Iguanodon Fossil range: Early Cretaceous
Iguanodon skull from Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Superorder: Dinosauria Order: Ornithischia Suborder: Cerapoda Infraorder: Ornithopoda Family: Iguanodontidae Cope, 1869 Genus: Iguanodon Mantell, 1825
Species
I. bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881 (neotype) I. anglicus Holl, 1829 (nomen dubium)  ?I. dawsoni Lydekker, 1888  ?I. fittoni Lydekker, 1889
Synonyms
?Heterosaurus Cornuel, 1850 Hikanodon Keferstein, 1834 "Iguanoides" Conybeare vide Cadbury, 2000 (nomen nudum) "Iguanosaurus" [Anonymous] 1824 (nomen nudum) "Proiguanodon" van den Broeck, 1900 (nomen nudum) ?Sphenospondylus Seeley, 1882 Therosaurus Fitzinger, 1840 ?Vectisaurus Hulke, 1879

Iguanodon (pronounced /ɪˈgwɑːnədɒn/ or /ɪˈgwænədɒn/, meaning "Iguana tooth") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived roughly halfway between the first of the swift bipedal hypsilophodontids and the ornithopods' culmination in the duck-billed dinosaurs. Many species of Iguanodon have been named, dating from the Kimmeridgian age of the Late Jurassic Period to the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous Period from Asia, Europe, and North America. However, research in the first decade of the 2000s suggests that there is only one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, that lived from the Barremian to the early Aptian (Early Cretaceous) in Europe, between about 130 and 120 million years ago. Iguanodon's most distinctive features were its large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defence against predators. The Early Cretaceous (timestratigraphic name) or the Lower Cretaceous (logstratigraphic name), is the earlier of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous period. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 2401 KB) Photographer: User:Ballista I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxfords natural history specimens. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Reptilia redirects here. ... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ... Suborders Thyreophora Cerapoda    Ornithopoda    Marginocephalia Ornithischia is an order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. ... Suborders Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Pachycephalosauria] Ceratopsia Triceratops skeleton at the National Museum of Natural History The Cerapoda are a clade of the order Ornithischia. ... Families Hypsilophodontidae* Rhabdodontidae Dryosauridae Camptosauridae Iguanodontidae Hadrosauridae Ornithopods are a group of bird-hipped dinosaurs who started out as small, bipedal running grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful groups of herbivores in the Cretaceous world, and dominated the North American landscape. ... Edward Drinker Cope Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840–April 12, 1897) was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist and ichthyologist. ... Gideon Algernon Mantell (February 3, 1790 – November 10, 1852) was an English obstetrician, geologist and palaeontologist. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... In zoological nomenclature, a type is a specimen or a taxon. ... In scientific classification, a nomen dubium (Latin for doubtful name, plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is valid but of unknown or doubtful application: that is, it may be impossible to determine whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. ... Richard Lydekker (1849 - April 16, 1915) was an English naturalist, geologist and writer of numerous books on natural history. ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... Species M. atherfieldensis (Hooley, 1925) (type) Synonyms ?Heterosaurus Cornuel, 1850 ?Sphenospondylus Lydekker, 1888 ?Vectisaurus Hulke, 1879 Mantellisaurus is a recently described genus of dinosaur formerly known as Iguanodon atherfieldensis. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ... Species M. atherfieldensis (Hooley, 1925) (type) Synonyms ?Heterosaurus Cornuel, 1850 ?Sphenospondylus Lydekker, 1888 ?Vectisaurus Hulke, 1879 Mantellisaurus is a recently described genus of dinosaur formerly known as Iguanodon atherfieldensis. ... Harry Govier Seeley (1839 – 1909) was the British paleontologist who detected that the dinosaurs fell into two great groups, the Saurischians and the Ornithischians, based on the nature of their pelvic bones and joints, and published his results in 1888, from a lecture he had delivered the previous year [1... Species M. atherfieldensis (Hooley, 1925) (type) Synonyms ?Heterosaurus Cornuel, 1850 ?Sphenospondylus Lydekker, 1888 ?Vectisaurus Hulke, 1879 Mantellisaurus is a recently described genus of dinosaur formerly known as Iguanodon atherfieldensis. ... John Whitaker Hulke (November 6, 1830 - February 19, 1895), British surgeon and geologist, was the son of a well-known medical practitioner in Deal. ... For other members of the family Iguanidae, see Iguanidae. ... Teeth redirects here. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Families Hypsilophodontidae* Rhabdodontidae Dryosauridae Camptosauridae Iguanodontidae Hadrosauridae Ornithopods are a group of bird-hipped dinosaurs who started out as small, bipedal running grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful groups of herbivores in the Cretaceous world, and dominated the North American landscape. ... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ... A biped is an animal that travels across surfaces supported by two legs. ... Genera See text. ... Hadrosaurus foulkii is a hadrosaurid dinosaur species, and the first full dinosaur skeleton found in North America. ... The Kimmeridgian is a stage of the Late Jurassic Epoch. ... Faunal stages are a subdivision of geologic time used primarily by paleontologists who study fossils rather than by geologists who study rock formations. ... Upper Jurassic (also known as Malm) was an epoch of the Jurassic geologic period. ... A geologic period is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an era into smaller timeframes. ... The Cenomanian (also known as Woodbinian) is the first stage of the Late Cretaceous Epoch. ... Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... North American redirects here. ... The Barremian faunal stage was a period of geological time between 117 and 113 million years ago. ... In the geologic timescale, the Aptian is the age of the Lower Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 125 and 112 million years ago, approximately. ... The Early Cretaceous (timestratigraphic name) or the Lower Cretaceous (logstratigraphic name), is the earlier of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous period. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Thumb (disambiguation). ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ...

Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, Iguanodon was the second dinosaur formally named, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria. A large, bulky herbivore, Iguanodon is a member of Iguanodontia, along with the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... Gideon Algernon Mantell (February 3, 1790 – November 10, 1852) was an English obstetrician, geologist and palaeontologist. ... Species Mantell, 1827 (type) Waldmann, 1974  ? (Newton, 1899) = Zanclodon cambrensis Megalosaurus (meaning Great Lizard, from Greek, μεγαλο-/megalo- meaning big, tall or great and σαυρος/sauros meaning lizard) is a genus of large meat-eating theropod dinosaurs of the Middle Jurassic Period (Bathonian) of Europe (Southern England, France, Portugal). ... Binomial name Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell, 1833 Hylaeosaurus (hi-LAY-ee-oh-SORE-us) is the most obscure of the three animals used by Sir Richard Owen to first define the new group Dinosauria, in 1842. ... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ... A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ... Iguanodontia is a taxonomical group of dinosaurs which are bipedal, herbivorous, ornithopods and whose most prominent member is Iguanodon of the early Cretaceous period. ... Hadrosaurus foulkii is a hadrosaurid dinosaur species, and the first full dinosaur skeleton found in North America. ... For the science of classifying living things, see alpha taxonomy. ...

Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from the fossils. The numerous specimens of this genus, including nearly complete skeletons from two well-known bonebeds, have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically well-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs, its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains. A bone bed is any stratum or deposit which contains bones of whatever kind; not a formal term, it tends to be used more of especially dense collections. ... Look up Hypothesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Description

Iguanodon bernissartensis compared in size to a human.

Hand of Iguanodon shown in the Natural History Museum.

Iguanodon was a bulky herbivore that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality.^[1] The best-known species, I. bernissartensis, is estimated to have weighed about 3.08 tonnes (3.5 tons) on average,^[2] and measured about 10 metres long (32.8 feet) as an adult, with some specimens possibly as a long as 13 metres (42.6 ft).^[3] Other species were not as large; the similarly robust I. dawsoni is estimated at 8 metres long (26.2 ft), and its more lightly-built contemporary I. fittoni at 6 metres (19.7 ft).^[4] This genus had a large, tall but narrow skull, with a toothless beak probably covered with keratin, and teeth like those of an iguana, but much larger and more closely packed.^[1] Bipedalism is standing, or moving for example by walking, running, or hopping, on two appendages (typically legs though it can also include hand walking). ... The Zebra is an example of a quadruped. ... This article is about the metric tonne. ... The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which, in addition to eating, is used for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship, and feeding their young. ... Not to be confused with kerogen or carotene. ...

