Kasparov vs. Deep Blue

Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On 11 May 1997, the machine won a short 6 game exhibition match (not a world title match) by two wins to one with 3 draws against world champion Garry Kasparov after Kasparov made a remarkable blunder (for a world chess champion) in the opening of the last game.^[1] Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and retired Deep Blue. Having won his earlier match with Deep Blue, he was nevertheless ahead in the total of 12 games with the computer by 6.5-5.5. Image File history File links Garry Kasparov playing Deep Blue in 1997. ... Image File history File links Garry Kasparov playing Deep Blue in 1997. ... For other uses, see Chess (disambiguation). ... 1990s Pressure-sensory Chess Computer with LCD screen The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates back to the eighteenth century. ... This article is about the machine. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Garry Kimovich Kasparov (IPA: ; Russian: ) (born April 13, 1963, in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR) (now Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer and political activist. ...

History

Wikisource has the Game record.

Kasparov vs. Deep Blue

The computer system dubbed "Deep Blue" was the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion (Garry Kasparov) under regular time controls. This first win occurred on February 10, 1996. Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 is a famous chess game. However, Kasparov won 3 games and drew 2 of the following games, beating Deep Blue by a score of 4–2. The match concluded on February 17, 1996. Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 is a famous chess game. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

Deep Blue was then heavily upgraded (unofficially nicknamed "Deeper Blue") and played Kasparov again in May 1997, winning the six-game rematch 3.5–2.5, ending on May 11th, finally ending in game six. Deep Blue thus became the first computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under standard chess tournament time controls. For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The infamous Sixth game of the Deep Blue - Kasparov rematch, played in New York City on May 11, 1997 and starting at 3:00 p. ...

The project was started as "ChipTest" at Carnegie Mellon University by Feng-hsiung Hsu; the computer system produced was named Deep Thought after the fictional computer of the same name from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Hsu joined IBM (Research division) in 1989 and worked with Murray Campbell on parallel computing problems. Deep Blue was developed out of this. The name is a play on Deep Thought and Big Blue, IBM's nickname. ChipTest was a chess playing computer built by Feng-hsiung Hsu at Carnegie Mellon University. ... Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hsu. ... Deep Thought was a computer designed to play chess. ... The cover of the first novel in the Hitchhikers series, from a late 1990s printing. ... IBM Research, a subsidiary of IBM, has existed since 1945 and currently consists of eight locations throughout the world and hundreds of projects. ... Murray Campbell manages the Intelligent Information Analysis group at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in Hawthorne, NY. His group currently focuses on two main areas: analysis of real-time sensor data for early warning applications, and indexing and searching of multimedia data. ... Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster. ... International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ...

The system derived its playing strength mainly out of brute force computing power. It was a massively parallel, 30-node, RS/6000, SP-based computer system enhanced with 480 special purpose VLSI chess chips. Its chess playing program was written in C and ran under the AIX operating system. It was capable of evaluating 200 million positions per second, twice as fast as the 1996 version. In June 1997, Deep Blue was the 259th most powerful supercomputer, capable of calculating 11.38 gigaflops, although this did not take into account Deep Blue's special-purpose hardware for chess. In computer science, a brute-force search consists of systematically enumerating every possible solution of a problem until a solution is found, or all possible solutions have been exhausted. ... The IBM pSeries, formerly called RS/6000 (for RISC System/6000), is IBMs current RISC/UNIX-based workstation and server computer line. ... It has been suggested that VHSIC be merged into this article or section. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) is a proprietary operating system developed by IBM based on UNIX System V. Before the product was ever marketed, the acronym AIX originally stood for Advanced IBM UNIX. AIX has pioneered numerous network operating system enhancements, introducing new innovations later adopted by Unix-like operating systems... // An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. ... A supercomputer is a computer that led the world (or was close to doing so) in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. ... For commercial failures, see list of commercial failures. ...

The Deep Blue chess computer which defeated Kasparov in 1997 would typically search to a depth of between 6 and 12 ply to a maximum of 40 ply in some situations. An increase in search depth of one ply corresponds on the average to an increase in playing strength of approximately 80 Elo points. Garry Kimovich Kasparov (IPA: ; Russian: ) (born April 13, 1963, in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR) (now Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer and political activist. ... In chess, ply refers to a half-move: one turn of one of the players. ... Chess Go The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as chess and Go. ...

