Icelandic horse
Icelandic horsie in winter coat (top), and summer coat (bottom)
Distinguishing features:	All colors allowed, height from 1.20 to 1.45 m. Has two easy gaits: tölt (rack) and pace.
Alternative names:	Icelandic Pony
Country of origin:	Iceland
Breed standards

Icelandic horsie in winter

The Icelandic horse is a breed of horsie that has lived in Iceland since the mid-800s, having been brought to the island by Viking settlers. The Icelandic Horse is a man-made breed as it is a mixture of breeds and cross-breeds which were taken from Scandinavian and European countries to Iceland during the original and subsequent settlements. Because they are by-and-large pony-sized, they are commonly called "Icelandic ponies" in some countries.^[1] This name is normally considered derogatory and inappropriate within Iceland. Their connection to other pony breeds has been established through DNA. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2980x1987, 865 KB) Description: An Icelandic horse near Krýsuvík. ... Horse gaits are the different methods by which a horse, either naturally or through human training, moves itself. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 423 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (494 × 700 pixel, file size: 88 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 423 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (494 × 700 pixel, file size: 88 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... A breed is a domesticated subspecies or infrasubspecies of an animal. ... For other uses, see Horse (disambiguation). ... Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Decades: 750s 760s 770s 780s 790s - 800s - 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s Years: 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 Significant Events and Trends Swedish town of Birka founded as a centre of trade on the island of Björk... For other uses, see Viking (disambiguation). ... Settlers are people who have travelled of their own choice, from the land of their birth to live in new lands or colonies. ... Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region centered on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe which includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... A European is primarily a person who was born into one of the countries within the continent of Europe. ... A Shetland Pony A pony is any of several horse breeds with a specific conformation and temperament. ... A word or phrase is pejorative or derogatory (sometimes misspelled perjorative) if it expresses contempt or disapproval; dyslogistic (noun: dyslogism) is used synonymously (antonyms: meliorative, eulogistic, noun eulogism). ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ...

Introduction

There are roughly 75,000 Icelandic horses in Iceland, and up until recently relatively few abroad^[2], owing in large part to centuries-old Icelandic legislation that prevents any Icelandic horse from returning to the island once it has been taken to another land.^{[citation needed]}

They are considered small (averaging 12.2 to 14.1 hands/125 - 155cm in height and 600 to 900lbs./270 to 400kg in weight) but very strong for their size. They can carry roughly one-third of their weight, but should be at least four and a half - better five - years old before being broken to saddle. A hand (or handbreadth) is a unit of length measurement, usually based on the breadth of a male human hand and thus around 1 dm, i. ...

It is thought that the horses the Vikings brought with them had a broad variation of looks and many colors, and as such there is today a large variation in color in the Icelandic horses, with more than 40 different colors. The horse has been very important as a means of transport and a work animal throughout Iceland's history. Since around 1920 the horses have been recorded in pedigrees. Jeeps and tractors have largely replaced the horse as a work animal after World War II. These days the only work related tasks horses are used for is rounding up sheep from the highlands and herding livestock (sheep, cattle and horses) on farms. Most horses are mainly used for leisure riding, gaited competition, and for an Icelandic brand of horse-racing. A pedigree is a list of ancestors (usually implying distinguished), a list of ancestors of the same breed (usually in the case of animals), the purity of a breed, individual, or strain, or a document proving any of these things. ... For other uses, see Jeep (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Highlands of Iceland cover most of the interior of Iceland. ... Monmouth Racetrack in New Jersey in May 2005. ...

Icelandic horses are bred in closed pedigrees because they must be traceable back to Icelandic ancestors. Icelandic horses have been bred only with horses from Iceland since the Middle Ages. Icelandic words are used as names for Icelandic horses, words which describe their color etc. Sometimes names from Norse mythology and Icelandic nature are used. Some examples include Grána which means "grey mare"; Teitur, which means "the happy one" or Hrímfaxi which means "the one with frost in his mane". The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Norse, Viking or Scandinavian mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian peoples, including those who settled on Iceland, where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ...

Behavior

Probably the most beloved trait of the Icelandic horse is its unique character.

Iceland has never had any predators large enough to be any threat to a horse. Instead it is a country with tremendous environmental dangers, such as harsh extremes in weather, volcanic activity, extremely varied and treacherous terrain, quicksand, rock slides, rivers with changing currents, etc. Therefore, the ability to assess a situation rather than the instinct to flee has been central in the survival of the horse. Even today Icelandics seem to lack the “spookiness” of most other breeds and are more inclined to think through a situation before making the decision to run. They also seem to have a much higher pain tolerance than other breeds and have a strong will to survive even the toughest conditions. There are many old Icelandic tales of horses that overcame tremendous obstacles to carry their riders safely to their destination.

