA = Shift Left and Count ACC SLC = Shift Left and Count ACC & EXT SRA = Shift Right ACC SRT = Shift Right ACC & EXT RTE = Rotate Right ACC & EXT XCH = Exchange ACC and EXT MDM = Modify Memory B = Branch BSC = Branch or Skip on Condition (Modifier dependent) i.e. BP BNP BN BNN BZ BNZ BC BO BOD BSI = Branch and Store IAR MDX = Modify Index and Skip WAIT = Halt NOP = No Operation XIO = Execute I/O 1800 Additional Instruction Mnemonics: CMP = Compare ACC DCM = Double Compare ACC & EXT Short instruction format (one 16 bit word): 1 Bits 0...45678......5 OP---FTTDisp---- OP is Operation F is format 0 = Short TT is Tag Disp is Displacement Long instruction format (two 16 bit words): 1 1 Bits 0...456789.....50..............5 OP---FTTIMod----Address--------- OP is Operation F is format 1 = Long TT is Tag I is Indirect bit Mod is Modifier Effective Address Calulation (EA): F = 0 | F = 1, I = 0 | F = 1, I = 1 Direct Addressing| Direct Addressing| Indirect Addressing ------------------------------------------------------------------- TT = 00 | EA = Displ + IAR | EA = Add | EA = C/Add TT = 01 | EA = Displ + XR1 | EA = Add + XR1 | EA = C/Add + XR1 TT = 10 | EA = Displ + XR2 | EA = Add + XR2 | EA = C/Add + XR2 TT = 11 | EA = Displ + XR3 | EA = Add + XR2 | EA = C/Add + XR3 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Disp = Contents of displacement field Add = Contents of address field of instruction C = Contents of location specified by Add or Add + XR 

Programming Examples

The examples can be executed on the IBM 1130 emulator available at IBM 1130.org.

Sample Assembler program deck

The following listing shows a card deck that compiles and runs an Assembler program that lists a deck of cards to the line printer.
The following code Copyright (c) 2006 Kym Farnik. Code published under MIT license. See: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php A CTR census machine, utilizing a punched card system. ... See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ...

 // JOB // ASM *LIST * LCARD.ASM - LIST A DECK OF CARDS TO LINE PRINTER * * COPYRIGHT (C) 2006 KYM FARNIK. * CODE PUBLISHED UNDER MIT LICENSE. * * PROGRAM * NEW PAGE ON PRINTER * A READ A CARD * CONVERT FORMAT * PRINT A LINE ON PRINTER * GOTO A * START LIBF PRNT1 GOTO NEW PAGE ON 1132 DC /3100 PRINTER CHANNEL 1-NEW PAGE * NEXTC LIBF CARD0 READ FROM 1442 CARD READER DC /1000 CONTROL TO READ DC CBUFF STORE 80 COLUMNS CINP LIBF CARD0 DC 0 B CINP LOOP UNTIL CARD IS READ * LIBF ZIPCO CONVERT CARD TO PRINTER DC /1100 UNPACKED IN, PACKED OUT DC CBUFF+1 INPUT BUFFER DC PBUFF+1 OUTPUT BUFFER DC 80 CHARACTER COUNT CALL HLEBC HOLLERITH TO EBCDIC * LIBF PRNT1 PRINT 80 CHARACTERS DC /2000 CONTROL CODE TO PRINT DC PBUFF PRINT BUFFER DC PERR PRINT ERROR POUT LIBF PRNT1 CHECK FOR PRINT COMPLETE DC 0 B POUT LOOP UNTIL COMPLETE * B NEXTC READ NEXT CARD * * DATA * CBUFF DC 80 80 COLUMNS PER CARD BSS 80 * PBUFF DC 40 40 WORDS 80 CHARACTERS BSS 40 * PERR DC 0 B I PERR THIS RETURNS TO THE * PRINTER ERROR HANDLER * WHICH WILL TERMINATE THE PROGRAM * END START PROGRAM ENTRY POINT // XEQ TEST DATA 1 HELLO WORLD TEST DATA 2 

Sample Fortran IV program deck

The following listing shows a card deck that compiles and runs a Fortran program and Fortran subroutine for the IBM 1130 when running DM2.
The following code Copyright (c) 2005 Kym Farnik. Code published under MIT license. See: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php A CTR census machine, utilizing a punched card system. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... In computer science, a subroutine (function, method, procedure, or subprogram) is a portion of code within a larger program, which performs a specific task and is relatively independent of the remaining code. ...

