Boxes of various desserts that contain ice cream are often found in stores in a display freezer.

In its simplest form, ice cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from dairy products (milk, cream, or custard) combined with flavourings and sweeteners. This mixture is super-cooled by stirring while reducing its temperature to prevent large ice crystals from forming. Traditionally, the temperature has been reduced by placing the ice cream mixture into a container that is immersed in a mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt causes a change of state from frozen to liquid water, removing a large amount of heat from the ice cream in the process. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a dinner, usually consisting of sweet food but sometimes of a strongly flavored one, such as some cheeses. ... Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. ... A glass of milk Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. ... This article is about cream, the food item. ... Custard is a sweet dessert made from a combination of milk or cream, egg yolks, corn starch, sugar and flavourings such as vanilla. ... Flavouring (or flavoring) is a product which is added to food in order to change or augment its taste. ... A sweetener is a food additive which adds the basic taste of sweetness to a food. ...

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Typical definitions for frozen desserts and snacks:

• Ice cream: Any frozen dessert product with 10% or more milk fat.--63.227.228.3 18:54, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

--63.227.228.3 18:54, 11 May 2005 (UTC)----charles montoya--63.227.228.3 18:54, 11 May 2005 (UTC) Insert non-formatted text herebitchŒ* Ice milk: Less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content. Ice milk is a frozen dessert with less than 10% milk fat and the same sweetener content as ice cream. ...

• Frozen custard: More than 10% milkfat and egg yolk. Considered a kind of ice cream because of the high fat content.
• Sherbet: 1-2% milk fat and more sweetener than ice cream.
• Sorbet: fruit puree and no milk products
• Pop: frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavored sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve.
• Kulfi another ice cream variant, which is dairy based, and brought to Pakistan and India by the Mughals from Persia during the 1500s, later as the result of colonialism and immigration to the West.

Many countries, including the United States, regulate the use of these terms based on specific percent quantities of ingredients. Custard is a sweet dessert made from a combination of milk or cream, egg yolks, corn starch, sugar and flavourings such as vanilla. ... Sherbet (British and American English) or Sherbert (Australian English, also a variant spelling used in American English) historically was a cool effervescent or iced fruit drink. ... Sorbet is a frozen dessert made from iced fruit puree and other ingredients. ... A Pop is a frozen snack on a stick or in a plastic or carboard sleeve made from fruit juice, fruit puree or flavored sugar water. ... Kulfi is Indian ice cream made with boiled milk. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Iran (Persian: ایران) is a Middle Eastern country located in southwestern Asia. ... World map of colonialism circa 1945. ...

Ice creams come in a wide variety of flavours, often with additives such as chocolate flakes or chips, nuts, fruit, and small candies/sweets. Some of the most popular ice cream flavours in supermarkets are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and Neapolitan (a combination of the three). Chocolate, ranging from dark to light, can be molded and decorated like these chickens with ribbons. ... Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel A nut in botany is a one-seeded (rarely two) simple dry fruit in which the ovary wall or part of it becomes very hard (stony or woody) at maturity. ... Fruit stall in Barcelona, Spain. ... Candy is a term for a type of confectionery prepared by dissolving sugar in water or milk and boiling it until it starts to caramelize. ... For other uses, see vanilla (disambiguation). ... Chocolate, ranging from dark to light, can be molded and decorated like these chickens with ribbons. ... Species see text The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae (Rose Family), and the fruit of these plants. ... Neapolitan is a kind of ice cream, or more precisely, of ice cream packaging: a third of the box (or tub, bar, etc. ...

