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The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of incompatible large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s. The 700's were all made obsolete by the introduction of the 7000s. The 7000s, in turn, were eventually replaced by System/360, which was announced in 1964. However the 360/65, the first 360 powerful enough to replace 7000s, did not become available until November 1965. Early problems with OS/360 and the high cost of converting software kept many 7000's in service for years afterwards. Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as big iron) are large and expensive computers used mainly by government institutions and large companies for legacy applications, typically bulk data processing (such as censuses, industry/consumer statistics, ERP, and bank transaction processing). ...
The tower of a personal computer (specifically a Power Mac G5). ...
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ...
Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the...
This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1960s. ...
The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a mainframe computer system family announced by International Business Machines on April 7, 1964. ...
OS/360 was a batch processing operating system developed by IBM for their then-new System/360 mainframe computer, announced in 1964. ...
Architectures
The IBM 700/7000 series had five completely different ways of storing data and instructions: - First (36/18-bit words): 701 (Defense Calculator)
- Scientific (36-bit words): 704, 709, 7090, 7094, 7040, 7044
- Commercial (variable length character strings): 702, 705, 7080, 7010
- Decimal (10 digit words): 7070, 7074
- Supercomputer (64-bit words): 7030 "Stretch"
The 700 class used vacuum tubes, the 7000 class was transistorized. All machines (like most other computers of the time) used magnetic core memory; except for early 701 and 702 models, which used CRT memory. While the architectures differed, the machines in the same class shared electronics technologies and generally used the same peripherals (tape drives, card readers, card punches). Early peripherals were based on IBM accounting machine technology and even had wiring boards. Later peripherals were adopted from the midline IBM 1400 series. In electronics, a vacuum tube (American English) or (thermionic) valve (British English) is a device generally used to amplify a signal. ...
Through hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimeters) The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device which can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and many other functions. ...
A 16×16 cm area core memory plane of 128×128 bits, i. ...
The Williams tube or (more accurately) the Williams-Kilburn tube (after Freddie Williams and coworker Tom Kilburn) was a cathode ray tube used to store electronic data. ...
The IBM 1400 series was a family of mid-range buisiness computers that IBM sold in the early 1960s as a replacement for unit record equipment. ...
Early computers were sold without software. As operating systems began to emerge, having four different mainframe architectures plus the 1400 midline architectures became a major problem for IBM since it meant at least four different programming efforts were required. In computing, an operating system (OS) is the system software responsible for the direct control and management of hardware and basic system operations. ...
The System/360 combined the best features of the 7000 and 1400 series architectures into a single design, however some 360 models had optional features that allowed them to emulate the 1400 and 7000 instruction sets in microcode. One of the selling points of the System/370 was improved 1400/7000 series emulation (it could be done under operating system control instead of shutting down and restarting in emulation mode as was done on the 360s). The System/370 is a model range of IBM mainframes introduced in the early 1970s as the successors to the System/360 family. ...
First Architecture (701) Known as the Defense Calculator while in development in the IBM Poughkeepsie Laboratory, this machine was formally unveiled April 7, 1953 as the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine. April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ...
1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
Data Formats Numbers were either 36 bits or 18 bits long, only fixed point. (See: Why 36 bits?) Why 36 bits? Many early computers aimed at the scientific market had a 36-bit word length. ...
One of the common misunderstandings among computer users is a certain faith in the infallibility of numerical computations. ...
Instructions were 18 bits long, single address. An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA), describes the aspects of a computer architecture visible to a programmer, including the native datatypes, instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external I/O (if any). ...
- Sign (1 bit) - Whole word (-) or Half word (+) operand address
- Opcode (5 bits) - 32 instructions
- Address (12 bits) - 4096 Half word addresses
- AC - 38-bit Accumulator
- MQ - 36-bit Multiplier-Quotient
In computer architecture, a processor register is a small amount of very fast computer memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values—typically, the values being in the midst of a calculation at a given point in time. ...
In a CPU, an accumulator is a register in which intermediate results are stored. ...