 // JOB // FOR *LIST SOURCE PROGRAM *ONE WORD INTEGERS C------------------------------------------------------- C COMPUTE THE CRITICAL VALUES FOR A QUADRATIC EQN C 0=A*X**2+B*X+C C RETURNS DISCRIMINANT, ROOTS, VERTEX, FOCAL LENGTH, FOCAL POINT C X1 AND X2 ARE THE ROOTS C------------------------------------------------------- SUBROUTINE QUADR(A,B,C,DISCR,X1,X2,VX,VY,FL,FPY) REAL A,B,C,DISCR,X1,X2,VX,VY,FL,FPY C DISCRIMINANT, VERTEX, FOCAL LENGTH, FOCAL POINT Y DISCR = B**2.0 - 4.0*A*C VX = -B / (2.0*A) VY = A*VX**2.0 + B*VX + C FL = 1.0 / (A * 4.0) FPY = VY + FL FL = ABS(FL) C COMPUTE THE ROOTS BASED ON THE DISCRIMINANT IF(DISCR) 110,120,130 C -VE DISCRIMINANT, TWO COMPLEX ROOTS, REAL=X1, IMG=+/-X2 110 X1 = -B / (2.0*A) X2 = SQRT(-DISCR) / (2.0*A) RETURN C ZERO DISCRIMINANT, ONE REAL ROOT 120 X1 = -B / (2.0*A) X2 = X1 RETURN C +VE DISCRIMINANT, TWO REAL ROOTS 130 X1 = (-B + SQRT(DISCR)) / (2.0*A) X2 = (-B - SQRT(DISCR)) / (2.0*A) RETURN C C NEXT STORE SUBROUTINE ON DISK USING DUP END // DUP *DELETE QUADR *STORE WS UA QUADR // JOB // FOR *LIST SOURCE PROGRAM *IOCS(CARD,1132 PRINTER) *ONE WORD INTEGERS C------------------------------------------------------- C PROCESS DATA CARDS WITH A,B,C C UNTIL A=0 C------------------------------------------------------- DATA ICARD,IPRT /2,3/ REAL A,B,C REAL DISCR,XR1,XR2,VX,VY,FL,FPY WRITE(IPRT,901) 901 FORMAT(' ------------------------------------------------------') C READ A B C, IF A=0 THEN EXIT 100 READ(ICARD,801)A,B,C 801 FORMAT(3F8.3) C EXIT WHEN A IS ZERO IF (A) 110,9000,110 C PRINT A B C 110 WRITE(IPRT,902)A,B,C 902 FORMAT(' QUADRATIC A=',F8.3,' B=',F8.3,' C=',F8.3) C COMPUTE AND PRINT THE CRITICAL VALUES CALL QUADR(A,B,C,DISCR,XR1,XR2,VX,VY,FL,FPY) WRITE(IPRT,903) DISCR 903 FORMAT(' DISCRIMINANT=',F9.4) WRITE(IPRT,904) VX,VY 904 FORMAT(' VERTEX X=',F9.4,' Y=',F9.4) WRITE(IPRT,905) FL 905 FORMAT(' FOCAL LENGTH=',F9.4) WRITE(IPRT,906) VX,FPY 906 FORMAT(' FOCAL POINT X=',F9.4,' Y='F9.4) IF (DISCR) 120,130,140 C -VE DISCRIMINANT, TWO COMPLEX ROOTS 120 WRITE(IPRT,913) XR1, XR2 913 FORMAT(' COMPLEX ROOTS =(',F9.4,' +/-',F9.4,'I)') GO TO 200 C ZERO DISCRIMINANT, ONE REAL ROOT 130 WRITE(IPRT,912) XR1 912 FORMAT(' ROOT X =',F9.4) GO TO 200 C +VE DISCRIMINANT, TWO REAL ROOTS 140 WRITE(IPRT,911) XR1, XR2 911 FORMAT(' ROOTS X1=',F9.4,' X2=',F9.4) C --- GO TO 200 C END OF QUAD 200 WRITE(IPRT,901) GO TO 100 C END OF PROGRAM C DATA FOLLOWS XEQ CARD 9000 CALL EXIT END // XEQ +001.000+000.000+000.000 +001.000+002.000+003.000 +002.000+002.000+000.000 +002.000+000.000-004.000 +000.500+000.000-004.000 +000.250+002.000-002.000 -004.000+000.000-004.000 +002.730-007.200-003.750 +000.000+000.000+000.000 