History

There are several popular legends surrounding the discovery of ice cream. Marco Polo supposedly saw ice cream being made on his trip to China, bringing the recipe home to Italy with him on his return. From there, Catherine de Medici's Italian chefs are said to have carried the recipe to France when she went there in 1533 to marry the Duc d'Orléans. Charles I was supposedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative. There is, however, no historical evidence to support this legend, which first appeared during the 19th century and was probably created by imaginative ice cream vendors. Ice cream most likely did originate in China, but it is unknown how and when the idea made its way into the Western world. Marco Polo, after a painting in Badia, Rome Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who, together with his father and uncle, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay) and visited the Great... Catherine de Medici (April 13, 1519–January 5, 1589), born in Italy as Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici, and later queen of France under the French name Catherine de M dicis, was the wife of King Henry II of France, of the Valois branch of the kings of... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ... Charles the Bald (Charles II of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles II) (823_877), Roman emperor and king of the West Franks, was the son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

While it was not yet ice cream, per se, some examples of early pre-planned, ice dishes include the Roman emperor Nero (A.D. 37-68) who is said to have ordered ice to be brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings, and King Tang (A.D. 618-97) of Shang, China who is said to have had a method of creating ice and milk concoctions. People living directly alongside snow and ice have probably always put sweet things like honey and fruit juice on frozen water for variety, as some still do to this day. Snow-cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world.

Even earlier, in 400 BC Persia, a special chilled pudding-like dish, made of Rosewater and vermicelli, working out as something like a cross between a sorbet and a rice pudding was served to the royalty during summers. The Persians had already mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant naturally cooled refrigerators known as yakh-chals. These storages kept ice brought in from the winter or from nearby mountains well into the summer. The storages worked by using tall windcatchers that kept the sub-level storage space at frigid temperatures. The ice was then mixed in with saffron, fruits, and various other flavors. The treat, widely made today in Iran, is called "faludeh", which is made from starch (wheat, probably), spun in a kind of sieve-like contraption which produces threads or drops of the batter, which are boiled in water. The mix is then frozen, and mixed with Rosewater and lemons, before serving. 1  (http://www.krysstal.com/inventions_06.html) 2 (http://www.mmdtkw.org/VAncientInventions.html) Iran (Persian: ایران) is a Middle Eastern country located in southwestern Asia. ... Rosewater is the hydrosol portion of the distillate of rose petals. ... Icicles A natural ice block in Iceland Ice is the solid form of water. ... Rosewater is the hydrosol portion of the distillate of rose petals. ...

Contemporary western-style ice cream, however was probably “discovered” in the 1600’s, and was introduced to the United States jointly by Ben Franklin (who brought the idea from France), George Washington (who bought the first ice cream maker in the US), and Thomas Jefferson (who enthusiastically served it at parties and included a recipe in his published cook book). This was followed in the mid 19th century by the invention of the Ice Cream Soda, then the Ice Cream Sundae later in the century to placate religious conservatives, and both the Ice Cream Cone and Banana split in the first years of the 20th century. Portrait of Benjamin Franklin Dr. Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706–April 17, 1790) was an American journalist, publisher, author, philanthropist, abolitionist, public servant, scientist, librarian, diplomat, and inventor. ... Order: 1st President Vice President: John Adams Term of office: April 30, 1789 – March 3, 1797 Preceded by: None Succeeded by: John Adams Date of birth: February 22, 1732 Place of birth: Westmoreland, Virginia Date of death: December 14, 1799 Place of death: Mount Vernon, Virginia First Lady: Martha Washington... Order: Third President Vice President: Aaron Burr; George Clinton Term of office: March 4, 1801 – March 3, 1809 Preceded by: John Adams Succeeded by: James Madison Date of birth: April 13, 1743 Place of birth: Shadwell, Virginia Date of death: July 4, 1826 Place of death: Charlottesville, Virginia First Lady... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The ice cream soda is a treat made, typically, by mixing ice cream with either a soft drink or flavored syrup and carbonated water, often with some special technique to encourage the partial slushing of the ice cream itself. ... Strawberry Sundae In the United States, one of the most familiar ice cream desserts is the ice cream sundae. ... An ice cream cone is a cone-shaped pastry, usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle, in which ice cream is served, permitting it to be eaten without a bowl or spoon. ... A banana split is an ice cream-based dessert. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