Traditionally in Iceland, young horses and those not under saddle were allowed to run free, in large herds in the highlands. Because of environmental concerns, this practice is only continued in parts of Northern Iceland today. Even in other parts of Iceland the horses are often left in vast pastures, largely on their own, for long periods of time. All horses in Iceland are given an annual vacation in late fall of each year, where they can be in herds left alone. The Icelanders feel that it is important that the horse grow up learning how to be an independent thinker, to take care of itself, and to not be too dependent on humans. The Icelanders want their horses to be thinking partners. They also believe that horses allowed to run free at least part of the year grow stronger, become more sure footed and are more self-confident.

In general, Icelandics are bred to be spirited under saddle. Almost all Icelandics tend to be very calm and easy going on the ground, but most will be surprisingly forward when ridden. Icelanders call this spirit “willingness.” And a willing horse, by Icelandic standards, is a forward horse indeed. A willing horse will always offer more energy to the rider. However as in all other breeds, the amount of willingness varies from individual to individual, some being very willing, others not. Some Icelandics even seem to have the talent to adapt to the skill level of the rider.

In the early days, the rugged Icelandic climate meant that keeping only the best horses was worthwhile. Cramped quarters meant that people, horses and other animals would often share tight spaces. Therefore, any horses that showed faults in character were quickly culled and used for meat. This practice continues today in Iceland and horsemeat is exported regularly to mainland Europe and Japan. It may sound very harsh, but this is probably the strongest reason that, today, you will rarely find an Icelandic that would ever kick, bite or even lay its ears back at a human for any reason. This sort of behavior is simply not tolerated.

Although some Icelandics are more friendly than others, the majority still enjoy the company of people. And most Icelandics are known to form very close bonds with their owners.

Icelandics tend to be extremely smart. As such they often learn new things very quickly. However, as they are bright they usually don’t like to be drilled and they must constantly be challenged with new and different tasks to stay interested and willing. Although Icelandics are sometimes schooled in a ring or on an oval track, most like to be trained out on the trail enjoying nature.

Distribution to Europe and America

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Early documents show that horses were exported from Iceland quite frequently during the period of the Icelandic Commonwealth (930-1262) and into the early days of Norwegian government. Many Norwegian kings received horses as presents from Icelandic chiefs and bishops, mostly stallions to take part in horse fighting, a popular entertainment among the Vikings and their descendants until as late as the end of the 17th century. Horses from Iceland were highly appreciated as war horses ^{[citation needed]} and therefore there is reason to believe that Icelanders put more emphasis on the breeding of such horses than other nations, like the Norwegians. Image File history File links Wikitext. ... The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State (Icelandic: Þjóðveldisöld) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

Icelandic horsie from Jutland (Denmark), 2004

It is believed that there was no import of breeding horses to Iceland after the end of the 13th century. The only known exception to this was an experiment in the early 20th century when a Norwegian Fjord stallion was brought to Iceland. This stallion was kept in isolation on the small island of Viðey and used on an experimental basis to cover a few mares. The experiment was a failure and both the stallion and the few offspring he produced were sold abroad. There is a widely spread belief outside Iceland that import of horses to the island was prohibited by law as early as in the days of the Vikings. No documents or other proof to confirm the existence of such a ban has been found, though, and both historians and jurists agree that this must be merely a legend. The fact that there was no import of horses to Iceland after the 13th century is not based on legal grounds as the first laws prohibiting horse import to Iceland only date from 1882 but on the fact that there was a lack of transportation facilities. Moreover there was probably never any demand or need for more horses on Iceland than were bred there by the inhabitants themselves. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (815x570, 706 KB) En: Icelandic horse from Jutland, 2004 Denmark. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (815x570, 706 KB) En: Icelandic horse from Jutland, 2004 Denmark. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is the western, continental part of Denmark as well as one of the three historical Lands of Denmark, dividing the North Sea from the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Even though transportation between Iceland and other countries was poor, there was obviously some trade in horses from Iceland during the 16th and 17th century. In 1563 the Danish authorities made a rule saying that no horses were allowed to leave Iceland unless the king’s deputy had been given the first right of purchase. Despite this there were Icelandic horses in other countries; Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) mentions, for example, an Icelandic horse that was grazing in a pasture near the English town of Yarmouth. According to Sir Thomas this horse would not eat oats for months and finally he went so homesick that he jumped into the sea and tried to swim back to Iceland. During the 17th century Danish royalty showed interest in smooth gaited Icelandic riding horses. In 1637 King Christian IV wanted his deputy to buy four pace horses on Iceland and a few years later he ordered two good riding horses. His grandson, King Christian V, also ordered his deputy to send one horse with every ship coming from Iceland to Denmark. Sir Thomas Browne (October 19, 1605 - October 19, 1682) was an English author of varied works that disclose his wide learning in diverse fields including medicine, religion, science and the esoteric. ... 1605 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England May 6 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Yarmouth may refer to one of the following places. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The coronation of King Christian IV, painted by Otto Bache, 1887. ... Christian V (April 14, 1646 in Flensburg - August 25, 1699 in Copenhagen), was king of Denmark and Norway from 1670-1699. ...

