Unlawful combatant (also illegal combatant or unprivileged combatant) describes a person who engages in This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page. Combat is purposeful physical conflict involving violence... combat without meeting the requirements for a lawful A combatant (also referred to as an enemy combatant) is a soldier or guerrilla member who is waging war. Under the Geneva Conventions, persons waging war must have the following four characteristics to be protected by the laws of war: In uniform: Wear distinctive clothing making them recognizable as soldiers... combatant according to the The laws of war (Jus in bello) define the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians. Sources of the laws of war The laws of war are mandatory for nations bound by... laws of war as specified in the The Third Geneva Convention (GCIII) regarded the treatment of prisoners of war. It was adopted in 1929 as an extension to the rights guaranteed by the Hague Convention of 1907. It was revised in 1949, with the modified form adopted on August 12, 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the... Third Geneva Convention.

A belligerent in warfare describes one of the contracting parties in the conflict; that is, one of the powers at war in contrast to neutral countries and non-belligerents. In the written treaties of the laws of war, no distinction is made between neutral countries or neutral powers and non... Belligerents that identify such unlawful enemy combatants may not necessarily accord them the rights of Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The laws apply from the moment a prisoner is captured until he is released or repatriated. One of the main provisions... prisoners of war as described in the The Third Geneva Convention (GCIII) regarded the treatment of prisoners of war. It was adopted in 1929 as an extension to the rights guaranteed by the Hague Convention of 1907. It was revised in 1949, with the modified form adopted on August 12, 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the... Third Geneva Convention. Unlawful combatants may retain rights under the The Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) relates to the protection of civilians during times of war in the hands of an enemy and under any occupation by a foreign power. This should not be confused with the more common Third Geneva Convention which deals with the treatment of Prisoners of war... Fourth Geneva Convention in that they must be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial".

The United States administration uses the term illegal enemy combatant to describe people detained by the United States under some Presidential military orders. However as the United States' courts have not yet ruled that any of the detainees have faced a "competent [military] tribunal", this phrase is not a legal description of the detainees status.

International law and practice

The term has been around for at least 100 years and has been used in legal literature, military manuals and case law. However unlike the terms "combatant" "prisoner of war" and "civilian" the term "unlawful combatant", or similar, is not mentioned in either the The longtime status of Netherlands as a largely neutral nation in international conflicts and the corresponding ascendance of The Hague as a primary location for diplomatic and international conferences has led to several negotiated conventions over the years being termed the Hague Convention: The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907... Hague or the The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. The conventions were the results of efforts by Henri Dunant, who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the Battle of Solferino. Accusations of violation of the... Geneva Conventions. So while the former terms are well understood and clear under international law, the term "unlawful combatant" is not.

Prisoners of war

The The Third Geneva Convention (GCIII) regarded the treatment of prisoners of war. It was adopted in 1929 as an extension to the rights guaranteed by the Hague Convention of 1907. It was revised in 1949, with the modified form adopted on August 12, 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the... Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 141 days remaining. Events 1000-1899 1099 -- First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders defeat Saracens and the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established under Godfrey of Bouillon. 1323 - Treaty of Nö... 12 August ( 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. Events January January 4 - RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage January 4 - February 22 - Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada - winds of up to 72 mph... 1949) (GCIII) of 1949 defines the requirements for a captive to be eligible for treatment as a prisoner of war (POW). A A combatant (also referred to as an enemy combatant) is a soldier or guerrilla member who is waging war. Under the Geneva Conventions, persons waging war must have the following four characteristics to be protected by the laws of war: In uniform: Wear distinctive clothing making them recognizable as soldiers... lawful combatant is a person who commits belligerent acts but if captured, would be a considered POW. An unlawful combatant is someone who commits belligerent acts, but does not qualify under GCIII Articles 4 and 5.

Article 4

A. Prisoners of war, in the sense of the present Convention, are persons belonging to one of the following categories, who have fallen into the power of the enemy:

1. Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict as well as members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces.

2. Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fullfil the following conditions:

(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;

(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;

(c) That of carrying arms openly;

(d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.

3. Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.

4. Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany, who shall provide them for that purpose with an identity card similar to the annexed model.

5. Members of crews [of civil ships and aircraft], who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions of international law.

6. Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.

B. The following shall likewise be treated as prisoners of war under the present Convention:

1. Persons belonging, or having belonged, to the armed forces of the occupied country...

...