The arms were long (up to 75% the length of the legs in I. bernissartensis) and robust,^[3] with rather inflexible hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight.^[1] The thumbs were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits. In early restorations, the spike was placed on the animal's nose. Later fossils revealed the true nature of the thumb spikes,^[5] although their exact function is still debated. They could have been used for defence, or for foraging for food. The little finger was elongate and dextrous, and could have been used to manipulate objects. The legs were powerful, but not built for running, and there were three toes on each foot. The backbone and tail were supported and stiffened by ossified tendons, which were tendons that turned to bone during life (these rod-like bones are usually omitted from skeletal mounts and drawings).^[1] Overall, in body structure, it was not too dissimilar from its later relatives, the hadrosaurids. The little finger, often called the pinky in American English and pinkie in Scottish English (from the Dutch word pink, meaning little finger), is the most ulnar and usually smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, next to the ring finger. ... Ossification is the process of bone formation, in which connective tissues, such as cartilage are turned to bone or bone-like tissue. ... For other uses, see Tendon (disambiguation). ...

Classification and origins

Main article: Iguanodont

A simplified cladogram of Iguanodontia, drawn after Norman (2004).^[1]

Iguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia, a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Aside from Iguanodon, the best-known members of the clade include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and the duck-bills, or hadrosaurs. In older sources, Iguanodontidae was shown as a distinct family.^[6][7] This family traditionally has been something of a wastebasket taxon, including ornithopods that were neither hypsilophodontids or hadrosaurids. In practice, animals like Callovosaurus, Camptosaurus, Craspedodon, Kangnasaurus, Mochlodon, Muttaburrasaurus, Ouranosaurus, and Probactrosaurus were usually assigned to this family.^[7] With the advent of cladistic analyses, Iguanodontidae was shown to be paraphyletic, and these animals are recognized to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram, instead of in a single distinct clade.^[8][1] Groups like Iguanodontoidea are still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature, though many traditional iguanodontids are now included in the superfamily Hadrosauroidea. Iguanodon lies between Camptosaurus and Ouranosaurus in cladograms, and is probably descended from a camptosaur-like animal.^[1] At one point, Jack Horner suggested, based mostly on skull features, that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly-related groups, with Iguanodon on the line to the flat-headed hadrosaurines, and Ouranosaurus on the line to the crested lambeosaurines,^[9] but his proposal has been rejected.^[8][1] Families Camptosauridae Dryosauridae Hadrosauridae Iguanodontidae Rhabdodontidae Iguanodonts were herbivorous dinosaurs that lived from the mid-Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Title page of Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758. ... A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ... Iguanodontia is a taxonomical group of dinosaurs which are bipedal, herbivorous, ornithopods and whose most prominent member is Iguanodon of the early Cretaceous period. ... The Middle Jurassic, called the Dogger in the European system of classification, is the second epoch of the Jurassic period. ... Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ... Species Dryosaurus (DRY-oh-sawr-us) meaning oak lizard, due to the vague oak shape of its cheek teeth (Greek dryo = oak + sauros = lizard) was a ornithopod dinosaur living in the Late Jurassic Period. ... Species (Marsh, 1879 [originally Camptonotus dispar]) (type) Carpenter & Wilson, 2008 ? (Owen, 1874 [originally Iguanodon hoggii]) ? (Hulke, 1880 [originally Iguanodon prestwichii]) Synonyms Camptonotus Marsh, 1879 non Uhler, 1864 (preoccupied) ?Brachyrophus Cope, 1878 ?Cunmoria Seeley, 1888 ?Symphyrophus Cope, 1878 Camptosaurus (pronounced KAMP-to-SAWR-us) is a genus of plant-eating, beaked... This article needs to be wikified. ... Hadrosaurus foulkii is a hadrosaurid dinosaur species, and the first full dinosaur skeleton found in North America. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Wastebin taxon (also called a wastebasket, or dustbin taxon) is a term used in taxonomic circles that refers to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that dont fit anywhere else. ... Callovosaurus (Callovian lizard) is an iguanodont dinosaur from the mid-Jurassic period in England. ... Craspedodon was a genus of dinosaur, probably an Ornithopod. ... Species Kangnasaurus coetzeei Kangnasaurus is a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. ... Rhabdodon (fluted tooth) was a genus of dinosaur that lived in Europe approximately 80 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. ... Species Muttaburrasaurus was a large four-legged ornithopod herbivorous dinosaur genus that was capable of rearing onto two legs. ... Binomial name Probactrosaurus gobiensis Rozhdestvensky, 1966 Probactrosaurus (meaning before Bactrosaurus) was an early hadrosauroid iguanodont. ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... In phylogenetics, a grouping of organisms is said to be paraphyletic (Greek para = near and phyle = race) if all the members of the group have a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of all group members. ... Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ... Families Hadrosauridae Hadrosauroidea is a clade or superfamily of ornithischian dinosaurs that includes the duck-billed dinosaurs, or hadrosaurids, and their close relatives. ... John Jack R. Horner (born June 15, 1946) is an American paleontologist who discovered and named the Maiasaura, providing the first clear evidence that dinosaurs cared for their young. ... Shared characteristics that define a cladistic grouping. ... Genera Lambeosaurinae    Corythosaurus    Hypacrosaurus    Lambeosaurus    Parasaurolophus Hadrosaurinae    Anasazisaurus    Anatotitan    Edmontosaurus    Hadrosaurus    Maiasaura    Prosaurolophus    Saurolophus    Shantungosaurus Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. ... Genera Lambeosaurinae    Corythosaurus    Hypacrosaurus    Lambeosaurus    Parasaurolophus Hadrosaurinae    Anasazisaurus    Anatotitan    Edmontosaurus    Hadrosaurus    Maiasaura    Prosaurolophus    Saurolophus    Shantungosaurus Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. ...

Discovery and history

Gideon Mantell, Sir Richard Owen, and the discovery of dinosaurs

Illustration of fossil Iguanodon teeth with a modern iguana jaw from Mantell's 1825 paper describing Iguanodon.

Fossil remains found in Maidstone in 1840.

The discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend. The story goes that Gideon Mantell's wife, Mary Ann, discovered the first teeth of an Iguanodon in the strata of Tilgate Forest in Whiteman's Green, Cuckfield, Sussex, England, in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient. However, there is no evidence that Mantell took his wife with him while seeing patients. Furthermore, he admitted in 1851 that he himself had found the teeth.^[10] Not everyone agrees that the story is false, though.^[11] Regardless of the exact circumstances, he combed the area for more fossils, and consulted the fossil experts of the time as to what sort of animal the bones might belong to. Most of the scientists, such as William Buckland and Georges Cuvier, thought that the teeth were from fish or mammals. However, Samuel Stutchbury, a naturalist from the Royal College of Surgeons, recognized that they resembled those of an iguana, albeit twenty times larger.^[2] Mantell did not describe his findings until 1825, when he presented a paper on the remains to the Royal Society of London.^[12][10] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 410 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (473 × 691 pixel, file size: 99 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Illustration of Iguanodon teeth by Gideon Mantell, 1825. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 410 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (473 × 691 pixel, file size: 99 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Illustration of Iguanodon teeth by Gideon Mantell, 1825. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 389 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (460 × 708 pixel, file size: 223 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fossil Iguanodon remains found in Maidstone in 1840. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 389 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (460 × 708 pixel, file size: 223 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fossil Iguanodon remains found in Maidstone in 1840. ... For other uses, see Legend (disambiguation). ... Gideon Algernon Mantell (February 3, 1790 – November 10, 1852) was an English obstetrician, geologist and palaeontologist. ... Tilgate is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. ... Cuckfield High Street Cuckfield is a large village and civil parish in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. ... This article refers to the historic county in England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... William Buckland (12 March 1784 - 24 August 1856) was a prominent English geologist and palaeontologist who wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur, a proponent of Old Earth creationism and Flood geology who later became convinced by the glaciation theory of Louis Agassiz. ... Georges Cuvier Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23, 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... Samuel Stutchbury, born 15 January 1798 in London, died 12 February 1859 in Bristol, was a naturalist and geologist. ... The term natural science as the way in which different fields of study are defined is determined as much by historical convention as by the present day meaning of the words. ... The Royal College of Surgeons of England is an independent professional body committed to promoting and advancing the highest standards of surgical care for patients. ... ...

In recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana, Mantell named his new genus Iguanodon or "iguana-toothed", from iguana and the Greek word odontos ("tooth").^[3] Based on isometric scaling, he estimated that the creature might have been up to 12 metres (40 ft) long.^[12] His initial idea for a name was Iguanasaurus ("Iguana lizard"), but his friend William Daniel Conybeare suggested that that name was more applicable to the iguana itself, so a better name would be Iguanoides ("Iguana-like") or Iguanodon.^[13][14] He neglected to add a species name to form a proper binomial, so one was supplied in 1829 by Friedrich Holl: I. anglicum, which was later amended to I. anglicus.^[15] Isometric scaling is when a single piece of known data is used to predeict the preportions of other related measurements. ... William Daniel Conybeare (June 7, 1787 - August 12, 1857), dean of Llandaff, one of the most distinguished of English geologists, who was born in London, was a grandson of John Conybeare, bishop of Bristol (1602-1785), a notable preacher and divine, and son of Dr William Conybeare, rector of Bishopsgate. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Latin name redirects here. ...

Mantell's Iguanodon restoration based on the Maidstone remains.

A better specimen was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, in 1834, which Mantell soon acquired. He was able to identify it as an Iguanodon from its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab allowed the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of Iguanodon. As such, he made some mistakes, the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose.^[16] The discovery of much better specimens in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb. Still encased in rock, the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London. The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an Iguanodon as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949.^[17] This specimen has become linked with the name I. mantelli, a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of I. anglicus, but it actually comes from a different formation than the original I. mantelli/I. anglicus material.^[14] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Maidstone (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Horn. ... For other similarly-named museums see Museum of Natural History. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Coat of Arms of Prince Edward Island uses two foxes as supporters. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer (September 3, 1801 - April 2, 1869), German palaeontologist, was born at Frankfurt am Main. ... See Formation of rocks for processes by which rocks are formed. ...

At the same time, tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen, an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act-era British politics and science. Owen, a firm creationist, opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ("transmutationism") then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict. With the paper describing Dinosauria, he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres (200 ft), determined that they were not simply giant lizards, and put forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been "transmuted" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures.^[18][19] Sir Richard Owen KCB (July 20, 1804–December 18, 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. ... The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom. ... Creationism is generally the belief that the universe was created by a deity, or alternatively by one or more powerful and intelligent beings. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Transmutation of species refers to the altering of one species into another. ... This article is about the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...

The famous (crowded) banquet in Waterhouse Hawkins's standing Crystal Palace Iguanodon

Shortly before his death in 1852, Mantell realized that Iguanodon was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal,^[20] as Owen was putting forward, but his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades.^[18] With Waterhouse Hawkins, he had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two Iguanodon, one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Before the sculpture of the standing Iguanodon was completed, he held a banquet for twenty inside it.^[21][22][23] Drawing by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (8 February 1807-1889) was an English sculptor and natural history artist renowned for combining both in his work on the life-size models of dinosaurs in Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham, south London. ... The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are a series of models of dinosaurs and extinct mammals located in Crystal Palace, London. ... Pachyderm is a Greek word, consisting of the words pachy meaning fat (thick), and derma meaning skin. ... The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are a series of models of dinosaurs and extinct mammals located in Crystal Palace, London. ... Drawing by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (8 February 1807-1889) was an English sculptor and natural history artist renowned for combining both in his work on the life-size models of dinosaurs in Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham, south London. ... Sculptor redirects here. ... This article is about the construction material. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ...

Bernissart

Photograph of a Bernissart Iguanodon skeleton being mounted.

The largest find of Iguanodon remains to date occurred in 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium, at a depth of 322 m (1056 ft).^[5] With the encouragement of Alphonse Briart, supervisor of mines at nearby Morlanwelz, Louis Dollo, with Louis de Pauw, oversaw excavation of the skeletons and reconstructed them. At least 38 Iguanodon individuals were uncovered,^[1] most of which were adults.^[24] Many of them went on public display beginning in 1882 and are still present for viewing; 11 are displayed as standing mounts, and 20 as they were (approximately) found.^[5] The exhibit makes an impressive display in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, in Brussels. A replica of one of these is on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and at the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge. Most of the remains were referred to a new species, I. bernissartensis, a larger and much more robust animal than the English remains had yet revealed, but one specimen was referred to the nebulous, gracile I. mantelli (now Dollodon bampingi). The skeletons were some of the first complete dinosaur skeletons known. Found with the dinosaur skeletons were the remains of plants, fish, and other reptiles,^[5] including the crocodilian Bernissartia. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Bernissart is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. ... Alphonse Briart (1825-1898) was supervisor of the coal mines at Bascoup and Mariemont near Morlanwelz in the Hainaut province of Belgium, and a geologist who studied that region. ... Morlanwelz is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. ... Louis Antoine Marie Joseph Dollo (1857-1931) was a French-born Belgian palaeontologist, known for formulating Dollos law. ... The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences is a museum in the Belgian capital of Brussels dedicated to natural history. ... This article is about the settlement itself. ... The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxfords natural history specimens. ... Suborders Eusuchia Protosuchia † Mesosuchia † Sebecosuchia † Thalattosuchia † Crocodilia is an order of large reptiles that scientists believe branched off from class Reptilia about 220 million years ago. ... Binomial name Bernissartia fagesii Bernissartia (of Bernissart) is an extinct genus of crocodilian that was 60 cm (2 ft) long. ...

One of the many skeletons displayed at Brussels

The science of conserving fossil remains was in its infancy, and was ill-equipped to deal with what soon became known as "pyrite disease". Pyrite in the bones was changing to iron sulphate, damaging the remains by causing them to crack and crumble. When in the ground, the bones were exposed to moisture that prevented this from happening, but when removed into the drier open air, the natural chemical conversion began to occur. Not knowing the true cause, and thinking it was an actual infection, the staff at the Museum in Brussels attempted to treat the problem with a combination of alcohol, arsenic, and shellac. This combination was intended to simultaneously penetrate (alcohol), kill any biological agent (arsenic), and harden (shellac) the fossils. This treatment had the unintended effect of sealing in moisture and extending the period of damage. Modern treatments instead involve either monitoring the humidity of fossil storage, or, for fresh specimens, preparing a special coating of polyethylene glycol that is then heated in a vacuum pump, so moisture is immediately removed and pore space is infiltrated with polyethelene glycol to seal and strengthen the fossil.^[5] The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron sulfide, FeS2. ... Iron(II) sulfate, also known as ferrous sulfate and as copperas (FeSO4) is an example of an ionic compound. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... For the post-punk band, see Shellac (band). ... Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are polymers composed of repeating subunits of identical structure, called monomers, and are the most commercially important polyethers. ...

Iguanodon bernissartensis correctly mounted in a quadrupedal posture, Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles.

Dollo's specimens allowed him to show that Owen's prehistoric pachyderms were not correct for Iguanodon. He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the emu and wallaby, and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb.^[25][26] He was not completely correct, but he also had the disadvantage of being faced with some of the first complete dinosaur remains. A problem that was later recognized was the bend he introduced into the tail. This organ was more or less straight, as shown by the skeletons he was excavating, and the presence of ossified tendons. In fact, to get the bend in the tail for a more wallaby or kangaroo-like posture, the tail would have had to be broken. With its correct, straight tail and back, the animal would have walked with its body held horizontal to the ground, arms in place to support the body if needed.^[5] For other uses, see EMU. Binomial name (Latham, 1790) The Emu has been recorded in the areas shown in orange. ... For other uses, see Wallaby (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Thumb (disambiguation). ... A scorpion tail The tail is the section at the rear end of an animals body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. ... Species Macropus rufus Macropus giganteus Macropus fuliginosus Macropus antilopinus A kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning large foot). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, the Red Kangaroo, the Antilopine Kangaroo, and the Eastern and Western Grey Kangaroo...

Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881, although it was not exhausted of fossils, as recent drilling operations have shown.^[27] During World War I, when the town was occupied by German forces, preparations were made to reopen the mine for palaeontology, and Otto Jaekel was sent from Berlin to supervise. The Allies recaptured Bernissart just as the first fossiliferous layer was about to be uncovered. Further attempts to reopen the mine were hindered by financial problems and were stopped altogether in 1921 when the mine flooded.^[5] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Otto Max Johannes Jaekel, born 1863, died 1929, was a German paleontologist. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Allies side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray. ...

To the present: Worldwide finds

Iguanodon bernissartensis fossil drawn as it was found in 1882.

Research on Iguanodon decreased during the early part of the 20th century as World Wars and the Great Depression enveloped Europe. A new species that would become the subject of much study and taxonomic controversy, I. atherfieldensis, was named in 1925 by R. W. Hooley, for a specimen collected at Atherfield Point on the Isle of Wight.^[28] However, what had been a European genus was now being found worldwide, with material in Africa (teeth from Tunisia^[29] and elsewhere in the Sahara Desert),^[30] Mongolia (I. orientalis),^[31] and the United States in North America (I. ottingeri from Utah^[32]). Another North American species, from South Dakota, once assigned to Iguanodon as I. lakotaensis,^[33] has since been re-classified as the genus Dakotadon.^[34] For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Reginald W. Hooley, born 1886, died 1923, was a dinosaur hunter based in the Isle of Wight. ... For other uses, see Isle of Wight (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... The Sahara is the worlds second largest desert (second to Antarctica), over 9,000,000 km² (3,500,000 mi²), located in northern Africa and is 2. ... North American redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) English Demonym South Dakotan Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Area  Ranked 17th in the US  - Total 77,116[1] sq mi (199,905 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 380 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ...

Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of Deinonychus in 1969, but it was not neglected for long. David B. Weishampel's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed,^[35] and David B. Norman's work on numerous aspects of the genus has made it one of the best-known dinosaurs.^{[36][5][37][1]} In addition, a further find of numerous Iguanodon skeletons, in Nehden, Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany, has provided evidence for gregariousness in this genus, as the animals in this areally-restricted find appear to have been killed by flash floods. At least 15 individuals, from 2 to 8 metres long (6.6 to 26.2 ft), have been found here, although at least some of them belong to the closely related Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis (at that time believed to be another species of Iguanodon).^[24] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Species D. antirrhopus (type) Ostrom, 1969 Deinonychus (pronounced ) (Greek δεινος, terrible and ονυξ/ονυχος, claw) was a genus of carnivorous dromaeosaurid dinosaur. ... Professor David B. Weishampel (born November 16, 1952) is a American palaeontologist in the Department of cell biology and anatomy at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. ... David B. Norman is a paleontologist and Director, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University. ... Coat of arms Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DEA Capital Düsseldorf Prime Minister Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU) Governing parties CDU / FDP Votes in Bundesrat 6 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  34,084 km² (13,160 sq mi) Population 18,033,000... A herd of Wildebeest A gaggle of Canada geese For other uses, see Herd (disambiguation). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... Lower Antelope Canyon was carved out of sandstone by flash floods A Flash Flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas (washes), rivers and streams, caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm, or multiple training thunderstorms. ... Species M. atherfieldensis (Hooley, 1925) (type) Synonyms ?Heterosaurus Cornuel, 1850 ?Sphenospondylus Lydekker, 1888 ?Vectisaurus Hulke, 1879 Mantellisaurus is a recently described genus of dinosaur formerly known as Iguanodon atherfieldensis. ...

Iguanodon material has also been used in the search for dinosaur DNA and other biomolecules. In research by Graham Embery et al, Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins. In this research, identifiable remains of typical bone proteins, such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans, were found in a rib.^[38] The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ... Phosphoproteins are a group of proteins which are chemically attached to a substance containing phosphoric acid. ... Proteoglycans represent a special class of glycoprotein that are heavily glycosylated. ... The human rib cage. ...

Species

A model of Iguanodon at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named, numerous species have been assigned to it. While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs became (such as Megalosaurus and Pelorosaurus), Iguanodon has had a complicated history, and its taxonomy continues to undergo revisions.^{[39][40][41][34]} Remains of the best-known species have come from Belgium, England, Germany, Spain and France. Remains of similar animals possibly belonging to this genus have been found in Tunisia and Mongolia, and distinct species are present in Utah and South Dakota, USA. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2444x1501, 1584 KB) Photographer: User:Ballista I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2444x1501, 1584 KB) Photographer: User:Ballista I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxfords natural history specimens. ... Wastebin taxon (also called a wastebasket, or dustbin taxon) is a term used in taxonomic circles that refers to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that dont fit anywhere else. ... Species Mantell, 1827 (type) Waldmann, 1974  ? (Newton, 1899) = Zanclodon cambrensis Megalosaurus (meaning Great Lizard, from Greek, μεγαλο-/megalo- meaning big, tall or great and σαυρος/sauros meaning lizard) is a genus of large meat-eating theropod dinosaurs of the Middle Jurassic Period (Bathonian) of Europe (Southern England, France, Portugal). ... Binomial name Pelorosaurus conybearei Mantell, 1850 Pelorosaurus (pel-LOH-ro-SAWR-us, meaning monstrous lizard) was a huge plant-eating dinosaur. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) English Demonym South Dakotan Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Area  Ranked 17th in the US  - Total 77,116[1] sq mi (199,905 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 380 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ...

I. anglicus was the original type species, but the holotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since. In March of 2000, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis. The original Iguanodon tooth is held at Te Papa Tongarewa, the national museum of New Zealand in Wellington, although it is not on display. The fossil arrived in New Zealand following the move of Gideon Mantell's son Walter there; after the elder Mantell's death, his fossils went to Walter.^[42] A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus). ... A holotype is one of several possible types. ... The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals. It was founded in 1895 and currently comprises 28 members from 20 countries, primarily practicing zoological taxonomists. ... Te Papa (Our Place), The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is the national museum of New Zealand. ... For the first Duke of Wellington, see Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. ...

Species currently accepted as valid

Mounted Iguanodon skeleton, Überseemuseum, Bremen.

Only a few of the many species assigned to Iguanodon are still considered to be valid and to fall within the genus Iguanodon.^[1][34] I. bernissartensis, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the neotype for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in Bernissart, but is also known from remains across Europe. David Norman suggested that it includes the dubious Mongolian I. orientalis,^[43] but this has not been followed by other researchers.^[34] George Boulenger. ... A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... In scientific classification, a nomen dubium (Latin for doubtful name, plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is valid but of unknown or doubtful application: that is, it may be impossible to determine whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. ...

Two species described by Richard Lydekker in the late 1800s are valid, but rarely discussed. I. dawsoni, described by Lydekker in 1889,^[44] is known from two partial skeletons from the Valanginian-Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Hastings Beds of East Sussex, England.^[1] I. fittoni was also described by Lydekker, in 1888.^[45] Like I dawsoni, this species is known from the Hastings Beds of East Sussex. It may also have been found in Spain. Three partial skeletons are known.^[1] The two species are separated on the basis of vertebral and pelvic characters, size, and build.^[4] For example, I. dawsoni was more robust than I. fittoni, with large Camptosaurus-like vertebrae featuring short neural spines, whereas I. fittoni is known for its "long, narrow, and steeply inclined neural spines".^[1] Neither of these species may actually pertain to Iguanodon.^[34] Richard Lydekker (1849 - April 16, 1915) was an English naturalist, geologist and writer of numerous books on natural history. ... In the geologic timescale, Valanginian is an age of the Lower Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. ... The Barremian faunal stage was a period of geological time between 117 and 113 million years ago. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ... East Sussex is a county in South East England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Species (Marsh, 1879 [originally Camptonotus dispar]) (type) Carpenter & Wilson, 2008 ? (Owen, 1874 [originally Iguanodon hoggii]) ? (Hulke, 1880 [originally Iguanodon prestwichii]) Synonyms Camptonotus Marsh, 1879 non Uhler, 1864 (preoccupied) ?Brachyrophus Cope, 1878 ?Cunmoria Seeley, 1888 ?Symphyrophus Cope, 1878 Camptosaurus (pronounced KAMP-to-SAWR-us) is a genus of plant-eating, beaked... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...

