NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ibrahim Babangida

General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (born August 17, 1941), popularly known as IBB, was the military ruler of Nigeria from August 1985 until his departure from office under heavy popular pressure in 1993, after his annulment of elections held that year which were widely held to have been the freest and fairest in Nigeria's post-independence history. Image File history File links Ibrahim Babangida, former President of Nigeria This work is copyrighted. ... Seal of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Flag of the President of Nigeria The President of Nigeria is the elected head of government and head of state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Chief Ernest Adegunle Oladeinde Shonekan was born on 9 May 1936 in Lagos, south-west Nigeria. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Location of Minna in Nigeria Minna is a city (population 150,000 in 2000) in west central Nigeria Its the capital of Niger State, one of Nigerias 36 federal states. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Flag of the President of Nigeria This page contains a list of presidents and other heads of state of Nigeria since 1963. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...

Early career and rise to power

Ibrahim Babangida hails from the Gwari ethnic group and was born in Minna in Niger State. He joined the Nigerian Army's officer corps on December 10, 1962, and served in an administrative capacity under the military government of Olusegun Obasanjo. Was heavily involved in the Nigerian coup of 1976, when he was to ‘liberate’ a radio station from one of the coup plotters, Col B.S. Dimka (a close friend of his) as to prevent him making further announcements over the air waves. Although he did prevent further broadcasts, Col Dimka managed to escape. Babangida once again took up a political position under the administration of General Muhammadu Buhari, whose regime he overthrew on 27 August 1985 in a bloodless military coup that relied on mid-level officers that Babangida silently and strategically positioned over the years. The Gwari or Gbagi are one of the ethnic tribes in Middle belt of Nigeria. ... Location of Minna in Nigeria Minna is a city (population 150,000 in 2000) in west central Nigeria Its the capital of Niger State, one of Nigerias 36 federal states. ... Niger State is a state in the Middle West of Nigeria. ... The Military of Nigeria has active duty personnel in three Nigerian armed services divisions totalling approximately 76,000 troops. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... General (rtd. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar). ...

He came to power promising to bring to an end the human rights abuses perpetuated by Buhari's government, and to hand over power to a civilian government by 1990.

Years of Promotion and Rank

Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ... Captain is a rank or title with various meanings. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Brigadier (IPA pronunciation: ) is a military rank, the meaning of which has a considerable variation. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ...

Studies

Controversy: Babangida's economic policies

Babangida issued a referendum to garner support for austerity measures suggested by the IMF and the World Bank, and subsequently launched his "Structural Adjustment Program" (SAP) in 1986. The policies entailed under the SAP were the deregulation of the agricultural sector by abolishing marketing boards and the elimination of price controls, the privatisation of public enterprises, the devaluation of the Naira to aid the competitiveness of the export sector, and the relaxation of restraints on foreign investment put in place by the Gowon and Obasanjo governments during the 1970s. Between 1986 and 1988, when these policies were executed as intended by the IMF, the Nigerian economy actually did grow as had been hoped, with the export sector performing especially well, but the falling real wages in the public sector and amongst the urban classes, along with a drastic reduction in expenditure on public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made sustained commitment to the SAP difficult to maintain. Babangida subsequently returned to an inflationary economic policy and partially reversed the deregulatory initiatives he had set in motion during the heyday of the SAP following mounting pressure, and economic growth slowed correspondingly, as capital flight resumed apace under the influence of negative real interest rates. IBB consequently eliminated the Nigerian Middle Class.Presumably because of the perception of his being instrumental in the nomination of the current president of Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo. The present administration of Nigeria has been reluctant in pursuing him for his corrupt practices and oppressive government policies. The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... ... Structural adjustment is a term used by the International Monetary Fund for the changes it recommends for developing countries. ... The Naira is the currency of Nigeria. ... General Yakubu Jack Dan-Yumma Gowon (born October 19, 1934) was the head of state (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. ... General (rtd. ... General (rtd. ...