Article 5

...

Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.

These terms thus divide people in a war zone into two classes. Those in armies and militias and the like (lawful combatants), and then those who are not. Those in armies and militias and the like have the right to be treated as prisoners of war upon capture and those not in armies and militias do not have the right to be treated as prisoners of war upon capture.

The critical distinction is that a "lawful combatant" (defined above) cannot be held personally responsible for acts prosecuting that combat, unless they commit war crimes or crimes against humanity. And if captured, they have to be treated as prisoners of war - basically they can be detained (more humane than killing them), but must be provided for, treated with respect, and so on.

If there is any doubt about whether an alleged combatant is a "lawful combatant" then they must be held as a Prisoner of War until their status has been determined by "a competent tribunal". If that tribunal rules that the combatant is an "unlawful combatant" then their status changes to that of a civilian which may give them some rights under Fourth Geneva Convention.

Persons who are not prisoners of war in an international conflict

A non-combatant civilian "in the hands" of an enemy or an Occupying Power often gains rights through The Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) relates to the protection of civilians during times of war in the hands of an enemy and under any occupation by a foreign power. This should not be confused with the more common Third Geneva Convention which deals with the treatment of Prisoners of war... Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 141 days remaining. Events 1000-1899 1099 -- First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders defeat Saracens and the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established under Godfrey of Bouillon. 1323 - Treaty of Nö... 12 August ( 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. Events January January 4 - RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage January 4 - February 22 - Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada - winds of up to 72 mph... 1949) ( The Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) relates to the protection of civilians during times of war in the hands of an enemy and under any occupation by a foreign power. This should not be confused with the more common Third Geneva Convention which deals with the treatment of Prisoners of war... GCIV) if they qualify as a "protected person".

Article 4. Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals.

Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention are not protected by it. Nationals of a neutral State who find themselves in the territory of a belligerent State, and nationals of a co-belligerent State, shall not be regarded as protected persons while the State of which they are nationals has normal diplomatic representation in the State in whose hands they are.

If they fulfil the criteria they are a 'protected person' and are entitled to all the protections mentioned in GCIV. It should be emphasised that a national of neutral state, with normal diplomatic representation, in a war zone is not a protected person under GCIV.

But what of a combatant who does not qualify for POW status? If they qualify as a 'protected person' they get all the rights which a non-combatant civilian gets under GCIV but the Party to the conflict may invoke Articles of GCIV to curtail those rights. The relevant Articles are Article 5 and Article 42.

Part I. General Provisions

...

Art. 5 Where in the territory of a Party to the conflict, the latter is satisfied that an individual protected person is definitely suspected of or engaged in activities hostile to the security of the State, such individual person shall not be entitled to claim such rights and privileges under the present Convention as would, if exercised in the favour of such individual person, be prejudicial to the security of such State.

Where in occupied territory an individual protected person is detained as a spy or saboteur, or as a person under definite suspicion of activity hostile to the security of the Occupying Power, such person shall, in those cases where absolute military security so requires, be regarded as having forfeited rights of communication under the present Convention.

In each case, such persons shall nevertheless be treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed by the present Convention. They shall also be granted the full rights and privileges of a protected person under the present Convention at the earliest date consistent with the security of the State or Occupying Power, as the case may be.

...

Section II. Aliens in the territory of a party to the conflict

...

Art. 42. The internment or placing in assigned residence of protected persons may be ordered only if the security of the Detaining Power makes it absolutely necessary.

It is likely that if they have been found to be "unlawful combatant" by "a competent tribunal" under GCIII Article 5 and they are a protected person under GCIV, that the Party to the conflict will invoke GCIV Article 5. In which case the "unlawful combatant" does not have the "rights and privileges under the present Convention as would, if exercised in the favour of such individual person, be prejudicial to the security of such State". They do however retain the right "to be treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed by the present Convention."

If after "fair and regular trial" they are found guilty of a crime then the "unlawful combatant" can be punished by whatever lawful methods are available to the Party to the conflict.

If the Party does not use Article 5 the Party may invoke Article 42 of GCIV and use "internment" to detain the "unlawful combatant".

Persons who are not prisoners of war in an internal conflict

Civilians are covered by GCIV Article 3:

1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.

...

(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

...

An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.

The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.

...

But what of a combatant who does not qualify for POW status? Then they can expect to be treated humanely and before they are punished they can expect to get a trial in "a regularly constituted court".