Reassigned species

Two species of Iguanodon named by Richard Owen have since been reassigned to other genera. I. hoggi (also spelled I. boggii or hoggii), named by Owen for a lower jaw from the Tithonian-Berriasian-age Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Beds of Dorset in 1874, has been reassigned to Camptosaurus by David Norman and Paul Barrett.^[40] I. major, a vertebra from the Isle of Wight described by Owen in 1842 as a species of Streptospondylus, is a nomen dubium which is now thought to be a synonym of I. anglicus.^[1] The Tithonian (141-135 MYA) is the most recent faunal stage of the Jurassic era. ... In the geologic timescale, Berriasian is an age of the Lower Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. ... Upper Jurassic (also known as Malm) was an epoch of the Jurassic geologic period. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ... In geology, the Purbeckian refers to the highest and youngest member of the Jurassic system of rocks, also known as the Purbeck Beds. ... Dorset (pronounced DOR-sit or [dɔ.sət], and sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the south-west of England, on the English Channel coast. ... For other uses, see Isle of Wight (disambiguation). ... Species (type) S. major (Owen, 1842) S. recentior (Owen, 1851) S. meyeri (Owen, 1854) S. grandis (Hulke, 1879) =Iguanodon Streptospondylus is a dubious genus of dinosaur known from the Middle Jurassic period of England, 150 million years ago. ... In scientific classification, a nomen dubium (Latin for doubtful name, plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is valid but of unknown or doubtful application: that is, it may be impossible to determine whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. ...

Other than the two species described by Owen which have been reassigned to other genera, fourteen other species have since been reclassified. Iguanodon albinus (or Albisaurus scutifer), described by Czech paleontologist Antonin Fritsch (correctly Frič) in 1893, is a dubious nondinosaurian reptile now known as Albisaurus albinus.^[46] I. atherfieldensis, described by R.W. Hooley in 1925,^[28] was smaller and less robust than I. bernissartensis, with longer neural spines. It was renamed Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis in 2006.^[41] I. exogyrarum (also spelled I. exogirarum or I. exogirarus) was described by Fritsch in 1878. It is a nomen dubium based on very poor material and has been reassigned, by George Olshevsky, to Ponerosteus.^[47] I. valdensis, described by Hulke in 1879 from vertebral and pelvic remains, was from the Barremian stage of the Isle of Wight.^[48] Originally named Vectisaurus, it is probably a partially-grown specimen of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis.^[49] I. gracilis, named by Lydekker in 1888 as the type species of Sphenospondylus and assigned to Iguanodon in 1969 by Rodney Steel, may belong to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis.^[1] A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... Antonin Fritsch (orig. ... Reptilia redirects here. ... Species (Fritsch, 1893) Fritsch, 1905 Albisaurus (meaning Albis [River] lizard) was once thought to be a genus of dinosaur, but is now thought to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur. ... Reginald W. Hooley, born 1886, died 1923, was a dinosaur hunter based in the Isle of Wight. ... Species M. atherfieldensis (Hooley, 1925) (type) Synonyms ?Heterosaurus Cornuel, 1850 ?Sphenospondylus Lydekker, 1888 ?Vectisaurus Hulke, 1879 Mantellisaurus is a recently described genus of dinosaur formerly known as Iguanodon atherfieldensis. ... George Olshevsky is a freelance editor, writer, publisher, paleontologist, and mathematician living in San Diego, California. ... Ponerosteus was first identified as Iguanodon exogyrarum in 1878 in Germany. ... The pelvis (pl. ... The Barremian faunal stage was a period of geological time between 117 and 113 million years ago. ... Faunal stages are a subdivision of geologic time used primarily by paleontologists who study fossils rather than by geologists who study rock formations. ...

I. foxii (also spelled I. foxi) was originally described by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869 as the type species of Hypsilophodon; Owen (1873 or 1874) reassigned it to Iguanodon, but his assignment was soon overturned.^[50]I. hollingtoniensis (also spelled I. hollingtonensis), described by Lydekker in 1889, is a synonym of I. fittoni. I. prestwichii (also spelled I. prestwichi), described by John Hulke in 1880, has been reassigned to Camptosaurus prestwichii. I. seeleyi (also spelled I. seelyi), described by Hulke two years after I. prestwichii, has been synonymized with I. bernissartensis. I. suessii, described by Emanuel Bunzel in 1871, has been reassigned to Mochlodon suessi.^[1] Thomas Henry Huxley PC, FRS (4 May 1825 Ealing – 29 June 1895 Eastbourne, Sussex) was an English biologist, known as Darwins Bulldog for his advocacy of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. ... John Whitaker Hulke (November 6, 1830 - February 19, 1895), British surgeon and geologist, was the son of a well-known medical practitioner in Deal. ... Species (Marsh, 1879 [originally Camptonotus dispar]) (type) Carpenter & Wilson, 2008 ? (Owen, 1874 [originally Iguanodon hoggii]) ? (Hulke, 1880 [originally Iguanodon prestwichii]) Synonyms Camptonotus Marsh, 1879 non Uhler, 1864 (preoccupied) ?Brachyrophus Cope, 1878 ?Cunmoria Seeley, 1888 ?Symphyrophus Cope, 1878 Camptosaurus (pronounced KAMP-to-SAWR-us) is a genus of plant-eating, beaked... Emanuel Bunzel born 1828, was a nineteenth century Austrian paleontologist. ... Rhabdodon (fluted tooth) was a genus of dinosaur that lived in Europe approximately 80 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. ...

I. lakotaensis was described by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork in 1989.^[33] The only well-accepted North American species of Iguanodon, I. lakotaensis was described from a partial skull from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota, USA. Its assignment has been controversial. Some researchers suggest that it was more basal than I. bernissartensis, and related to Theiophytalia,^[51] but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of I. bernissartensis.^[39] Gregory S. Paul has since given the species its own genus, Dakotadon.^[34] Professor David B. Weishampel (born November 16, 1952) is a American palaeontologist in the Department of cell biology and anatomy at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. ... Professor Philip R. Bjork is an American geologist and paleontologist. ... North American redirects here. ... The Barremian faunal stage was a period of geological time between 117 and 113 million years ago. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ... The Lakota Formation is a sequence of rocks from the Barremian (early Cretaceous) epoch from Western North America. ... Official language(s) English Demonym South Dakotan Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Area  Ranked 17th in the US  - Total 77,116[1] sq mi (199,905 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 380 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... In phylogenetics, basal members of a group diverged earlier than a subgroup of others (or vice versa). ... Species Theiophytalia is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur. ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... Gregory S. Paul (born 1954) is a freelance paleontologist, author and illustrator. ...

Iguanodon mantelli (also spelled I. manteli or I. mantellii), described by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1832, is actually based on the same material as I. anglicus.^[14] Several skeletons, however, including the Maidstone specimen and one of the Bernissart skeletons have been assigned here over the years, and their attribution is not complete. The gracile Bernissart skeleton, for example, has been reassigned, first to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis,^[37] and upon further review, to its own genus and species, Dollodon bampingi.^[34] I. orientalis, described by A. K. Rozhdestvensky in 1952,^[31] was based on poor material, but a skull with a distinctive arched snout that had been assigned to it was renamed Altirhinus kurzanovi in 1998.^[39] At the same time, I. orientalis was considered to be a nomen dubium indistinguishable from I. bernissartensis.^[43][39] Harry Seeley described I. phillipsi in 1869,^[52] but later reassigned it to Priodontognathus.^[53] Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky is a Russian paleontologist responsible for naming many dinosaurs, including Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus. ... Altirhinus (High Nose) was an iguanodont dinosaur from Cretaceous Asia. ... Harry Govier Seeley (1839 – 1909) was the British paleontologist who detected that the dinosaurs fell into two great groups, the Saurischians and the Ornithischians, based on the nature of their pelvic bones and joints, and published his results in 1888, from a lecture he had delivered the previous year [1... Priodontognathus is the name given to an invalid genus of dinosaur. ...