Memory 2,048 or 4,096 – 36-bit binary words with six-bit characters
Scientific Architecture (704/709/7090/7094)
Data Formats Numbers were 36 bits long, both fixed point and floating point. (See: Why 36 bits?) Why 36 bits? Many early computers aimed at the scientific market had a 36-bit word length. ...
- Fixed point numbers were stored in binary sign/magnitude format.
- Single precision floating point numbers had a magnitude sign, an 8-bit excess-128 exponent and a 29 bit magnitude
- Double precision floating point numbers, introduced on the 7094, had a magnitude sign, a 17-bit excess-65536 exponent, and a 54 bit magnitude
- Alphanumeric characters were 6-bit BCD, packed six to a word.
One of the common misunderstandings among computer users is a certain faith in the infallibility of numerical computations. ...
A floating-point number is a digital representation for a number in a certain subset of the rational numbers, and is often used to approximate an arbitrary real number on a computer. ...
Binary-coded decimal (BCD) is, after character encodings, the most common way of encoding decimal digits in computing and in electronic systems. ...
The basic instruction format was a 3-bit prefix, 15-bit decrement, 3-bit tag, and 15-bit address. The prefix field specified the class of instruction. The decrement field often contained an immediate operand to modify the results of the operation, or was used to further define the instruction type. The three bits of the tag specified three (seven in the 7094) index registers, the contents of which were subtracted from the address to produce an effective address. The address field either contained an address or an immediate operand. An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA), describes the aspects of a computer architecture visible to a programmer, including the native datatypes, instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external I/O (if any). ...
An index register in a computer CPU is a processor register used for modifying operand addresses during the run of a program, typically for doing vector/array operations. ...
- AC - 38-bit Accumulator
- MQ - 36-bit Multiplier-Quotient
- XR - 15-bit Index Registers (three or seven)
- SI - 36-bit Sense Indicator
The Accumulator (and Multiplier-Quotient) registers operated in signed magnitude format. In computer architecture, a processor register is a small amount of very fast computer memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values—typically, the values being in the midst of a calculation at a given point in time. ...
In a CPU, an accumulator is a register in which intermediate results are stored. ...
One of the common misunderstandings among computer users is a certain faith in the infallibility of numerical computations. ...
The Index registers operated using two's complement format and when used to modify an instruction address were subtracted from the address in the instruction. On machines with three index registers, if the tag had 2 or 3 bits set (i.e. selected multiple registers) then their values were ORed together before being subtracted. The IBM 7094, with seven index registers had a "compatibility" mode to permit programs from earlier machines that used this trick to continue to be used. Twos complement is the most popular method of signifying negative integers in computers. ...
The Sense Indicators permitted interaction with the operator via panel switches and lights.
Memory 32,768 – 36-bit binary words with six-bit characters
Input/Output The 709/7090 series used Data Synchronizer Channels for high speed input/output, such as tape and disk. The DSCs executed their own simple programs from the computer memory that controlled the transfer of data between memory and the I/O devices. Punch card I/O and high speed printing were often performed by transferring magnetic tapes to an off-line IBM 1401. Later, the data channels were used to connect an 7094 and a 7044 to form the IBM 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System (DCS). In that configuration, the 7044 primarily handled I/O. The punch card (or Hollerith card) is a recording medium for holding information for use by automated data processing machines. ...
The Line printer is a form of high speed impact printer in which a line of type is printed at a time. ...
The IBM 1401 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959 and marketed as an inexpensive Business Computer. It was withdrawn on February 8, 1971. ...
Commercial Architecture (702/705/7080) The IBM 702 and 705 were similar and the 705 could run many 702 programs without modification, but they were not completely compatible.
The IBM 7080 was a transistorized version of the 705, with various improvements.
Data format Data was represented by a variable length string of characters terminated by a Record mark.