The last time that American and British unlawful combatants were executed after "a regularly constituted court" was the A mercenary is a soldier who fights, or engages in warfare exclusively for money, without any regard for ideological, national or political considerations. When the term is used to refer to a soldier in a regular national army, it is usually considered an insult, epithet or pejorative. Mercenaries and the... Mercenary trial in Angola in June, 1976.

Domestic law

United States

The term has been around for at least 100 years and has been used in legal literature, military manuals and case law. It was introduced into US domestic law in 1942 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 - World War II: The word United Nations is first officially used to describe the Allied pact. January 2 - World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces. The Japanese Admiral stays in... 1942 by a The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... United States Supreme Court decision in the case ex parte Quirin. In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the jurisdiction of a U.S. military tribunal over the trial of several German This article is about Sabotage, the destructive action. The term sabotage can also refer to: an early Black Sabbath album (Sabotage), the Alfred Hitchcock films (Sabotage or Saboteur), a Beastie Boys song, or a type of shock site. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy through subversion... saboteurs in the US. This decision states (emphasis added and footnotes removed):

"...the law of war draws a distinction between the armed forces and the peaceful populations of belligerent nations and also between those who are lawful and unlawful combatants. Lawful combatants are subject to capture and detention as prisoners of war by opposing military forces. Unlawful combatants are likewise subject to capture and detention, but in addition they are subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals for acts which render their belligerency unlawful. The spy who secretly and without uniform passes the military lines of a belligerent in time of war, seeking to gather military information and communicate it to the enemy, or an enemy combatant who without uniform comes secretly through the lines for the purpose of waging war by destruction of life or property, are familiar examples of belligerents who are generally deemed not to be entitled to the status of prisoners of war, but to be offenders against the law of war subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals."

The Supreme court ruling on the Quirin case was over sixty years ago; since then the United States has signed and ratified the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which are, therefore, considered to be a part of US domestic law. The court cases which are currently grinding their way through the US judicial system should clarify the US domestic legal position and its precived international treaty obligations.

In the wake of the [September 11, 2001 attacks]] the United States Congress passed a resolution know as the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF)on September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). There are 104 days remaining. Events 96 - Nerva elevated as Roman Emperor after Domitian was stabbed to death. 323 - Constantine the Great decisively defeats Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantines sole control over the... September 18 2001. In this Congress invoked the The War Powers Resolution (Public Law 93-148) limits the power of the President of the United States to wage war without the approval of the Congress. The Resolution is sometimes referred to as the War Powers Act, but that is an older law intended to define limits on trade... War Powers Resolution and stated:

That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.^{[1]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_AUMF)}

Using the authorization granted to him by Congress, on November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. Events 1700-1899 1775 - American Revolutionary War: Patriot revolutionary forces under Col. Ethan Allen attack Montreal defended by British Kingdom of Great Britain General Guy Carleton. Allen and his... November 13, 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, 2001 is also the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millenium. Popular culture, however, often views the year 2000 as holding this distinction. 2001 is also the year... 2001, President Bush issued a Presidential Military Order: "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism"^{[2]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_MilitaryOrder)} which allowed "individuals ... to be detained, and, when tried, to be tried for violations of the laws of war and other applicable laws by military tribunals", where such individuals are a member of the organization known as al Qaida; or has conspired or committed acts of international terrorism, or have as their aim to cause, injury to or adverse effects on the United States, its citizens, national security, foreign policy, or economy. The order also specifies that the detainees are to be treated humanely. The length of time for which a detention of such individuals can continue before being tried by a military tribunal is not specified in the military order. The individuals detained under the military order are "detainees", The U.S. administration describes the detainees held under the military order as "Illegal enemy combatants". This is not a legal definition because none of them have yet been in front of a military tribunal to ascertain if they are enemy combatants who have broken the The laws of war (Jus in bello) define the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians. Sources of the laws of war The laws of war are mandatory for nations bound by... laws of war.