Dubious species

Five Iguanodon species are considered to be nomina dubia or undescribed. I. anglicus, described by Friedrich Holl in 1829,^[15] is the original type species of Iguanodon, but, as discussed above, was replaced by I. bernissartensis. In the past, it has been spelled as I. angelicus (Lessem and Glut, 1993) and I. anglicum (Holl, 1829 emend. Bronn, 1850). It is known from teeth from the Valanginian-Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Tilgate Forest of East Sussex, England. I. hillii, coined by Edwin Tully Newton in 1892 for a tooth from the early Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous Lower Chalk of Hertfordshire, is an early hadrosaurid of some sort.^[54] "I. mongolensis" (Whitfield, 1992) is a nomen nudum from a photo caption in a book, of remains that would later be named Altirhinus.^[55] In the geologic timescale, Valanginian is an age of the Lower Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. ... The Barremian faunal stage was a period of geological time between 117 and 113 million years ago. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ... East Sussex is a county in South East England. ... The Cenomanian (also known as Woodbinian) is the first stage of the Late Cretaceous Epoch. ... Geography of the US in the late Cretaceous Late Cretaceous (also called the Upper Cretaceous) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ... For the similarly named county in the West Midlands region, see Herefordshire. ... Genera Lambeosaurinae    Corythosaurus    Hypacrosaurus    Lambeosaurus    Parasaurolophus Hadrosaurinae    Anasazisaurus    Anatotitan    Edmontosaurus    Hadrosaurus    Maiasaura    Prosaurolophus    Saurolophus    Shantungosaurus Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ...

I. ottingeri, described by Peter Galton and James A. Jensen in 1979, is a nomen dubium based on teeth from the possibly Aptian-age lower Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah.^[32] I. praecursor (also spelled I. precursor), described by E. Sauvage in 1876 from teeth from an unnamed Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) formation in Pas-de-Calais, France, is actually a sauropod, sometimes assigned to Neosodon,^[56] although the two come from different formations.^[57] Peter Galton is a British vertebrate paleontologist working in America, who has to date written or co-written about a hundred papers in scientific jounals or chapters in paleontology textbooks, especially on ornithischian and prosauropod dinosaurs. ... - James A. Jensen (died 1998) led a most remarkable life, dropping out of high school and ending up as a world-famous paleontologist, dubbed Dinosaur Jim. (See <http://www. ... In the geologic timescale, the Aptian is the age of the Lower Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that is comprehended between 125 and 112 million years ago, approximately. ... The Kimmeridgian is a stage of the Late Jurassic Epoch. ... Upper Jurassic (also known as Malm) was an epoch of the Jurassic geologic period. ... See Formation of rocks for processes by which rocks are formed. ... Pas-de-Calais is a département in northern France named after the strait which it borders. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Titanosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ... Binomial name Pelorosaurus conybearei Mantell, 1850 Pelorosaurus (pel-LOH-ro-SAWR-us, meaning monstrous lizard) was a huge plant-eating dinosaur. ...

Finally, several other poorly known genera and species are included with Iguanodon without being separate species, although their assignment is less certain with the renaming of I. atherfieldensis. These include Heterosaurus neocomiensis (Cornuel, 1850), Hikanodon (Keferstein, 1834), and Therosaurus (Fitzinger, 1840), and the species "Streptospondylus" recentior (Owen, 1851), "Cetiosaurus" brachyurus,^[2] and part of "C." brevis (Owen, 1842; "C." brevis is a chimera).^[58] The nomen nudum "Proiguanodon" (van den Broeck, 1900) also belongs here,^[59] and possibly the very obscure "Streptospondylus" grandis (Owen, 1851) and meyeri (Owen, 1854).^[14] Cetiosaurus (SEET-ee-oh-sawr-us) meaning whale lizard, because of its supposed marine habitat (Greek keteio = sea monster + sauros = lizard) is a dinosaur from Europe and Africa, this Dinosaur was the first Sauropod to be discovered. ... In paleontology, a chimera is a fossil which was reconstructed with elements coming from more than a single species (or genus) of animal. ...

Paleobiology

Feeding and diet

Iguanodon bernissartensis skull

One of the first details noted about Iguanodon was that it had the teeth of a herbivorous reptile,^[12] although there has not always been consensus on how it ate. As Mantell noted, the remains he was working with were unlike any modern reptile, especially in the toothless, scoop-shaped form of the lower jaw symphysis, which he found best compared to that of the two-toed sloth and the extinct ground sloth Mylodon. He also suggested that Iguanodon had a prehensile tongue which could be used to gather food,^[60] like a giraffe. More complete remains have shown this to be an error; for example, the hyoid bones that supported the tongue are heavily built, implying a muscular, non-prehensile tongue used for moving food around in the mouth.^[36] The giraffe-tongue idea has also been incorrectly attributed to Dollo via a broken lower jaw.^[61] A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ... The external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the Symphysis menti or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life. ... Species Choloepus didactylus Choloepus hoffmanni The two extant species of two-toed sloths are Linnaeuss and Hoffmanns Two-toed Sloth. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... The Mylodon was a smaller breed of ground sloth, approximately ox-sized, related to the Megatherium and modern three-toed sloths and two-toed sloths. ... Prehensility is the quality of an organ that has adapted for grasping or holding. ... For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Range map The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. ... The hyoid bone (Os Hyoideum; Lingual Bone) is a bone in the human neck, not articulated to any other bone; it is supported by the muscles of the neck and in turn supports the root of the tongue. ...

Iguanodon teeth are, as the name suggests, like those of an iguana, but larger. Unlike hadrosaurids, which had columns of replacement teeth, Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position. The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side, with none at the front of the jaw, and the lower jaw 25; the numbers differ because teeth in the lower jaw are broader than those in the upper.^[8] Because the tooth rows are deeply inset from the outside of the jaws, and because of other anatomical details, it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to retain food in the mouth.^[62][63] Genera Lambeosaurinae    Corythosaurus    Hypacrosaurus    Lambeosaurus    Parasaurolophus Hadrosaurinae    Anasazisaurus    Anatotitan    Edmontosaurus    Hadrosaurus    Maiasaura    Prosaurolophus    Saurolophus    Shantungosaurus Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. ... The maxilla (plural: maxillae) is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. ... The premaxilla is a pair of small bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always. ... The dentary is the tooth bearing bone of the lower jaw. ... This article is about the anatomical feature. ...

The hand of Iguanodon shown in Brussels; the extended digit is the prehensile fifth finger.

The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed, the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out. This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw's teeth, grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough equivalent of mammalian chewing.^[35] Because the teeth were always replaced, the animal could have used this mechanism throughout its life, and could eat tough plant material.^[64] Additionally, the front ends of the animal's jaws were toothless and tipped with bony nodes, both upper and lower,^[1] providing a rough margin that was likely covered and lengthened by a keratinous material to form a cropping beak for biting off twigs and shoots.^[5] Its food gathering would have been aided by its flexible little finger, which could have been used to manipulate objects, unlike the other fingers.^[1] Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is mashed and crushed by teeth. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with kerogen or carotene. ... A twig is a small terminal branch section that bears leaves, buds and usually the flowers and fruit of plants. ... This article is about the plant section. ... The little finger, often called the pinky in American English and pinkie in Scottish English (from the Dutch word pink, meaning little finger), is the most ulnar and usually smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, next to the ring finger. ...