IBB as Dictator

On the political front, Babangida proved far more adept at accommodating and manipulating public opinion than Buhari or any other Nigerian military ruler before or since. Wherever possible, he preferred to buy off opposition, earning the nickname "Maradona" (from Diego Maradona, the legendary Argentine soccer star). Babangida only resorted to outright force on rare occasions when opposition could neither be bought off nor ignored, for example, the killing of the journalist, Dele Giwa , who was allegedly killed through a parcel bomb sent from the office of the Head of State of Nigeria. At the beginning of his rule, Babangida did try to live up to his self-bestowed mantle as a restorer of human rights, releasing many politicians detained under the Buhari regime, but this patina wore off as time went by. Despite his initial promises to do so, Babangida never did get around to abolishing the notorious 'State Security (Detention of Persons) Decree Number 2', which established the right of the government to detain for six months any individual deemed dangerous solely on his say-so, without any right to a trial or even habeas corpus. To the contrary, he made increasing use of the decree himself as time went by to muzzle trade unions, student groups, journalists and other individuals who proved irritating to his regime. Diego Armando Maradona (born October 30, 1960) is an Argentine former football superstar. ... Dele Giwa was a Nigerian journalist (editor and founder of Newswatch magazine) who was killed by a mail bomb in his home on October 19, 1986. ...

One step Babangida did take early in his rule that proved less deft than usual, and which still reverberates to this day, was his unilateral decision to upgrade Nigeria's role in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), from a mere observer status to full-fledged membership, despite the fact that, at most, only half of Nigerians were adherents of Islam. After public outcry and denial by Babangida, the John Shagaya panel was instituted to determine Nigeria's status in the OIC subsequently confirming membership and making a recommendation for withdrawal from the body. The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) OIC redirects here. ...

Babangida's policies, at least on paper, were coherrent and well thought out. He has assembled some of the brightest individuals from the military and civilian class who set the stage for privatization and deregulation. Noteworthy was the liberalization of the banking sector and the creation of the decree that set the basis for telecom liberalization during the Obasanjo administration. His leadership also saw Nigeria begin to regionally assert itself with foreign policy thrusts such as peace keeping in Sierra Leone. However, translation of the most necessary of Babangida's policies to reality was compromised by corruption and the limited leadership capacity of Babangida. His leadership has been repeatedly blamed for the full institutionalization of corruption in Nigeria. Babangida relied heavily on patronage to keep his government in power.

On April 22, 1990, Babangida's government was almost toppled by a coup attempt led by Major Gideon Orkar. During the brief interlude during which Orkar and his collaborators controlled radio transmitters in Lagos, they broadcasted a vehement critique of Babangida's government, accusing it of widespread corruption and autocratic tendencies, and they also threatened to expel the five northernmost and predominantly Hausa-Fulani Nigerian states from the union, accusing them of seeking to perpetuate their rule at the expense of the predominantly Christian peoples of Nigeria's middle-belt citing, in particular, the political neutralization of the Langtang Mafia. Major Gideon Gwaza Orkar was a Nigerian military officer and revolutionary who staged a coup against General Ibrahim Babangida on April 22, 1990. ... The Langtang Mafia is a rumored clique of military men from Langtang, Plateau State who hold or have held positions of power in the Nigerian government. ...

The botched transition to civilian rule

In 1989, seemingly in keeping with his promise to hand over power to a civilian government by 1992, Babangida legalized the formation of political parties, and after a census was carried out in November 1991, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on January 24, 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Assembly and a presidential election would be held that year. The legislative elections went ahead as planned, with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) winning majorities in both houses of the National Assembly, but on August 7, 1992, the NEC annulled the first round of presidential primaries, alleging widespread irregularities. January 4, 1993 saw the announcement by Babangida of a National Defense and Security Council, of which Babangida himself was to be President, while in April 1993 the SDP nominated Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola (MKO) as its presidential candidate, with the National Republican Convention (NRC) choosing Bashir Othma Tofa to run for the same position. On June 12, 1993, presidential elections were finally held, but the results were mysteriously held back, although it soon leaked that Abiola had in fact won 19 of the 30 states, and therefore the presidency. is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Senate is one of the two houses of the National Assembly of Nigeria. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola (often referred to as M. K. O. Abiola) (August 24, 1937?, Abeokuta - July 7, 1998, Abuja), was a Nigerian YorÃ¹bÃ¡ businessman and political figure. ... Bashir Othma Tofa is a Nigerian politician. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Nigeria is currently divided into 36 states and one federal capital territory. ...