With the The United States, with support from the United Kingdom, Australia and the Northern Alliance, invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 as part of its War on Terrorism campaign. The military campaign, led by U.S. general Tommy Franks, was initially dubbed Operation Infinite Justice but quickly renamed Operation Enduring Freedom, due... U.S. invasion of Afghanistan some Hawkishness or Hawkism is an informal term used to describe a political stance of preparedness for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country or organization. The term is an allusion to the predatory hawk bird, and is usually used... hawkish lawyers in the The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. It is administered by the... Justice Department's Office of Legal Aid and in the office of This page is about the official residence of the President of the USA. For other White Houses see White House (disambiguation). See also 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical). The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United... White House counsel Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955 in San Antonio, Texas, USA) is the current Attorney General of the United States. He was formerly U.S. President George W. Bushs White House Counsel. Personal background Gonzales was raised in Houston, the second of eight children born to Pablo and... Alberto Gonzales advised Bush that he did not have to comply with the Geneva Conventions in handling detainees in the The War on terrorism or War on terror is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international groups it deems as terrorist (primarily radical Islamist terrorist groups, including al-Qaida) and insure rogue nations no longer support terrorist... war on terror. This applied not only to members of Al Queda but the entire Flag flown by the Taliban. It is white, with the shahadah written in black. The Taliban (Pashtun and Persian: طالبان; students of Islam), also transliterated as Taleban, is an Islamist movement which ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, despite having diplomatic recognition from... Taliban, because, they argued, Afghanistan was a "failed state". Despite opposition from the U.S. The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State. It is headquartered in the Harry S. Truman... State Department, which warned against ignoring the Geneva Conventions, the Bush administration thenceforth began holding such individuals captured in Afghanistan under the military order and not under the usual conditions of Prisoners of War. For thoses U.S. citizens detained under the military order US officials, such as Vice President Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941), widely known as Dick Cheney, is an American politician and businessman affiliated with the U.S. Republican Party. He is currently serving as the 46th Vice President of the United States under George W. Bush. Early life and family Cheney was born in... Dick Cheney, argue that the urgency of the post-9/11 environment called for such tactics in administration's war against terrorism.

Most of the individuals, detained by the U.S. military on the orders of the U.S. administration were initially captured in Afghanistan. The foreign detainees, are held Camp X-Ray is the temporary detention facility located at the Joint Task Force Guantanamo on the U.S. Naval Base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. It was named Camp X-Ray because various temporary camps in the station were named sequentially from the beginning and then from the end of... Camp X-Ray at Map of Cuba with location of Guantánamo Bay indicated. Guantánamo Bay (abbreviated as GTMO or Gitmo) is located at the south-eastern end of Cuba, in the Guantánamo Province, at 19° 54 N. Lat., 75° 9 W Lon. and contains a United States Naval Base (116 km... Guantanamo Bay on The Republic of Cuba is an archipelago in the northern Caribbean that lies at the confluence of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. To the north are found the United States and the Bahamas, to the west Mexico, to the south the Cayman Islands and... Cuba. Guantanamo Bay was chosen because although it is under the de facto control of the United States administration, it is not a sovereign territory of the United States and a previous Supreme Court ruling Johnson v. Eisentrager in Events January January 5 - US Senator Estes Kefauver introduces a resolution calling for examination of organized crime in the USA January 6 - The United Kingdom recognizes the Peoples Republic of China. The Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with Britain in response. January 9 - The Israeli government recognizes the... 1950 had ruled that U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over enemy aliens held outside the USA.

There have been a number of number of domestic legal challenges on behalf of the detainees held in Camp X-Ray and in other places. These include:

• On July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. Events 1608 - At Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Samuel de Champlain shot two Iroquois chiefs to death. This was to set the tone for French-Iroquois relations for... July 30, 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated: International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains National Science Year in the United Kingdom Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom Events January Euro banknotes in circulation throughout the twelve countries of the European Union that... 2002 The Washington D.C. District Court ruled that it did not have jurisdiction because Guantanamo Bay is not a United States territory is any extent of region under the control of the United States of America federal government, including all waters (around islands or continental tracts). The United States has traditionally proclaimed the sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing its territory. This extent of territory is all... sovereign territory of the United States. This decision was appealed to the D.C. Circuit Court which upheld the decision. The case was appealed to the The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... United States Supreme Court on September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years). There are 120 days remaining. Events 31 BC - Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium - Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra. 1649 - The Italian city of Castro is... September 2, 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003.
• On November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Ladislaus III of Poland (or Ulaszlo I of Hungary) are crushed by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and... November 10, 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003, the The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... United States Supreme Court announced that it would decide on appeals by Afghan war detainees who challenge their continued incarceration at Camp X-Ray as being unlawful.
• On January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 355 days remaining (356 in leap years). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon which signalled civil war. 1072 - Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo. 1776 - Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense. 1806 - Dutch in Cape Town... 10 January 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, 175 members of both The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). At its head is the Sovereign; it also includes an Upper House, called the House of Lords, and a Lower... houses of Parliament in the UK had filed an Definition and Explanation: Amicus curiæ (Latin for friend of the court; plural amici curiæ) briefs are legal documents filed by non-litigants in appellate court cases, which include additional information or arguments that those outside parties wish to have considered in that particular case. Appellate cases are otherwise limited to... amici curiæ brief to support the detainees' access to USA jurisdiction.
• On This article is in need of attention. Please improve it in any way you see fit. (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. See Talk:August_1. The correct dates for such events need to be determined.) June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th... June 28, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, the Supreme Court ruled in Rasul v. Bush was a lawsuit in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the U.S. court system has the authority to decide whether foreign nationals (non-U.S. citizens) held in Guantanamo Bay were rightfully imprisoned. The 6-3 ruling on June 29, 2004 reversed a Washington... Rasul_v._Bush that detainees in Camp X-Ray could turn to U.S. courts to challenge their confinement, but can also be held without charges or trial.
• On July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. Events 1456 - Joan of Arc is acquitted of heresy (but she had already been executed). 1534 - European colonization of the Americas: First known exchange between Europeans and natives of... July 7, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, In response to the Supreme Court ruling, the Pentagon announced that cases would be reviewed by military tribunals, in compliance with Article 5 of the Third Geneva Convention.^{[3]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_BBC)}
• On November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. Events 1500-1899 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great pomp as would befit a returning god... November 8, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, a federal court halted the proceeding of Salim Ahmed Hamdan, 34, of Yemen. Hamdan was to be the first Guantanamo detainee tried before a military commission. Judge James Robertson of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Hamden v. Rumsfeld^{[4]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_HvR)} that no competent tribunal had found that Hamdan was not a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions.

Yaser Esam Hamdi was a U.S. citizen captured in Afghanistan while fighting U.S. forces with the Taliban in 2001. He was named by the U.S. an enemy combatant and detained for almost three years without receiving any charges. He was initially detained at Camp X-Ray at... Yaser Hamdi was captured in Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: Afğānistān افغانستان) is a country in Central Asia. It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the... Afghanistan in 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, 2001 is also the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millenium. Popular culture, however, often views the year 2000 as holding this distinction. 2001 is also the year... 2001. He was taken to Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, but was transferred to jails in Virginia and South Carolina after it became known that he was a U.S. citizen. On September 23, 2004, the United States Justice Department agreed to release Hamdi to The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, with the Persian Gulf to its north-east and the Red Sea to its west. National motto: None Official language Arabic Capital Riyadh King Fahd... Saudi Arabia, where he is also a citizen, on the condition that he gave up his U.S. citizenship. The deal also bars Hamdi from visiting certain countries and to inform Saudi officials if he plans to leave the kingdom. He was a party to a Supreme Court decision Holding U.S. citizens designated as enemy combatants by the Executive Branch have a right to challenge their detainment under the Due Process Clause. Fourth Circuit decision vacated and remanded. Court membership Case opinions Laws applied U.S. Const. Art. II, Amend. V; 18 U.S.C. § 4001; 115 Stat... Hamdi v. Rumsfeld which issued a decision on This article is in need of attention. Please improve it in any way you see fit. (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. See Talk:August_1. The correct dates for such events need to be determined.) June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th... June 28, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, repudiating the U.S. government's unilateral assertion of executive authority to suspend the constitutional protections of individual liberty of a U.S. citizen.