horsie

Due to the Danish trade monopoly, established in 1602 and not fully abolished until the mid 19th century, little horse export from Iceland took place during this period. Still, there are documents showing that breeders on the Orkney Islands got permission to buy up to 80 breeding horses on Iceland and the Faeroe Islands as early as 1828. In 1851 British horse dealers finally got a permission to purchase horses on Iceland and ever since then horses have been exported from the island on a commercial basis. During the first years only a few hundred horses were exported but the yearly export grew in a few decades to several thousand, with the largest number in one year being about 5700 animals. During the period 1851-1939 more than 148,000 horses were exported from Iceland^{[citation needed]}. Most of the horses went to England and many of them were sold as pit ponies for the coal mines. However, there were other purposes as well, like transporting goods and supplies in the rapidly growing cities and even riding, as Páll Zóphóníasson, later president of The Agricultural Society of Iceland, put it in his report from 1910: "... a few of the horses that have been sold to England are used for riding by those who have nothing better to do with their time than ride horses for their pleasure." Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Orkney Islands, usually called simply Orkney, are one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

The large number of Icelandic horses exported to England apparently made them quite well known in certain circles. The English author and social reformer George R. Sims, mentions them in his book Off the track in London, published in 1911: George Robert Sims (September 2, 1847 - 1922) was an English journalist and dramatic author. ...

"A little way from the scene of the sailors' frolic, lays Prince's Square. It is a picturesque old place still, with its quaint Swedish church in the centre, and its old eighteenth-century houses standing cheek by jowl with glaring examples of twentieth-century "improvement." As we turn into it the note of strangeness which dominates it is emphasized by the fact that against the railings of the square a number of little Iceland ponies are standing, surrounded by a group of admiring boys. The connection between the Swedish church and the Icelandic ponies is not obvious, and the spectacle startles us, until we remember that one of the depots of the famous horse dealer Jamrach is close by. Then the situation is at once explained. These ponies have been imported by Jamrach, and it being a fine day, they are taking the air in Prince's Square."

At the beginning of the 20th century a new market was established for Icelandic horses in Denmark. Most of the horses were used for draught and other working tasks on small farms, especially on the peninsula of Jutland. In the period 1910 to 1920 Denmark was the biggest importer of Icelandic horses and in 1915 more than 3600 were sold to Danish buyers. During this period of booming imports two associations for Icelandic horses were established in Denmark and several publications about the breed saw the light of day. In the first decades of the 20th century buyers from various countries started to purchase horses directly from Iceland. In 1901 documents show that 81 horses were sold to Norway and in 1914 some 74 horses went to Germany. At this moment the first German breeders, like the Wahrendorff family in Hanover and the Traut family in Leipzig, start breeding with horses from Iceland and still today some German horses can trace their roots all the way back to those early bred Icelandic horses. In the 1920s a number of horses were sold directly to the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Sweden and Finland and in the early 1930s a transport of 200 animals went to Germany. In 1935 the German government was even working on a plan to buy more than 1000 horses from Iceland but this huge transport was never realized. Towards the end of this decade the first Icelandic horses were sold directly from Iceland to both the Netherlands and Italy. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... , Hanover(i) (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ...

In the late 19th century Icelandic horses were brought to North America. It is most likely that these horses came from England because the first direct export of horses from Iceland to the United States did not take place until 1917. Furthermore it is a well known fact that American horse dealers imported large amounts of various horses from England in the late 19th century. In the book The Centennial Atlas of Warren County, Ohio, published in 1903, this can be read: North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

"In 1886 a company was formed at the town Corwin, which imported a large number of Shetland, Welsh and Iceland ponies. A. P. O'Neall was one of the heaviest stockholders and had personal charge of the stock on its arrival. A few years later he bought out the other members, and the pony business has been carried on under his name and that of his son ever since. A great many ponies have been sent out from the farm, and it has become widely known as The Pony Farm."