Rather than allow the announcement of the results to proceed, the NDSC decided to annul the elections, and Babangida then issued a decree banning the presidential candidates of both the NRC and the SDP from running in new presidential elections that he planned to have held. Widespread acts of civil disobedience then began to occur, particularly in the Southwest region from which Abiola hailed, but these were soon quashed by the security forces and the army. On July 6, 1993, the NDSC issued an ultimatum to SDP and NRC to join an interim government or face yet another round of elections, and Babangida then announced that the interim government would be inaugurated on August 27, 1993. On August 26, amidst a new round of strikes and protests that had brought all economic activity in the country to a halt, Babangida declared that he was stepping down from the presidency, and handing over the reins of government to Ernest Shonekan. Ominously, General Sani Abacha was left behind to "watch over" Shonekan's interim government, and within 3 months of the handover Abacha seized control of the government, while Babangida himself was conveniently in the midst of a visit to Egypt. is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Chief Ernest Adegunle Oladeinde Shonekan was born on 9 May 1936 in Lagos, south-west Nigeria. ... Sani Abacha General Sani Abacha (Kano, 20 September 1943 â€“ Abuja, 8 June 1998) was a Nigerian politician and military leader. ...

Human Rights Abuses

The killing by a letter bomb of Dele Giwa, a magazine editor critical of Babangida's administration at his Lagos home in 1986 remains a controversial incident to this day. In 1999, President Olusegun Obasanjo established the Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission headed by Justice Chukwudifu Oputa to investigate human rights abuses during Nigeria's decades of military rule. However, Babangida repeatedly defied summons to appear before the panel to answer allegations of humans rights abuses and questioned both the legality of the commission and its power to summon him. His right not to testify was upheld in 2001 by Nigeria's court of appeal which ruled that the panel did not have the power to summon former rulers of the country.^[1]. Dele Giwa was a Nigerian journalist (editor and founder of Newswatch magazine) who was killed by a mail bomb in his home on October 19, 1986. ... General (rtd. ...

The Oputa Panel Report would conclude that "On General Ibrahim Babangida, we are of the view that there is evidence to suggest that he and the two security chiefs, Brigadier General Halilu Akilu and Col. A. K. Togun are accountable for the death of Dele Giwa by letter bomb. We recommend that this case be re-opened for further investigation in the public interest." ^[2]

Recent Developments

In an interview with the Financial Times on August 15, 2006, Babangida announced that he would run for president in Nigeria's 2007 national elections. ^[3] ^[4]citing that he was doing so "under the banner of the Nigerian people" and accused the country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and religious violence.^[5] Despite being a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP), the party has not yet publicly backed Babangida's bid since a senate rejection of the proposal to amend the 1999 Constitution as to allow a person to serve three mandates as a President. Obasanjo has always declared publicly and to the media that he will not run for a third mandate. The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Democratic Party is a centrist political party in Nigeria. ... The Senate is the upper house of the National Assembly of Nigeria. ...

On the 8th of November, 2006, General Babangida picked a nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party Headquarters in Abuja, Nigeria. This effectively put to rest any speculation about his ambitions to run for the Presidency. His form was personally issued to him by the PDP chairman - Dr Ahmadu Ali. This action immediately drew extreme reactions of support or opposition from the generality of Nigerians. In early December, just before the PDP presidential primary, however, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that IBB had withdrawn his candidacy to be the PDP's nominee to run for President. In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB is quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Alhaji Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother of the late Shehu Yar'Adua (himself a former nominee to run for the Presidency during IBB's military dictatorship), as well as against General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the latter two. It is widely believed among the generality of Nigerians however, that IBB's withdrawal of his candidacy became inevitable because he realized that his chances of winning a presidential election in Nigeria were pretty slim.^[6] PDP is also used as an acronym for Plasma Display Panel and Parallel Distributed Processing. ...