On May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). There are 237 days remaining. Events 1450 - Jack Cades Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI. 1541 - Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River naming it Río de Espí... May 8, 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated: International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains National Science Year in the United Kingdom Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom Events January Euro banknotes in circulation throughout the twelve countries of the European Union that... 2002, José Padilla, also known as Abdullah al-Muhajir, was arrested by The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). Title 28, United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to appoint officials to detect... crimes against the United States... FBI agents at Chicagos skyline at day Chicago is the third largest city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles, with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 US Census. It is the fourth largest city in North America and the seventh largest in... Chicago's OHare International Airport is an airport located in Chicago, Illinois, 17 miles (27 km) northwest of the Chicago Loop. It is the headquarters of United Airlines and the second-largest hub of American Airlines. Its IATA airport code is ORD, and its ICAO airport code is KORD. It is... O'Hare International Airport and held as material witness on the warrant issued in State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13.3%) Population (2000)  - Population 18,976,457 (3rd)  - Density 155... New York State about the 2001 9/11 attacks. On June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. Events 68 - Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide, imploring his secretary Epaphroditus to slit his throat to evade a Senate-imposed death by flogging. 1534 - Jacques Cartier is the first... June 9, 2002 President Bush issued an order to Secretary Rumsfeld to detain Padilla as an "enemy combatant". The order legaly justified the detention by leaning on the AUMF which authorized the President to "..use all necessary force against those nations, organizations, or persons..." and in the opinion of the administration a U.S. citizen can be an enemy combatant (This was decided by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Ex Parte Quirin)^{[5]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_syr1)}. Padilla is currently being detained without charge in State nickname: Palmetto State Other U.S. States Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Governor Mark Sanford Official languages English Area 82,965 km² (40th)  - Land 78,051 km²  - Water 4,915 km² (6%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,012,012 (26th)  - Density 51.45 /km... South Carolina and is accused by the George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and the 43rd and current President of the United States. Bush is a member of the Bush political family, the son of former President George H.W. Bush and the brother of Jeb Bush, the governor of Florida. Before... Bush Administration of being an illegal enemy combatant and a Nuclear terrorism can be used to describe any of the following terrorist assaults: Use of Nuclear weapons against a civilian target Use of a radiological weapon or dirty bomb against a civilian target An attack against a nuclear power plant Some believe that no such act has ever taken place... nuclear terrorist planning to set off a The term dirty bomb is most often used to refer to a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD), a radiological weapon which combines radioactive material with conventional explosives. Though an RDD is designed to disperse radioactive material over a large area, the convential explosive would likely have more immediate lethal effect than... dirty bomb.

• The November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. Events 1700-1899 1775 - American Revolutionary War: Patriot revolutionary forces under Col. Ethan Allen attack Montreal defended by British Kingdom of Great Britain General Guy Carleton. Allen and his... November 13, 2001, Military Order, mentioned above, exempts U.S. citizens from trial by military tribunals to determin if they are "unlawful combatants", which indicates that Padilla and Yaser Hamdi would end up in the civilian criminal justice system, as happened with John Walker Lindh John Phillip Walker Lindh (born February 9, 1981) is an American citizen who was captured in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom while fighting for the Taliban. His capture made worldwide headlines, and the media dubbed him the American Taliban. Walker prefers to go by the name John... John Walker Lindh.
• On December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 13 days remaining. Events 218 BC - Battle of the Trebia, Hannibals first great victory over the Roman Republic. 1352 - Innocent VI is elected Pope. 1642 - Abel Tasman lands at Mohua... December 18, 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals declared that the Bush Administration lacked the authority to detain a U.S. citizen arrested on U.S. soil as an "illegal enemy combatant" without clear congressional authorization (per 18 U.S.C. § 4001(a)); it consequently ordered the government to release Padilla from military custody within thirty days^{[6]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_reuters1)}. But agreed that he could be held until an appeal was heard.
• On February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 314 days remaining, 315 in leap years. Events up to 19th century 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are annexed to the crown of Scotland. 1547 - Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster... February 20, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the government's appeal.
• The Supreme Court heard the case, Donald Rumsfeld v. José Padilla & Donna Newman is a pending case in the United States Supreme Court, brought by Donald Rumsfeld against José Padilla, regarding the juristictional question of Padillas (a United States citizen) place within the US legal system, in the wake of his detainment as an... Rumsfeld v. Padilla, in 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Deaths in April • 18 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara • 19 Norris McWhirter • 22 Pat Tillman • 24 Estée Lauder Other recent deaths Ongoing events EU Enlargement Exploration of Mars: Rovers Haiti Rebellion Reconstruction... April 2004, but on This article is in need of attention. Please improve it in any way you see fit. (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. See Talk:August_1. The correct dates for such events need to be determined.) June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th... June 28 it was thrown out on a technicality. The court declared that New York State, where the case was originally filed, was an improper venue and that the case should have been filled in South Carolina, where Padilla was being held.
• On February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 306 days remaining, 307 in leap years. Events 364 - Valentinian I is elevated as Roman Emperor. 1258 - Hulagu Khan sacks Baghdad 1700 - February 28 is followed by March 1 in Sweden, thus creating the Swedish... February 28, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. Worldwide aid effort continues to develop in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. January 3... 2005, in Spartanburg is a city located in Spartanburg County in South Carolina, a state of the United States of America, and 98 miles north of Columbia. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 39,673. It is the county seat of Spartanburg County6. Spartanburg is second... Spartanburg, State nickname: Palmetto State Other U.S. States Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Governor Mark Sanford Official languages English Area 82,965 km² (40th)  - Land 78,051 km²  - Water 4,915 km² (6%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,012,012 (26th)  - Density 51.45 /km... South Carolina, U.S. District Judge Henry Floyd ordered the Bush administration to either charge Padilla or release him ^{[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_NYT-01-03-2005)}. He relied on the Supreme Court's ruling in the parallel enemy combatant case of Yaser Hamdi (Hamdi v. Rumsfeld), in which the majority decision declared a "state of war is not a blank check for the president when it comes to the rights of the nation's citizens."