Exactly what Iguanodon ate with its well-developed jaws is not known. The size of the larger species, such as I. bernissartensis, would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4–5 metres high (13–16.5 ft).^[3] A diet of horsetails, cycads, and conifers was suggested by David Norman,^[5] although iguanodonts in general have been tied to the advance of angiosperm plants in the Cretaceous due to the dinosaurs' inferred low browsing habits. Angiosperm growth, according to this hypothesis, would have been encouraged by iguanodont feeding because gymnosperms would be removed, allowing more space for the weed-like early angiosperms to grow.^[65] The evidence is not conclusive, though.^[66][1] Whatever its exact diet, due to its size and abundance, Iguanodon is regarded as a dominant medium to large herbivore for its ecological communities.^[1] In England, this included the small predator Aristosuchus, larger predators Eotyrannus, Baryonyx, and Neovenator, low-feeding herbivores Hypsilophodon and Valdosaurus, fellow "iguanodontid" Mantellisaurus, the armoured herbivore Polacanthus, and sauropods like Pelorosaurus.^[67] The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species See text Equisetum is a genus of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. ... Families Cycadaceae cycas family Stangeriaceae stangeria family Zamiaceae zamia family Leaves and male cone of Cycas revoluta Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † “Conifer” redirects here. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... // The Cretaceous Period (pronounced ) is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ... Look up Hypothesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ... Binomial name Aristosuchus pusillis Seeley, 1876 Aristosuchus was a small coelurosaurian dinosaur, whose name was derived from the Greek ąριστον (bravest, best, noblest) and σουχος, the Ancient Greek corruption of the name of the Egyptian crocodile-headed god). ... Binomial name Hutt et al. ... Binomial name Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 Baryonyx // meaning heavy claw, referring to its large claw (Greek barus meaning heavy and onyx meaning claw or nail) was a carnivorous dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and northern Spain. ... Binomial name Neovenator salerii Hutt Martill & Barker, 1996 Known from the Isle of Wight, UK, Neovenator (New-Hunter) is one of the best known large carnivorous dinosaurs in Europe. ... Discovery The first remains of Hysilophodon (high-ridged tooth) were recovered in the early days of paleontology, in 1849. ... Species Valdosaurus (Weald Lizard) was a small, bipedal herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur found on the Isle of Wight. ... Armour in animals is external or superficial protection against attack by predators, formed as part of the body (rather than the behavioural use of protective external objects), usually through the hardening of body tissues, outgrowths or secretions. ... Polacanthus was an armored, spiked, plant-eating ankylosaur from the early Cretaceous period. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Titanosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ... Binomial name Pelorosaurus conybearei Mantell, 1850 Pelorosaurus (pel-LOH-ro-SAWR-us, meaning monstrous lizard) was a huge plant-eating dinosaur. ...

Posture and movement

Reconstruction by Samuel Griswold Goodrich from Illustrated Natural History of the Animal Kingdom.^[68]

Early fossil remains were fragmentary, which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon. As discussed, Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn-nosed beast. However as more bones were discovered, Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs. His rival Owen was of the opinion it was a stumpy creature with four pillar-like legs. The job of overseeing the first lifesize reconstruction of dinosaurs was initially offered to Mantell, who declined due to poor health, and Owen's vision subsequently formed the basis on which the sculptures took shape. Its bipedal nature was revealed with the discovery of the Bernissart skeletons. However, it was depicted in an upright posture, with the tail dragging along the ground, acting as the third leg of a tripod. Image File history File links Goodrich_Iguanodon. ... Image File history File links Goodrich_Iguanodon. ... Samuel Griswold Goodrich (August 9, 1793 - May 9, 1860) was an American author, better known under the pseudonym - Peter Parley. ...

Nineteenth century painting showing Iguanodon in a tripod pose.

During his re-examination of Iguanodon, David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely, due to the presence of a long tail stiffened with ossified tendons.^[36] To get the tripodal pose, the tail would literally have to be broken.^[5] Putting the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and pectoral girdle more understandable. For example, the hand is relatively immobile, with the three central fingers grouped together, bearing hoof-like phalanges, and able to hyperextend. This would have allowed them to bear weight. The wrist is also relatively immobile, and the arms and shoulder bones robust. These features all suggest that the animal spent time on all fours.^[36] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 435 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (457 × 629 pixel, file size: 35 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) 19th century illustration of Iguanodon. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 435 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (457 × 629 pixel, file size: 35 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) 19th century illustration of Iguanodon. ... The pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton on each side. ... Rear hooves of a horse Rear hoof of a giraffe A hoof (plural: hooves) is the foot of an ungulate, all of which walk more or less on their toes and have toes with a horny (keratin) covering. ... The phalanges in a human hand Illustration of the phalalnges The name Phalanges is commonly given to the bones that form fingers and toes. ... The leg extension is an isolation exercise. ... For the municipality in Germany, see Wrist, Germany. ...

Illustration of Iguanodon as a quadruped.

Furthermore, it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults (60% of hindlimb length versus 70% for adults).^[1] When walking as a quadruped, the animal's hands would have been held so that the palms faced each other, as shown by iguanodontian trackways and the anatomy of this genus' arms and hands.^[69][70] The three toed pes (foot) of Iguanodon was relatively long, and when walking, both the hand and the foot would have been used in a digitigrade fashion (on the fingers and toes).^[1] The maximum speed of Iguanodon has been estimated at 24 km/h (14.9 mph),^[71] which would have been as a biped; it would not have been able to gallop as a quadruped.^[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Juvenile (left) and adult (right) leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. ... For other uses, see Hand (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A digitigrade is an animal that stands or walks on its digits, or toes. ... Kilometres per hour (American spelling: kilometers per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Horse gaits are the different ways in which a horse can move, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans. ...

Large three-toed footprints are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England, particularly Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight, and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret. Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on. In 1846, E. Tagert went so far as to assign them to an ichnogenus he named Iguanodon,^[72] and Samuel Beckles noted in 1854 that they looked like bird tracks, but might have come from dinosaurs.^[73] The identity of the trackmakers was greatly clarified upon the discovery in 1857 of the hind leg of a young Iguanodon, with distinctly three-toed feet, showing that such dinosaurs could have made the tracks.^[74][75] Despite the lack of direct evidence, these tracks are often attributed to Iguanodon.^[5] A trackway in England shows what may be an Iguanodon moving on all fours, but the foot prints are poor, making a direct connection difficult.^[36] Tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Iguanodon are known from locations including places in Europe where the body fossil Iguanodon is known, to Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.^[76][77] Wealden is a local government district in East Sussex, England. ... A fossilized dinosaur footprint at Clayton Lake State Park, New Mexico. ... An ichnotaxon (plural ichnotaxa) is defined by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature as a taxon based on the fossilized work of an organism. Ichnotaxa are names used to identify and distinguish morphologically distinctive trace fossils. ... Samuel H. Beckles, born 1814 died 1890, was an English 19th century dinosaur hunter, who collected remains in Sussex and the Isle of Wight. ... Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen) is a Norwegian island, the largest island in the Svalbard archipelago, situated in the Arctic Ocean. ...

Thumb spike

The original thumb spike found in Maidstone in 1840

The thumb spike is one of the most well-known features of Iguanodon. Although it was originally placed on the animal's nose by Mantell, the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to correctly place it on the hand, as a modified thumb. (This would not be the last time a dinosaur's modified thumb claw would be misinterpreted; Noasaurus, Baryonyx, and Megaraptor are examples since the 1980s where an enlarged thumb claw was first put on the foot, as in dromaeosaurids.) Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Phronima 11:49, 7 March 2006 (UTC) Category: ... Binomial name Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 Baryonyx // meaning heavy claw, referring to its large claw (Greek barus meaning heavy and onyx meaning claw or nail) was a carnivorous dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and northern Spain. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Genera See text. ...

