 IBM 650 front panel, showing bi-quinary indicators
 IBM 650 front panel, rear view The IBM 650 was one of IBM’s early computers, and the world’s first mass-produced computer. It was announced in 1953, and over 2000 systems were produced between the first shipment in 1954 and its final manufacture in 1962. Support for the 650 and its component units was withdrawn in 1969. Image File history File links IBM_logo. ...
Front panel of working IBM 650 computer This instance was built in 1956 and was in use until 1965; it was then in a museum in Austria until restoration to full working order in 1992-94 Original date/time: 2004:05:04 16:44:02 Exposure time: 1/50 F...
Front panel of working IBM 650 computer This instance was built in 1956 and was in use until 1965; it was then in a museum in Austria until restoration to full working order in 1992-94 Original date/time: 2004:05:04 16:44:02 Exposure time: 1/50 F...
IBM 650 front panel wiring See Image:IBM-650-panel. ...
IBM 650 front panel wiring See Image:IBM-650-panel. ...
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ...
A Lego RCX Computer is an example of an embedded computer used to control mechanical devices. ...
Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardised products on production lines. ...
1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ...
1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ...
1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...
The 650 is a two-address, bi-quinary coded decimal machine (both data and addresses were decimal), with memory on a rotating drum. The 650 was specifically designed for users of existing IBM unit record equipment (electro-mechanical punched card-processing machines) upgrading from so-called Calculating Punches, like the IBM 604 model, to computers proper. Bi-quinary coded decimal is a numeral encoding scheme used in many abacuses and in some early computers, including the Colossus. ...
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Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or A data processing shop would have at least one of most of the machine types. ...
The punch card (or Hollerith card) is a recording medium for holding information for use by automated data processing machines. ...
The IBM 604 was a plug-board programmable Electronic Calculating Punch introduced in 1948, and was a machine on which considerable expectations for the future of IBM were pinned and in which a corresponding amount of planning talent was invested. ...
The basic 650 system consisted of three equipment cabinets:
- Console Unit (Type 650)
- Power Unit (Type 655)
- Card Reader/Punch Unit (Type 533 or Type 537)
Optional equipment cabinets: - Disk Unit (Type 355)
- Card Reader Unit (Type 543)
- Card Punch Unit (Type 544)
- Control Unit (Type 652)
- Auxiliary Unit (Type 653)
- Auxiliary Alphabetic Unit (Type 654)
- Magnetic Tape Unit (Type 727)
- Inquiry Station (Type 838)
The rotating drum memory provided 2,000 signed 10-digit words of memory (5 character per word) — at addresses 0000 to 1999; but was quite slow because a word could not be accessed until its location on the drum surface passed under the read/write heads during rotation (the non-optimized average access time was 2.5 ms). Because of this, the second address in each instruction word was the address of the next instruction. Programs could be optimized by placing instructions around the drum based on the expected execution time of the previous instruction. One specialized instruction, 'Table lookup', could high-equal compare a reference 10 digit word with 46 consecutive following words on the drum in one 5msec revolution and then switch to the next track in time for the next 46 words (there were fifty words per track/revolution). This was a feat we (who??) could not match on our one-thousand times faster binary machine in 1963. Magnetic disk storage was a critical component of the computer revolution. ...
The IBM 727 Magnetic Tape Unit was announced for the IBM 701 and IBM 702 on September 25, 1953. ...
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One millisecond is one-thousandth of a second. ...
The optional Auxiliary Unit (Type 653), was introduced on May 3, 1955, providing up to three features: May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ...
1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
- 60 – 10-digit words of magnetic core memory — at addresses 9000 to 9059; a small fast memory (this device gave a memory access time of 96µs, a 26-fold raw improvement relative to the rotating drum), needed for a tape and disk I/O buffer
- 3 – 4-digit index registers — at addresses 8005 to 8007; drum addresses were indexed by adding 2000, 4000 or 6000 to them, core addresses were indexed by adding 0200, 0400 or 0600 to them. If the system had the 4000 word memory drum then indexing was by adding 4000 to the first address for index reg A, adding 4000 to the second address for index reg B, and by adding 4000 to each of the two addresses for index reg C. (the indexing for 4000 word systems only applied to the first address). The 4000 word systems required transistorized read/write circuitry for the drum memory and were available before 1963.
- Floating point – arithmetic instructions with 8 digit mantissa and 2 digit characteristic (offset exponent) – MMMMMMMMCC, providing a range of ±0.10000000E-50 to ±0.99999999E+49
The IBM 650 (pictured here) at the Haus zur Geschichte der IBM Datenverarbeitung (House of the History of IBM Data Processing, located in Sindelfingen) is still running and will process an income tax program of the time, with input and output on punched cards. A 16×16 cm area core memory plane of 128×128 bits, i. ...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 10−6 seconds and 10−5 seconds (1. ...
An index register in a computer CPU is a processor register used for modifying operand addresses during the run of a program, typically for doing vector/array operations. ...
A floating-point number is a digital representation for a number in a certain subset of the rational numbers, and is often used to approximate an arbitrary real number on a computer. ...
See also: List of IBM products The following is a list of products from the International Business Machines (IBM) office and data processing equipment company, spanning from early-to-mid-20th-century punched card machinery, time clocks, and typewriters, via mainframe computers and minicomputers, to microprocessors, PCs, laptop PCs, and more. ...
Software
Software included FORTRANSIT – a version of FORTRAN which compiled to IT (an interpretive language of the time) which in turn was compiled to SOAP (Symbolic Optimized Assembler Program) which generated machine language statements one-for-one. Other software included BLISS (Bell Laboratories Interpretive SyStem), which used a numeric-only three-address approach, and SPACE (Simplified Programming Anyone Can Enjoy) which was a business-oriented two-step compiler (through SOAP). Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...
FORTRAN[1] is a general-purpose[2], procedural[3], imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ...
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