See also

MAMSER was an acronym for Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Social Justice, and Economic Recovery. ... The Nigerian political bureau of 1986, established by President Babangida shortly after his successful coup, was one of the broadest political consultation exercise conducted in Nigerian history. ...

References

BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ...

External links

Categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2006 | All articles lacking sources | Muslim generals | Nigerian heads of state | 1941 births | Living people This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Seal of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Flag of the President of Nigeria The President of Nigeria is the elected head of government and head of state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Chief Ernest Adegunle Oladeinde Shonekan was born on 9 May 1936 in Lagos, south-west Nigeria. ... 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General Yakubu Jack Dan-Yumma Gowon (born October 19, 1934) was the head of state (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. ... Murtala Mohammed General Murtala Ramat Mohammed (November 8, 1938â€“February 13, 1976) was a military ruler (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria (1975â€“1976). ... General (rtd. ... The Second Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1979 and 1983 governed by the second republican constitution. ... Alhaji Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari, Turakin Sakkwato (born May 25, 1925) was the President of Nigerias ill-fated Second Republic (1979 - 1983), after the handover of power by General Olusegun Obasanjos caretaker government. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Sani Abacha General Sani Abacha (Kano, 20 September 1943 â€“ Abuja, 8 June 1998) was a Nigerian politician and military leader. ... General Abdulsalam Abubakar (born June 13, 1942) became Nigerias eighth military Head of State in 1998, after Ironsi, Gowon, Murtala, Obasanjo, Buhari, Babangida and Abacha, since the countrys independence from Britain in 1960. ... Chief Ernest Adegunle Oladeinde Shonekan was born on 9 May 1936 in Lagos, south-west Nigeria. ... The Fourth Republic is the current republican government of Nigeria since 1999 governed by the fourth republican constitution. ... General (rtd. ... Umaru Musa YarAdua (born July 9, 1951 in Katsina,Katsina State Nigeria) is the 2nd President of Nigerias Fourth Republic. ... Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Spanish(Eq. ... 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Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (October 14, 1930 â€“ September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu Sese Seko, born Joseph-DÃ©sirÃ© Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965â€“1997), in which he rose to power... Houari BoumÃ©dienne (original name Mohamed Ben Brahim Boukharouba) (August 23, 1932 â€“ December 27, 1978) (Arabic: Ù‡ÙˆØ§Ø±ÙŠ Ø¨ÙˆÙ…Ø¯ÙŠÙ†) served as as Algerias in his position as as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976, and from then on as President of Algeria to his death... Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 1924 - 30 November 1989) was the president of Cameroon from 1960 until 1982. ... Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964â€“1991). ... Moktar Ould Daddah Moktar Ould Daddah (Arabic: Ù…Ø®ØªØ§Ø± ÙˆÙ„Ø¯ Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ù‡; December 25, 1924 - October 14, 2003) was the President of Mauritania from 1960, when his country gained its independence from France, to 1978, when he was deposed in a military coup detat. ... King Hassan, pictured late in life. ... General Yakubu Jack Dan-Yumma Gowon (born October 19, 1934) was the head of state (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. ... Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre) (1919 â€“ January 2, 1995) was the Head of State of Somalia from 1969 to 1991. ... Idi Amin Dada (mid-1920s[1]â€“16 August 2003) was an army officer and president of Uganda. ... Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (à¤¶à¤¿à¤µà¤¸à¤¾à¤—à¤° à¤°à¤¾à¤®à¤—à¥à¤²à¤¾à¤®), LRCP, MRCS (1900â€“1985) was the Prime Minister of Mauritius from 1961 until 1982. ... El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (born Albert-Bernard Bongo on 30 December 1935) became President of Gabon in 1967. ... Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise known as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Gafar Muhammad an-Numayri; born 1 January 1930) (Arabic: Ø¬Ø¹ÙØ± Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ù…ÙŠØ±ÙŠ) was the President of Sudan from 1971 to 1985. ... William Richard Tolbert, Jr. ... LÃ©opold SÃ©dar Senghor (October 9, 1906 â€“ December 20, 2001) was a Senegalese poet and politician who served as the first president of Senegal (1960â€“1980). ... Siaka Probyn Stevens (August 24, 1905–May 29, 1988) was the President of Sierra Leone from 1971 to 1985. ... Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (born September 2, 1924) was the President of Kenya from 1978 until 2002. ... Mengistu Haile Mariam (IPA: //) (born 1937[3][4]) was the most prominent officer of the Derg, the military junta that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987, and the president of the Peoples Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. ... Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the countrys founding in 1964 until his retirement in 1985. ... Abdou Diouf (Wolof: ) (born September 7, 1935) was the second president of Senegal, serving from 1981 to 2000. ... Time in Office 18 March 1977 â€“ 3 April 1977 (part of the Military Committee of the Congolese Labour Party); 8 February 1979 â€“ 3 August 1992 (first time); 25 October 1997 â€“ Predecessor Marien Ngouabi (as a part of the Military Committee of the CLP); Jean-Pierre ThystÃ¨re Tchicaya (first time... Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964â€“1991). ... Moussa TraorÃ© (born 25 September 1936) is a Malian soldier and politician. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ø³ÙŠØ¯ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ Muá¸¥ammad á¸¤usnÄ« MubÄrak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ á¸¤usnÄ« MubÄrak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (born c. ... Abdou Diouf (Wolof: ) (born September 7, 1935) was the second president of Senegal, serving from 1981 to 2000. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ø³ÙŠØ¯ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ Muá¸¥ammad á¸¤usnÄ« MubÄrak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ á¸¤usnÄ« MubÄrak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... General Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Ø²ÙŠÙ† Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ÙŠÙ† Ø¨Ù† Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ; born in Hammam-Sousse on September 3, 1936) is the President of the Tunisian Republic since 7 November 1987 and only the second one since its independence from France on 20 March 1956. ... Meles Zenawi (Geez áˆ˜áˆˆáˆµ á‹œáŠ“á‹Š meles zÄ“nÄwÄ«, b. ... President Paul Biya of Cameroon with U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, New York, 16 September 2002 Paul Biya (born 13 February 1933) has been the President of Cameroon since 1982. ... Robert Gabriel Mugabe KCB (born on February 21, 1924) is the President of Zimbabwe. ... Blaise CompaorÃ© (born February 3, 1951) has been the president of Burkina Faso since 1987. ... Abdelaziz Bouteflika (IPA: ) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² Ø¨ÙˆØªÙÙ„ÙŠÙ‚Ø©) (born March 2, 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President of Algeria since 1999. ... GnassingbÃ© EyadÃ©ma - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (born April 30, 1943) served as the President of Zambia from 1991 to 2002, when Zambians elected former Vice President Levy Mwanawasa as his successor. ... Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (born September 3, 1948) is the third President of Zambia. ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born June 18, 1942) is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ... Pres. ... General (rtd. ... Time in Office 18 March 1977 â€“ 3 April 1977 (part of the Military Committee of the Congolese Labour Party); 8 February 1979 â€“ 3 August 1992 (first time); 25 October 1997 â€“ Predecessor Marien Ngouabi (as a part of the Military Committee of the CLP); Jean-Pierre ThystÃ¨re Tchicaya (first time... John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born in Kumasi December 8, 1938) is the current president of Ghana, since January 7, 2001. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_African_Union. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Location of Minna in Nigeria Minna is a city (population 150,000 in 2000) in west central Nigeria Its the capital of Niger State, one of Nigerias 36 federal states. ... Niger State is a state in the Middle West of Nigeria. ...

Contents

Early career and rise to power GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");