see also This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. President Bush signs USA Patriot Act, October 26, 2001 The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act, H.R. 3162... USA PATRIOT Act

Other countries

Other countries, including the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom, The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israel, Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is the sixth-largest country in the world, the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia/ Oceania. It also includes a number of secondary islands, the largest of which is Tasmania, an Australian State. Australia is... Australia, Canada is an independent sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. Bordering the United States, its territorial claims extend north into the Arctic Ocean as far as the North Pole. Canada is a federation of ten provinces... Canada, and For alternative meanings, see New Zealand (disambiguation). New Zealand is a country formed of two major islands and a number of Pacific Ocean. A common Māori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, popularly translated as Land of the Long White Cloud. New Zealand also maintains responsibility for the... New Zealand make theoretical distinctions between lawful and unlawful combatants and the legal status thereof.

Criticism

The purported legal status of "unlawful combatants" in those nations currently holding detainees under that name, has been the subject of criticism by other nations and international human rights institutions; including Human Rights Watch is an international NGO based in New York City, USA, that works with human rights issues. The organization was started under the name Helsinki Watch in 1978 to monitor the Soviet Unions compliance with the Helsinki Accords. Other watch organizations were started to cover other parts... Human Rights Watch and the The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is historically a committee of Swiss nationals, although non-Swiss nationals have recently been allowed (the committee appoints new members to itself to replace those who resign or die) which leads the international Red Cross movement (often simply known after its symbol... International Committee of the Red Cross. The ICRC in response to the US-led military campaign in Afghanistan published a paper on the subject^{[8]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_ICRC)}, in which it states:

Whereas the terms "combatant" "prisoner of war" and "civilian" are generally used and defined in the treaties of international humanitarian law, the terms "unlawful combatant", "unprivileged combatants/belligerents" do not appear in them. They have, however, been frequently used at least since the beginning of the last century in legal literature, military manuals and case law. The connotations given to these terms and their consequences for the applicable protection regime are not always very clear.

In the US the term unlawful combatant, critics maintain, has mainly been used to deny detainees basic civil rights, such as the right to a counsellor, a speedy trial and right of appeal. It has been argued that this gives governments a right to arbitrarily suspend the The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary rulings in individual cases. Generalities Perhaps the most famous exposition of the concept of rule of... rule of law in a way that should not be accepted.

Some governments whose nationals have been detained with this status, notably Canada is an independent sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. Bordering the United States, its territorial claims extend north into the Arctic Ocean as far as the North Pole. Canada is a federation of ten provinces... Canada, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... the UK, and The Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish: Konungariket Sverige  listen?) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. It is bordered by Norway on the west, Finland on the northeast, the Skagerrak Strait and the Kattegat Strait on the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia on... Sweden, have intervened to limit the degree to which the rights of their nationals have been suspended. In general this has been handled on a case-by-case basis as numbers are few.

Many governments and human rights organizations worry that the introduction of the unlawful combatant status sets a dangerous precedent for other regimes to follow. When the government of The Republic of Liberia is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte dIvoire. It has recently been afflicted by two civil wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003) that have displaced hundreds of thousands of its citizens and destroyed... Liberia detained American activist Hassan Bility in 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated: International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains National Science Year in the United Kingdom Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom Events January Euro banknotes in circulation throughout the twelve countries of the European Union that... 2002, Liberian authorities dismissed the complaints^{[9]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant#fn_Liberia)} of the United States, responding that he had been detained as an unlawful combatant.