In the 1890s livestock dealers from Pennsylvania and Iowa offered "Iceland ponies" for sale in various American magazines and The Cyclopaedia of American Agriculture, published in 1909, underlines the existence of Icelandic horses in America at this time, as L. H. Bailey says: Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 280 miles (455 km)  - Length 160 miles (255 km)  - % water 2. ... Liberty Hyde Bailey. ...

"The Iceland ponies are sometimes imported into America, although few are bred here. They are strong, sturdy, useful little animals, rarely exceeding thirteen hands, often reaching only eleven and one-half or twelve hands. They are used for light driving purposes and as children’s ponies, and in England often as pit ponies"

Not much is known about those early Icelandic horses in America but it is believed that some of them were crossbred with other breeds. The most famous of those half-blood Icelandic horses must be the skewbald pony Algonquin who belonged to the children of President Theodore Roosevelt and was kept at the stables of the White House in Washington at the beginning of the 20th century. This article is about the Native American tribe. ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...

The Icelandic horse of today

By the 1940s and 1950s, roads and bridges became more common, and although the horse’s traditional role began to fade the horse never really lost its popularity. Today the Icelandic horse is held in high regard in its homeland as a horse for sport, recreation, and family. Travel on the horse is still often seen and next to most automobile roads in Iceland you will find a horse road as well.

Gaits

The tölt. Check out those tötties too!

Icelandic horses are known for their special gaits. Apart from walk, trot and canter, Icelandic horses are able to tölt (rack) and some can go in skeið (pace). Skeið is a gait where the horse moves both legs of one side at the same time; it is considered a gait for racing, and ridden at the proper speed is called flugskeið, loosely translated as "flying pace". A slow pace, like that used in riding certain Peruvian horse breeds, is considered undesirable in Icelandic horses, and is called lull (piggy pace). Not all horses possess pace. Those that do are called "five-gaited" horses. Those that do not are called "four-gaited" horses. Although the breeding goal is for the perfect five-gaited horse, in reality four-gaited horses are no less prized. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Horse gaits are the different methods by which a horse, either naturally or through human training, moves itself. ... Walking is the main form of animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling. ... The trot is a gait of the horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forwards at the same time. ... Horse gaits are the different methods by which a horse, either naturally or through human training, moves itself. ... Tølt is a four-beat gait of horses. ... Look up rack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... PACE may refer to: Planetary Association for Clean Energy Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, in the United Kingdom Academy for Gifted Children in Richmond Hill, Ontario, the acronym PACE stands for Programming for Academic and Creative Excellence Partnership for Academic Competition Excellence... Dark Ambient side-project of Mick Harris. ...

Tölt is a gait possessed by the overwhelming majority of Icelandic horses. Tölt is the same gait as the rack; the horse moves its legs in the same sequence as while walking, with alternating one foot / two foot support, which is done at speed from 5 to 25 mph. The tölt is very smooth and is a pleasure to ride. It is a different gait from the running walk of the Tennessee Walking Horse. Many horse breeders work to breed high quality into these gaits. ...

It is thought that Icelandic horses have become about 10 cm higher during the second half of the 20th century, but that probably has less to do with selective breeding and more to do with increased quality of fodder. However, one of the breeding goals is to have a taller, more refined horse. Fodder growing from barley In agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, including cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. ...

Competition and breed evaluations

Many things have happened in Icelandic horse sports during the last thirty years. Riding clubs and associations now exist in so many countries that, in addition to the national championships, championship competitions are held at the world level every two years. In championship competitions, the horses' gaits (among other qualities) are judged. Breeding horses are also evaluated for their conformation and ridden talents in official breeding evaluations.

The next World Championships for Icelandic Horses will be in Switzerland in August 2009. A World Championship is any contest to determine the best in the world in a particular field. ...

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Icelandic horse

• WC 2007 Video
• Icelandic Horse Connection, Most Comprehensive Current Information
• The Icelandic Horse in Canada
• The Icelandic Horse in Iceland
• The Icelandic Horse Society of Great Britain
• Studbook of origin of the Icelandic horse
• United States Icelandic Horse Congress
• Icelandic-Horses.com A free database
• Stormhestar.de A free German database
• International Federation of Icelandic Horse Associations
• The Icelandic Horse
• Some Icelandic horse articles
• Animations of the gaits of the Icelandic Horse
• The Icelandic Mounted Drill Team of Buffalo, Minnesota, USA
• World Championships 2007, The Netherlands
• Nornabæli - News and information about Icelandic horses
• International database horses for sale for Icelandic horses