Deep Blue's evaluation function was initially written in a generalized form, with many to-be-determined parameters (e.g. how important is a safe king position compared to a space advantage in the center, etc.). The optimal values for these parameters were then determined by the system itself, by analyzing thousands of master games. The evaluation function had been split into 8,000 parts, many of them designed for special positions. In the opening book there were over 4,000 positions and 700,000 grandmaster games. The endgame database contained many six piece endgames and five or fewer piece positions. Before the second match, the chess knowledge of the program was fine tuned by grandmaster Joel Benjamin. The opening library was provided by grandmasters Miguel Illescas, John Fedorowicz and Nick De Firmian. Deep Blue's programmers tailored the computer program to beat Kasparov by studying in great detail prior games Kasparov had played. When Kasparov requested that he be allowed to study other games that Deep Blue had played so as to better understand his opponent, IBM refused. However, Kasparov did study many popular PC computer games to become familiar with computer game play in general. Joel Benjamin (born March 11, 1964) is a chess Grandmaster. ... Miguel Illescas Córdoba (born December 3, 1965 in Barcelona) is a prominent Spanish grandmaster of chess. ... John Peter Fedorowicz (b. ... Nick de Firmian (born July 26, 1957), is a chess grandmaster and three time U.S. chess champion, winning in 1987, 1995, and 1999. ...

After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in violation of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. This allowed the computer to avoid a trap in the final game that it had fallen for twice before. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet at http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml. Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and retired Deep Blue.

In 2003 a documentary film was made that explored these claims. Titled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine, the film implied that Deep Blue's heavily promoted victory was a plot by IBM to boost its stock value. Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality. ...

One of the two racks that made up Deep Blue is on display at the National Museum of American History in their exhibit about the Information Age; the other rack appears at the Computer History Museum in their "Mastering The Game: A History of Computer Chess" exhibit. The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ... A university computer lab containing many desktop PCs The transition of communication technology: Oral Culture, Manuscript Culture, Print Culture, and Information Age Information Age is a name given to a period after the industrial age and before the Knowledge Economy. ... The Computer History Museum in Mountain View. ...

Future

Feng-hsiung Hsu later claimed in his book Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion that he had the rights to use the Deep Blue design to build a bigger machine independently of IBM to take Kasparov's rematch offer, but Kasparov refused a rematch (see also Hsu's open letter about the rematch linked below). Kasparov's side responded that Hsu's offer was empty and more of a demand than an offer because Hsu had no sponsors, no money, no hardware, no technical team, just some patents and demands that Kasparov commit to putting his formal world title on the line before further negotiations could even begin (with no guarantees as to fair playing conditions or proper qualification matches). This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hsu. ... Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion (ISBN 0691090653) is a book by Feng-hsiung Hsu. ...

Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation of a new game called Arimaa which is still played with a standard chess set, but which is also thought to be much more difficult for computers. Arimaa is a two-player abstract strategy board game that can be played using the same equipment as chess. ...

Deep Blue, with its capability of evaluating 200 million positions per second, was the strongest computer that ever faced a world chess champion. Today, in computer chess research and matches of world class players against computers, the focus of play has often shifted to software chess programs, rather than using dedicated chess hardware. Modern chess programs like Rybka, Deep Fritz or Deep Junior are more efficient than the programs during Deep Blue's era. In a recent match, Deep Fritz vs. Vladimir Kramnik in November 2006, the program ran on a personal computer containing two Intel Core 2 Duo CPUs, capable of evaluating only 8 million positions per second, but searching to an average depth of 17 to 18 ply in the middlegame. Rybka is a computer chess engine by International Master Vasik Rajlich. ... Deep Fritz is a multi-processor version of the computer chess engine Fritz written by Frans Morsch and Mathias Feist. ... Deep Junior is a computer chess program authored by the Israeli programmers Amir Ban and Shay Bushinsky. ... Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik (Russian: ) (born June 25, 1975) is a Russian chess grandmaster and the current World Chess Champion. ... The new Intel Core 2 Duo. ... The central processing unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that interprets and carries out the instructions contained in the software. ... In chess, the middlegame refers to the portion of the game that happens immediately after the opening (usually the first move after the procession of moves that make up a standard opening) and blends somewhat with the endgame. ...

