Ignazio Silone (May 1, 1900 - August 22, 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondo Tranquilli, an Italian author. is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ...

Early life and career

He was born in the town of Pescina in the Abruzzo region and lost many family members, including his mother, in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake. His father had died in 1911. Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader. Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, United States, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ... Pescina is a comune and town in the Province of LAquila in the Abruzzo region of Italy Abruzzo · Communes of the province of LAquila Categories: | ... “Abruzzi” redirects here. ... Avezzano is a town and comune in the Abruzzo region, Province of LAquila, 70 km east of Rome. ... An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

He was a founder member of the breakaway Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1921, becoming one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI, and he died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received. The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

Opposition to Stalinism and return to the PSI

Ignazio Silone left Italy in 1927 on a mission to the Soviet Union, and settled in Switzerland in 1930. While there, he declared his opposition to Joseph Stalin, and the leadership of Comintern; consequently, he was expelled from the PCI. He suffered from tubercolosis and severe clinical depression, and spent nearly a year in Swiss clinics. As he recovered, Silone began writing his first novel, Fontamara, published in German translation in 1933. Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] – March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ... On the Threshold of Eternity. ...

The United States Army printed unauthorised versions of Fontamara and Bread and Wine and distributed them to the Italians during the liberation of Italy after 1943. These two books together with The Seed Beneath the Snow form the Abruzzo Trilogy. Silone returned to Italy only in 1944, and two years later he was elected as a PSI deputy. The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... Bread and Wine is a novel written by Ignazio Silone finished while in exile and first published in 1936. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the course of World War II, he had become the leader of a clandestine Socialist organization operating from Switzerland to support resistance groups in Nazi Germany-occupied Northern Italy. He also became an Office of Strategic Services (OSS) agent under the pseudonym of Len. Following his contribution to anti-communist anthology The God That Failed (1949), Silone joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom and edited Tempo Presente. In 1967, with the discovery that the journal received secret funds from the United States Central Intelligence Agency, Silone resigned and devoted all his energies to the writing of novels and autobiographical essays. In 1969 he was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, a literary award for writers who deal with the theme of individual freedom and society. In 1971 he was the recipient of the prestigious Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Partisans parading in Milan The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. // After Italys capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Italian resistance movement became massive. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Anthem Giovinezza (The Youth)¹ Capital Salò Language(s) Italian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic Head of State Benito Mussolini Historical era World War II  - Established September 23, 1943  - Disestablished April 25, 1945 ¹ External link The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Nazi puppet state led by... The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency and was the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Special Forces, and Navy SEALs. ... Pro-communism refers to opposition to baby eating. ... The God that Failed is a song from Metallicas self-titled album. ... The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)) was an anti-communist advocacy group founded in 1950. ... “CIA” redirects here. ... The Jerusalem Prize for the Freedom of the Individual in Society is a biennial literary award given to writers whose work has dealt with themes of human freedom, society, politics, and government. ... The Prix mondial Cino Del Duca (Cino Del Duca World Prize) is a major international literary award established in 1969 in France by Simone Del Duca (1912-2004) to continue the work of her late husband, publishing magnate Cino Del Duca (1899-1967). ...

Silone was married to Darina Laracy, an Irish student of Italian literature. He died in Geneva in 1978. Italian literature is literature written in the Italian language, particularly by citizens of Italy. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German:   //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ...

Controversy

Italian historians Dario Biocca and Mauro Canali found documents proving that Silone acted as an informant for the Fascist police from 1922 until 1930. The two historians published the results of their research in a work titled L'informatore. Silone, i comunisti e la polizia. In spite of bitter controversy in the Italian press, Biocca's and Canali's work proved to be substantiated and was reviewed in a positive light by the London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, The New Yorker, The Nation and others. Dario Biocca teaches Modern European history at the University of Perugia, Italy. ... The London Review of Books (or LRB) is a twice-monthly British literary magazine. ... The Times Literary Supplement (or TLS) is a weekly literary review published in London by News International, a subsidiary of News Corporation. ... For other uses, see New Yorker. ... The Nation (ISSN 0027-8378) is a weekly [1] U.S. periodical devoted to politics and culture, self-described as the flagship of the left. [2] Founded on July 6, 1865 as an Abolitionist publication, it is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. ...

Italian historian Giuseppe Tamburrano, however, maintains that some police documents produced by Biocca and Canali cannot be attributed to Silone.

A 2005 biography by Biocca also includes documents showing Silone's involvement with the American intelligence during and after the World War, ultimately suggesting that Silone's political stands (as well as extensive literary work) should be reconsidered in light of a more complex personality and a deep sense of remorse.

Works

• Fontamara (1931)
• Bread and Wine (1937) (translated to Italian as Pane e Vino)
• The School for Dictators (1938)
• The Living Thoughts of Mazzini (1939)
• The Seed Beneath the Snow (1940)
• The God That Failed (1949)
• Emergency Exit (1951)
• Handful of Blackberries (1952)
• Wine and Bread (1955 revised version of the 1937 title) (orig. Italian 'Vino e pane)
• Luca's Secret (1956) (orig. Italian Il Segreto di Luca)
• Story of a Humble Christian (1968) (orig. Italian L'avventura di un povero cristiano)

Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bread and Wine is a novel written by Ignazio Silone finished while in exile and first published in 1936. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The God that Failed is a song from Metallicas self-titled album. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bread and Wine is a novel written by Ignazio Silone finished while in exile and first published in 1936. ... Lucas Secret (orig. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Story of a Humble Christian (1968) (orig. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Cinematic versions

• A version of Fontamara, directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Michele Placido, was released in 1977.

The Secret of luca A film critic, Carlo Lizzani (born 1922 April 3 in Rome) became a scriptwriter and assistant director after World War II, and worked on such notable films of the late 40s as Roberto Rossellinis Germany Year Zero, Alberto Lattuadas The Mill on the Po (both 1948) and Giuseppe... Michele Placido (born May 19, 1946 in Ascoli Satriano is an internationally known Italian actor and director. ...

References

• Dario Biocca - Mauro Canali. L'informatore: Silone, i comunisti e la polizia, Luni Editrice, Milano,Trento, 2000
• Giuseppe Tamburrano. Processo a Silone, La disavventura di un povero cristiano, Lacaita Editore, Rome, 2001
• Maria Moscardelli, La Coperta Abruzzese. Il filo della vita di Ignazio Silone, Ed. Aracne, Rome, 2004.
• Dario Biocca. Silone. La doppia vita di un italiano, Rizzoli, Milan 2005.
• Fontamara at the Internet Movie Database
• Story in The Guardian: breaking news of Silone's role as a spy.

Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ...

External Links

• Associazione Amici di Ignazio Silone