Instruction Format Five characters: one character opcode & 4 character address - OAAAA
Registers - 702
- two Accumulators (A & B) - 512 characters
- 705
- one Accumulator - 256 characters
- 14 auxiliary storage units - 16 characters
- one auxiliary storage unit - 32 characters
- 7080
- one Accumulator - 256 characters
- 30 auxiliary storage units - 512 characters
- 32 communication storage units - 8 characters
Memory - 702
- 2,000 to 10,000 characters in Williams tubes (in increments of 2,000 characters)
- Character cycle rate - 23 microseconds
- 705 (models I, II, or III)
- 20,000 or 40,000 or 80,000 characters of Core memory
- Character cycle rate - 17 microseconds or 9.8 microseconds
- 7080
- 40,000 or 80,000 or 160,000 characters of Core memory
- Character cycle rate - 2.18 microseconds
The 700/7000 commercial architecture also spawned the very successful IBM 1400 series of mid-sized business computers. The Williams tube or (more accurately) the Williams-Kilburn tube (after Freddie Williams and coworker Tom Kilburn) was a cathode ray tube used to store electronic data. ...
A 16×16 cm area core memory plane of 128×128 bits, i. ...
The IBM 1400 series was a family of mid-range buisiness computers that IBM sold in the early 1960s as a replacement for unit record equipment. ...
Decimal Architecture (7070/7074) The IBM 7070 and IBM 7074 were designed to provide a "transistorized IBM 650" upgrade path. They replaced the drum memory with core memory, but were not instruction set compatible with the 650 (so a simulator was needed to run old programs). Through hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimeters) The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device which can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and many other functions. ...
The IBM 650 was one of IBM’s early computers, and the world’s first mass-produced computer. ...
The Magnetic Drum was invented by G. Taushek in 1932 in Austria. ...
A 16×16 cm area core memory plane of 128×128 bits, i. ...
An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA), describes the aspects of a computer architecture visible to a programmer, including the native datatypes, instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external I/O (if any). ...
Data format - Word length - 10 decimal digit plus sign
- Digit encoding - 2 out of 5
- Floating point - optional. Two digit exponent.
Instruction format - All instructions one word
- 2 digit op code (including sign)
- 2 digit index register
- 2 digit field control
- 4 digit address
Registers - All registers one word, could also be addressed as memory
- Accumulators - 3 (addresses 9991, 9992, and 9993)
- Program counter - 1 (address 9995)
- Index registers - 99 (addresses 0001-0099)
Memory - 5000 to 9990 words
- Access time - 6 microseconds (7070), 4 microseconds (7074)
- Add time - 72 microseconds (7070), 10 microseconds (7074)
In electronics, a vacuum tube (American English) or (thermionic) valve (British English) is a device generally used to amplify a signal. ...
Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the...
The IBM 701, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was announced to the public on April 29, 1952, and was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer. ...
1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
The IBM 704, the first mass-produced computer with floating point arithmetic hardware, was introduced by IBM in April, 1956. ...
1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1954 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
The IBM 709 was an early computer system introduced by IBM in August, 1958. ...
1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Through hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimeters) The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device which can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and many other functions. ...
This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1960s. ...
The IBM 1410 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on September 12, 1960 and marketed as a midrange Business Computer. It was withdrawn on March 30, 1970. ...
1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The IBM 7030, also known as Stretch, was IBMs first attempt at building a supercomputer. ...
1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
An IBM 7040 in operation from 1964 to 1974 at the German university Technische Hochschule Darmstadt The IBM 7040, a scaled down version of the IBM 7090 introduced by IBM in April, 1963, was a later member of the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers. ...
1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The IBM 7044 was a scaled up version of the IBM 7040, which, in turn, was a scaled down version of the IBM 7090 scientific computer. ...
1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
IBM 7090 console The IBM 7090 was a second-generation transistorized version of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube mainframe computers and was designed for large-scale scientific and technological applications. The 7090 was the third member of the IBM 700/7000 series scientific computers. ...
1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The IBM 7094 the fourth member of the most popular family of IBMs large second-generation transistorized mainframe computers and was designed for large-scale scientific and technological applications. The first 7094 installation was in September 1962. ...
1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
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