This thumb is typically interpreted as a close-quarters stiletto-like weapon against predators,^[5][1] although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits,^[1] or against other Iguanodon.^[3] One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom gland,^[78] but this has not been accepted, as the spike was not hollow,^[3] nor were there any grooves on the spike for conducting venom.^[79] A stiletto is a long, narrow-bladed dagger. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Wasp sting, with droplet of venom Venom (literally, poison of animal origin) is any of a variety of toxins used by animals, for the purpose of defense and hunting. ...

Possible social behaviour

Although sometimes interpreted as the result of a single catastrophe, the Bernissart finds instead are now interpreted as recording multiple events. According to this interpretation, at least three occasions of mortality are recorded, and though numerous individuals would have died in a geologically short time span (?10–100 years),^[24] this does not necessarily mean these Iguanodon were herding animals.^[1] A herd of Wildebeest A gaggle of Canada geese For other uses, see Herd (disambiguation). ...

For one thing, juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site, unlike modern cases with herd mortality. They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting.^[24] The Nehden find, however, with its greater span of individual ages, more even mix of Mantellisaurus to Iguanodon bernissartensis, and confined geographic nature, may record mortality of herding animals migrating through rivers.^[24]

Unlike other purported herding dinosaurs (especially hadrosaurs and ceratopsids), there is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic, with one gender appreciably different from the other. At one time, it was suggested that the Bernissart I. "mantelli", or I. atherfieldensis (both now Mantellisaurus) represented a gender, possibly female, of the larger and more robust, possibly male, I. bernissartensis.^[80] However, this is not supported today.^[36][5][41] Genera Centrosaurinae    Achelousaurus    Centrosaurus    Einiosaurus    Styracosaurus    Pachyrhinosaurus Ceratopsinae    Chasmosaurus    Diceratops    Pentaceratops    Protoceratops    Torosaurus    Triceratops Ceratopsids, or members of the Ceratopsidae (or Ceratopidae), are a diverse group of marginocephalian dinosaurs like Triceratops and Styracosaurus. ... Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size, between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ... For other uses, see Female (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Male sex. ...

In popular culture

Statues of Iguanodon by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, still visible at Crystal Palace.

Since its description in 1825, Iguanodon has been a feature of worldwide popular culture. Two lifesize reconstructions of Iguanodon built at the Crystal Palace in London in 1852 greatly contributed to the popularity of the genus.^[81] Their thumb spikes were mistaken for horns, and they were depicted as elephant-like quadrupeds, yet this was the first time an attempt was made at constructing full-size dinosaur models. Image File history File links Iguanodons_crystal_palace_email. ... Image File history File links Iguanodons_crystal_palace_email. ... Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (8 February 1807_1889) was an English sculptor and natural history artist renowned for combining both in his work on the life-size models of dinosaurs in Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham, south London. ... For other uses, see Crystal Palace. ... Popular culture (or pop culture) is the widespread cultural elements in any given society that are perpetuated through that societys vernacular language or lingua franca. ... The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are a series of models of dinosaurs and extinct mammals located in Crystal Palace, London. ...

Sculpture outside the museum of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.

Several motion pictures have featured Iguanodon. In the Disney film Dinosaur, an Iguanodon named Aladar served as the protagonist with three other iguanodonts as other main characters; a loosely-related ride of the same name at Disney's Animal Kingdom is based around bringing an Iguanodon back to the present. Iguanodon is one of the three dinosaur genera that inspired Godzilla; the other two were Tyrannosaurus and Stegosaurus.^[82] Iguanodon has also made appearances in some of the many Land Before Time films, as well as episodes of the television series. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (577x873, 147 KB) Iguanodon sculpture, outside Natural Science Museum, Brussels 1996 photo - Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Iguanodon Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (577x873, 147 KB) Iguanodon sculpture, outside Natural Science Museum, Brussels 1996 photo - Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Iguanodon Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences... The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences is a museum in the Belgian capital of Brussels dedicated to natural history. ... This article is about the settlement itself. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of... Dinosaur is a feature film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and released to movie theatres in 2000. ... Dinosaur (originally named Countdown to Extinction) is a thrill ride at Disneys Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. ... A closeup view of the Tree of Life Animal Kingdom entrance Disneys Animal Kingdom is a theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. ... This article is about the character itself. ... Species T. rex (type) Osborn, 1905 Synonyms Manospondylus Cope, 1892 Dynamosaurus Osborn, 1905  ?Nanotyrannus Bakker, Williams & Currie, 1988 Stygivenator Olshevsky, 1995 Dinotyrannus Olshevsky, 1995 Tyrannosaurus (pronounced IPA: , meaning tyrant lizard) is a genus of theropod dinosaur. ... Species Marsh, 1877 (type) Marsh, 1887 Gilmore, 1914 Stegosaurus (IPA: ) is a genus of stegosaurid armoured dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to Early Tithonian) in what is now western North America. ... The Land Before Time is a series of animated films. ... The Land Before Time is an animated television series, based on characters from The Land Before Time film series created by Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss. ...

Aside from appearances on the silver screen, Iguanodon has also been featured on the television documentary miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) produced by the BBC, and played a starring role in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book, The Lost World. It also was present in Bob Bakker's Raptor Red (1995), as a Utahraptor prey item. A main belt asteroid, 1989 CB₃, has been named 9941 Iguanodon in honour of the genus.^[83][84] Walking with Dinosaurs was a six-part television series produced by the BBC, narrated by Kenneth Branagh, and first aired in the UK in 1999. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (May 22, 1859 - July 7, 1930) is the British author most famously known for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction. ... The Lost World is a 1912 novel by Arthur Conan Doyle concerning an expedition to a plateau (native name is Tepuyes) in South America (Venezuela) where prehistoric animals (dinosaurs and other extinct creatures) still survive. ... Robert T. Bakker (Bob Bakker), born in Bergen, New Jersey, 1945, is a famous American paleontologist who has helped re_shape modern theories about dinosaurs, particularly by adding support to the theory that some dinosaurs were homeothermic (warm-blooded). ... Robert T. Bakker (Bob Bakker), born in Bergen, New Jersey, 1945, is a famous American paleontologist who has helped re-shape modern theories about dinosaurs, particularly by adding support to the theory that some dinosaurs were homeothermic (warm-blooded). ... Species U. ostrommaysorum (Kirkland, Gaston & Burge, 1993) (type) Utahraptor (meaning Utah thief) is the largest known member of the theropod dinosaur family Dromaeosauridae, and dates from the upper Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous period (132-119 million years ago). ... For other uses, see Asteroid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Asteroid (disambiguation). ... 9941 Iguanodon is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. ...

Because it is both one of the first dinosaurs described and one of the best-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has been well-placed as a barometer of changing public and scientific perceptions on dinosaurs. Its reconstructions have gone through three stages: the elephantine quadrupedal horn-snouted reptile of the Victorians; a bipedal but still fundamentally reptilian animal using its tail to prop itself up; and finally, its current, more agile and dynamic representation, able to shift from two legs to all fours. The second representation dominated the twentieth century, but was slowly overturned during the 1960s.^[85] A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus † Elephas beyeri † Elephas celebensis † Elephas cypriotes † Elephas ekorensis † Elephas falconeri † Elephas iolensis † Elephas planifrons † Elephas platycephalus † Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ...

References

ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... George Olshevsky is a freelance editor, writer, publisher, paleontologist, and mathematician living in San Diego, California. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The Royal Society of New Zealand was founded in 1851 and is the premier learned society in New Zealand. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... George Olshevsky is a freelance editor, writer, publisher, paleontologist, and mathematician living in San Diego, California. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... George Olshevsky is a freelance editor, writer, publisher, paleontologist, and mathematician living in San Diego, California. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Darren Naish is a vertebrate paleontologist and science writer, presently based at the University of Portsmouth where he works on theropod dinosaurs, particularly those of Early Cretaceous England. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is a research institute of the Smithsonian Institution headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where it is joined with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO) to form the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Iguanodon

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Iguanodon

• Paper Dinosaurs, 1824–1969: 2. Mantell's Iguanodon Teeth, 1825, from Linda Hall Library.
• The Bernissart Iguanodons (Iguanodon herd found in Belgium).
• Iguanodon DinoData.

Dinosaurs Portal

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