Production

Ice cream van in the UK

Before the development of modern refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s, ice cream was a luxury item reserved for very special occasions. Today, ice cream is enjoyed around the world on a daily basis thanks to commercial mass-production and the home freezer. Ice cream is often bought in large tubs from supermarkets/grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual serves from small carts or vans at public events and places. There are even some ice cream manufacturers who sell ice cream products door-to-door from travelling refrigerated vans. Ice Cream Van, taken summer 2003 in London by C Ford File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ice Cream Van, taken summer 2003 in London by C Ford File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A typical ice cream van; this one is in London. ... Domestic refrigerators (usually shortened to fridge) are amongst the most common electric applicances in the world, for instance being present in 99. ... An engineer may be someone who practices the engineering profession, or the driver of a rail locomotive. ... Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde (born 11 June 1842 in Berndorf ( Oberfranken); died 16 November 1934 in Munich) was a German engineer who developed the basics of modern refrigeration technology. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A convenience store is a small store or shop, generally accessible or local. ... Milk bars (known as delicatessens in South Australia and Western Australia) probably originated in Australia in 1934, when Burt Brothers opened the first. ...

Modern commercial ice cream is made from a mixture of:

• 10-16% milk fat
• 9-12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk
• 12-16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and/or glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners
• 0.2-0.5% stabilizers and emulsifiers e.g., agar or carrageenan extracted from seaweed
• 55%-64% water which comes from the milk or other ingredients

These ingredients make up the solid part of the ice cream, but only 50% of the final volume, the remainder being air incorporated during the whipping process. Generally, the cheaper the ice-cream, the cheaper the ingredients, and the more air is incorporated (since ice cream is sold by volume, it's economically advantageous for producers to reduce the density of the product). Artisan-produced ice creams, such as Berthillon's, often contain none to very little air. A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... See Casein paint for information about casein usage in artistic painting. ... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... Lactose is the sugar making up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Corn syrup is a syrup made from maize, composed mainly of glucose. ... The tail of a Lufthansa airliner (Airbus A319) in flight, showing the horizontal stabilizer Mathematics: see Group action. ... An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible substances. ... Agar is a galactose polymer obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae or seaweeds (Sphaerococcus Euchema) and species of Gelidium, chiefly from eastern Asia and California. ... Carrageenan, is a family of linear sulphated polysaccharides typically obtained by alkali extraction from red seaweeds. ... Seaweed covered rocks in the UK Phycologists consider seaweed to refer any of a large number of marine benthic algae that are multicellular, macrothallic (large-bodied), and thus differentiated from most algae that tend towards microscopic size (Smith, 1944). ... The Maison Berthillon is a famous traditional artisanal, high-end ice cream manufacturer located in the Saint Louis Island, Paris, France. ...

The making of ice cream was originally an extremely laborious process. Ice was cut commercially from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in large heaps in holes in the ground, insulated by straw. Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl surrounded by packed ice. The hand-cranked churn was invented in 1846, making production simpler, and the world's first commercial ice cream factory opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1851. A big factor in making the production easier, obviating the need for cutting and storing natural ice, was the development of modern refrigeration during the 1870s (see above). The continuous process freezer was perfected in 1926, allowing commercial mass-production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry. 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... City nickname: Charm City Location in the state of Maryland Founded 30 July 1729 County Independent city Mayor Martin OMalley ( Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 1,214. ... Events January 23 - The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning. ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The most common method for producing ice-cream at home is to use an ice-cream machine, generally some electrical device that churns the ice cream while refrigerated inside a household freezer.

A less common method is by mixing liquid nitrogen into the preparation, with vigorous stirring. The preparation is spectacular, since it results in a column of white condensed vapor, reminiscent of movie depictions of witches' cauldrons. The result, due to the extreme rapid cooling of the mixture, is a very smooth ice cream containing only small ice crystals. For obvious reasons, such a method is generally only used by physicists or other scientists with easy access to liquid nitrogen, in particular by graduate students. Important warnings: It is important to note that boiling nitrogen will displace breathable oxygen in the air when boiled, and that the use of a large quantity of liquid nitrogen in an inadequately ventilated space poses a possible suffocation risk. As long as the liquid nitrogen has completely vaporized, the remaining nitrogen bubbles are perfectly harmless, since nitrogen is anyway the major component of air; however, the nitrogen used in laboratories may have been contaminated by other chemicals, possibly harmful. Furthermore, care has to be taken not to leave chunks of very cold ice inside the mix. Wikipedia does not advocate the use of this method of preparation; see Wikipedia:Risk disclaimer. General Name, Symbol, Number Nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15 (VA), 2 , p Density 1. ... This article is part of the Witchcraft series. ... A graduate student (also, grad student or grad in American English, postgraduate (student) or postgrad in British English) is an individual who has completed a bachelors degree (B.A., B.S./B.Sc. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Soy, rice, and non-dairy ice cream