Sample APL 1130 session

The following image shows a simple APL 1130 session. This session was performed via the 1130 simulator available from IBM 1130.org

The above session shows a signon, addition of the integers 1 to 100, generation of an addition table for the integers 1..5 and a sign off. APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ... Image File history File links IBM 1130 apl 1130 user session image I created this image via the apl1130 simulator and did a screen capture. ...

See also

• IBM mainframe
• List of IBM products

SAS 8 on an IBM mainframe under 3270 emulation An IBM mainframe is a mainframe computer made by IBM. // From 1952 into the late 1960s, IBM manufactured and marketed several large computer models, known as the IBM 700/7000 series. ... The following is a list of products from the International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation, spanning from early-to-mid-20th-century punched card machinery, time clocks, and typewriters, via mainframe computers and minicomputers, to microprocessors, PCs, laptop PCs, and more. ...

References

1. ^ Larry Breed (August 2006). "How We Got To APL1130". Vector (British APL Association) 22 (3). ISSN 0955-1433. 
2. ^ Utley, Brian (2006-10-30). Origin of the IBM 1130 Name. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
3. ^ Booch, Grady (2003-04-03). Quote from interview Grady Booch polishes his crystal ball. IBM accessdate=2007-01-16.
4. ^ Steele, Guy L., Jr. (2005-11-24). Thoughts on Language Design -- New challenges require new solutions. Dr. Dobb's Journal. Retrieved on 2006-01-16.
5. ^ Steele, Guy L., Jr.. Confessions of a Happy Hacker. Retrieved on 2006-01-16.
6. ^ Rather, Elizabeth; Colburn, Donald and Moore, Charles (March 1993). The Evolution of Forth. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
7. ^ Bricklin, Dan (2002-08-23). Memories while visiting the Bay Area and the Computer History Museum. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
8. ^ Dixon, Bob (2005-08-13). SETI in the 1970s. The Big Ear. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
9. ^ Goldfarb, Charles (1996). The Roots of SGML -- A Personal Recollection. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.

ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Grady Booch (born February 27, 1955) is a software designer, a software methodologist and a design pattern enthusiast. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... IBM redirects here. ... Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. Dobbs Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia with the subtitle Running Light without Overbyte was the full title of the pioneer microcomputer hobbyist newsletter published from early 1976 by Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allisons Peoples Computer Company. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Guy Lewis Steele, Jr. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Daniel S. Bricklin (born 16 July 1951) is the co-creator, with Bob Frankston, of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Big Ear was a radio telescope located on the grounds of the Ohio Wesleyan Universitys The Perkins Observatory from the 1960s to 1998 when it was disassembled. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles F. Goldfarb is known as the father of SGML, co-inventor of the concept of markup languages. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• IBM Archive: IBM 1130 press releases, chronology, photos, facts folder.
• IBM 1130.org Norm Aleks and Brian Knittel site which has significant information about the 1130 and a downloadable simulator that supports the DMS R2V12 and APL environments.
• www.ibm1130.net is Howard Shubs site dedicated to the 1130.
• Arnold Reinhold's personal account of the 1130. Text from here has been incorporated into this article with permission
• A set of PDFs made up of scanned IBM 1130 manuals
• Kym Farnik's page on Retro Computing specifically the 1130
• A discussion about the (then) Angle Park computing centre which was equipped with IBM 1130's
• Bob Rosenbloom's IBM 1130 Photos