Deep Blue in popular culture

• Deep Blue was seen on the Futurama episode "Anthology of Interest I" voiced by Tress MacNeille. It was seen as the summer intern for Al Gore's Vice Presidential Action Rangers, a "group of top nerds whose sole duty is to prevent disruptions in the space-time continuum."
• Servotron has a song entitled "Deep Blue, Congratulations" on their album Entertainment Program for Humans (Second Variety).
• On the April 14, 2005 episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Stewart invited a fictional version of Deep Blue to comment on the recent extradition of former chess champion Bobby Fischer. Deep Blue didn't offer any analysis of any kind, and repeatedly suggested they play chess, and later offered a visit to a porn site.
• Deep Blue is a 1997 album and song by Peter Mulvey. The title song was inspired by the 1997 Kasparov match.
• Deep Blue made an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and was parodied on Late Night with David Letterman with Top Ten Ways Deep Blue is Celebrating its Victory.
• Referenced in the internet sensation Pure Pwnage. Said to have been beaten by Teh_Masterer, who had used only a row of pawns and a single bishop.
• In a Nike commercial, former San Antonio Spurs center David Robinson played Deep Blue in one-on-one basketball.

This article is about the television series. ... Anthology of Interest I is episode sixteen in season two of Futurama. ... Tress MacNeille (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for providing various voices on the animated television shows The Simpsons and Futurama, and Animaniacs. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... Servotron was an alternative rock band which existed between 1995 and 1999. ... Entertainment Program for Humans (Second Variety) is Servotrons second and final album. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Stephen Colbert and Jon Stewart on the set of The Daily Show The Daily Show (currently The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, also known as TDS to fans and staffers) is a half-hour satirical fake news program produced by and run on the Comedy Central cable television network in... Robert James Bobby Fischer (born March 9, 1943) is a United States-born chess Grandmaster who in 1972 became the only US-born chessplayer to become the official World Chess Champion. ... Peter Mulvey is a acoustic musician based out of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ... May 26, 2006 opening monologue of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is the full name of NBCs The Tonight Show hosted by Jay Leno, debuting on May 25, 1992. ... Late Night with David Letterman was a nightly hour-long comedy talk show on NBC hosted by David Letterman. ... The Pure Pwnage Logo. ... Nike, Inc. ... David Maurice Robinson (born August 6, 1965)) is a retired American NBA basketball player, who is often considered one of the greatest centers to ever play the game. ... This article is about the sport. ...

See also

• Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov - detailed coverage of both matches
• Blue Gene
• Computer chess
• IBM Deep Thunder
• Hydra - a modern engine with dedicated hardware
• Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine, a documentary film about Kasparov vs. Deep Blue

Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov is a pair of famous six-game chess matches played between the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue and the Grandmaster Garry Kasparov. ... This article is about the supercomputer. ... 1990s Pressure-sensory Chess Computer with LCD screen The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates back to the eighteenth century. ... Deep Thunder is a research project by IBM that aims to improve short-term local weather forecasting through the use of high-performance computing. ... Hydra is a chess machine, designed by a team with Dr. Christian Chrilly Donninger, Ulf Lorenz, GM Christopher Lutz and Muhammad Nasir Ali. ...

References

1. ^ Saletan, William (2007-05-11). Chess Bump: The triumphant teamwork of humans and computers. Slate.

External links

• Deep Blue's games at chessgames.com
• Complete games from the first match with Kasparov
• Play through the Garry Kasparov vs Deep Blue 1997 games
• IBM Research pages on Deep Blue
• IBM page with the computer logs from the games
• Open letter from Feng-hsiung Hsu on the aborted rematch with Kasparov
• Deep Blue system described by Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell and A. Joseph Hoane Jr.
• ICC Interview with Feng-Hsiung Hsu An online interview with Hsu in 2002 (annotated)
• [http://chess.about.com/library/weekly/aa05f04.htm IBM refused $ millions, dismantled Deep Blue, and, more enigmas.