Soy ice cream and rice ice cream are ice cream made without dairy, using soy milk or rice milk instead. Brand names include Soy Delicious, Tofutti, and Rice Dream. There are a variety of flavors and novelties. A minority of non-dairy ice creams are nut butter based.

Ice cream around the world today

Ice cream today is a traditional dessert in Italy, where it is still mostly hand-made, even if one of the most known ice cream machine makers is the Italian Carpigiani. Carpigiani, Italian industry, specialised in producing ice cream machines. ...

Before the cone became popular for serving ice cream, street vendors would serve the ice cream in a small glass dish referred to as a 'penny lick' or wrapped in waxed paper and known as a hokey-pokey (possibly a corruption of the Italian "ecco un poco" - "here is a little"). The use of a cone for serving ice cream can be traced back to Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book published in 1888. Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquid gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution. The first ice cream cones were introduced at the Word's Fair in 1904. An ice cream cone is a cone-shaped pastry, usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle, in which ice cream is served, permitting it to be eaten without a bowl or spoon. ... 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... A list of some prominent writers on food, cooking, dining, and cultural history related to food. ... The Royal Institution of Great Britain was set up in 1799 by the leading lights of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president George Finch, the 9th Earl of Winchilsea, for diffusing the knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for teaching...

Around the turn of the 20th century, the ice cream soda was probably the single most popular teen delicacy in America, so much so that religious conservatives considered it sinful and subversive, giving rise to actual legal prohibition of the stuff on holy days, which probably influenced the creation of the modern ice cream sundae. The ice cream soda is a treat made, typically, by mixing ice cream with either a soft drink or flavored syrup and carbonated water, often with some special technique to encourage the partial slushing of the ice cream itself. ... Strawberry Sundae In the United States, one of the most familiar ice cream desserts is the ice cream sundae. ...

The history of ice cream in the twentieth century is one of great change and increase in availability and popularity. Retail storefront outlets developed as chains of ice cream stores, such as Baskin Robbins. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... External links Baskin-Robbins official site. ...

The popularity of selling ice cream in cones increased greatly after Charles E. Menches of St. Louis, Missouri used them at the St. Louis World's fair in 1904. The story behind why ice creams were sold at the World's Fair is that the ice cream seller had ran out of small cups, and without them could not sell anymore ice cream. Next door to the ice cream booth was the waffle booth, the waffle maker offered to make cones out of stiff waffles, and the new product became extremely popular at the fair and was widely copied by other vendors. The Gateway Arch, shown here behind the Old Courthouse, is the most recognizable part of the St. ... Missouri, named after the Missouri Siouan Indian tribe meaning canoe, is a Midwestern state of the United States with Jefferson City as its capital. ... Entrance to Creation Exhibit on the Pike Map of the St. ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Ice cream became extremely popular throughout the world in the second half of the twentieth century after cheap refrigeration became common, and wages became high enough to indulge in such luxury items. Soon there was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Refrigeration (from the Latin frigus, frost) is generally the cooling of a body by the transfer of a portion of its heat away from it. ...

One important development in the twentieth century was the introduction of soft ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was a member) discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream. This allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, saving money. The ice cream was also very popular amongst consumers who preferred the light flavour, and most major ice cream brands now use this manufacturing process. Margaret Hilda Roberts Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, a position she held from 1979 to 1990. ...

Interestingly enough the 1990s saw a return of the older, thicker, ice creams being sold as elite varieties. Both Ben and Jerry's and Häagen-Dazs fall into this category. Events and trends Technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other technology Reduction in size and cost of mobile phones leads to a massive surge in their popularity Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K) Microsoft Windows operating system becomes virtually ubiquitous on IBM... Ben and Jerrys factory in Waterbury, Vermont Ben and Jerrys is a brand of ice cream, frozen yogurt, sorbet, and novelty products, manufactured by Ben & Jerrys Homemade, Inc. ... Häagen-Dazs is a United States brand of ice cream, established by Reuben Mattus, in The Bronx, New York. ...

Recently, globalisation has brought ice cream styles from around the world to various places. For example, Japanese mochi ice cream is now popular in California, even outside of Japanese restaurants and Little Tokyos. Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. ... Mochi is a Japanese Food. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ...

In the United Kingdom, much of the lower-priced ice cream sold, including that from ice cream vans, has no milk or milk solids content at all. Instead, it is made with vegetable oil, usually hydrogenated palm kernel oil. However, ice cream sold as dairy ice cream must contain milk fat, and many companies make sure that dairy is prominently displayed on their packaging or businesses. A vegetable oil or vegoil is an oil extracted from oilseeds or another plant source. ... Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms are reduced by attachment of a hydrogen atom to each carbon. ...

Over 90% of the United States enjoys the taste of ice cream. Also, a whopping 98% of people have at least tried it at one point or another.

See also

• Arctic Roll
• Baked Alaska
• Brainfreeze
• Cornetto
• Eskimo Pie
• Fried Ice Cream
• Frozen yoghurt
• Gelato
• Ice cream flavors
• Ice cream sandwich
• Kulfi
• List of ice cream brands
• pop
• Sherbet
• Snow Cream
• Sorbet
• Klondike Bar

An Arctic Roll is a British dessert made of ice cream wrapped in sponge cake to form a roll, often with jam between the sponge and the ice cream. ... Baked Alaska is a dessert made of ice cream, straight from the freezer placed in a pie dish lined with slices of sponge cake, Christmas pudding or similar and topped with meringue. ... Brain Freeze or ice cream headache is a term used to refer to the pain sometimes inflicted by devouring something cold like ice cream or a cold beverage, often very quickly. ... Cornetto is a branded frozen ice-cream cone, manufactured by Unilever and marketed throughout the world under various different company names. ... Eskimo Pie is a brand name for a chocolate-covered vanilla ice cream bar wrapped in foil, the first such dessert sold in the United States. ... Fried Ice Cream is made in a variety of ways. ... Frozen yoghurt (also frozen yogurt or frogurt or frgrt) is a frozen dessert made from or containing yoghurt or dairy analogues. ... Roman Gelato Gelato is a frozen dessert made from water, milk and/or soy milk, combined with flavourings, sweeteners, and a stabilizing agent. ... Ice cream sandwiches are handheld desserts consisting of a slice of ice cream (usually vanilla), with a small layer of a soft cake-like pastry (usually chocolate) on the top and bottom. ... Kulfi is Indian ice cream made with boiled milk. ... This is a list of ice cream brands around the world. ... A Pop is a frozen snack on a stick or in a plastic or carboard sleeve made from fruit juice, fruit puree or flavored sugar water. ... Sherbet (British and American English) or Sherbert (Australian English, also a variant spelling used in American English) historically was a cool effervescent or iced fruit drink. ... Snow cream is a traditional wintertime treat in the northern USA. It is made by slowly pouring a small amount of sweetened dairy-based liquid (similar to ice cream ingredients) into snow. ... Sorbet is a frozen dessert made from iced fruit puree and other ingredients. ... The Klondike bar is a brand name for a dessert generally consisting of a vanilla ice cream square coated with a thin layer of chocolate. ...

External link

• The Complete Guide To Ice Cream (http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/icecream.html)
• Ice Cream History and "who really invented the ice cream cone?" (http://www.zingersicecream.com/history.htm)
• Great free downloadable guide to how to make ice cream from Quamut.com (http://www.quamut.com/home/food/icecream/index.php)
• Cooking with Chemistry, Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream (http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/henry/icecream/icecream.html)
• Frozen Custard the Milwaukee Secret. (http://www.rossmanufacturing.com/frozencustard/custardhistory.html)