See also

• Franc-tireur is an informal term for an armed fighter who, if captured, is not entitled to prisoner of war status. This classification could apply as of late 2004 to many persons being held at Camp X-ray. The term franc-tireur is from the French for free shooter. During... Franc-tireur

Articles

• Michael Greenberger: "Is Criminal Justice a Casualty of the Bush Administration's 'War on Terror'? (http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter04/casualty.html)" in American Bar Association's Human Right Magazine, Winter 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004
• Daniel Kanstroom: "'Unlawful Combatants' in the United States - Drawing the Fine Line Between Law and War (http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter03/unlawful.html)" in American Bar Association's Human Right Magazine, Winter 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003
• Knut Dörmann: " The legal situation of unlawful/unprivileged combatants (http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList553/88140B29D25A47EFC1256D0B0046F105)". Article in the International Review of the The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is historically a committee of Swiss nationals, although non-Swiss nationals have recently been allowed (the committee appoints new members to itself to replace those who resign or die) which leads the international Red Cross movement (often simply known after its symbol... ICRC, March 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003
• People for the American Way's critical report "Undermining the Bill of Rights (http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=15110)" with extensive legal references
• Michael Dorf: What is an "Unlawful combatant," and why it matters: The Status Of Detained Al Qaeda And Taliban Fighters (http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dorf/20020123.html) Published by FindLaw  (http://company.findlaw.com/company_info.html) January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 342 days remaining, 343 in leap years. Events 1510 - Henry VIII of England, 18, appears incognito in the lists at Richmond, and is applauded for his jousting before he reveals himself. 1533 - Anne Boleyn, mistress... January 23, 2002. Dorf is Vice Dean and Professor of Law at Columbia University.
• Eurolegal Services' highly critical article  (http://www.eurolegal.org/useur/unlawfulcomb.htm) on the Bush administration's detention practices at Guantanamo Bay.
• Christiane Wilke: War v. Justice:Terrorism Cases, Enemy Combatants, and Political Justice in U.S. Courts (http://www.newschool.edu/gf/polsci/landynskiconf/4.wilke.pdf) (PDF)
• The Yale Law Journal: A Small Problem of Precedent: per 18 U.S.C. § 4001(a) and the Detention of U.S. Citizen "Enemy Combatants" (http://www.yale.edu/yalelj/112/VladeckWEB.pdf) (PDF)
• U.S. Supreme Court Reviews Cases on Detainees (http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2004/May/03-611085.html)

Footnotes

See Wikipedia:Footnote3

1. ⇧ US Congress' joint resolution of September 18, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force ("AUMF") (http://assembler.law.cornell.edu/uscode/50/usc_sec_50_00001541----000-notes.html); public law 107-40, 115 Stat. 224
2. ⇧ President George W. Bush's Military Order of November 13, 2001: Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/print/20011113-27.html); 66 FR 57833 backup site (http://www.law.uchicago.edu/tribunals/exec_order.html)
3. ⇧ Q&A: US Supreme Court Guantanamo ruling (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3867067.stm) Source BBC
4. ⇧ Hamden v. Rumsfeld summary (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/gazette/2004/11/ruling-on-lawfulness-of-guantanamo.php), full txt (PDF File) (http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/04-1519.pdf) – U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, presiding Judge James Robertson
5. ⇧ Authorization for Use of Military Force: Padilla v. Bush: Jose Padilla under the Joint Resolution (http://www.law.syr.edu/academics/centers/insct/Military%20Force%20-%20Padilla.asp) The Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, issued by the Syracuse Collage of Law
6. ⇧ Appeals Court Says Bush Can't Hold U.S. Citizen (http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1218-10.htm) Published on Thursday, December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 13 days remaining. Events 218 BC - Battle of the Trebia, Hannibals first great victory over the Roman Republic. 1352 - Innocent VI is elected Pope. 1642 - Abel Tasman lands at Mohua... December 18, 2003 by Reuters is a company supplying global financial markets and news media with a range of information products and transactional solutions, including real-time and historical market data, research and analytics, financial trading platforms, investment data and analytics plus news in text, video, graphics and photographs. The company was founded by... Reuters
7. ⇧ Judge Says Terror Suspect Can't Be Held as an Enemy Combatant (http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/01/politics/01terror.html?ex=1111899600&en=4bade73e4d6a651f&ei=5070) The The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. It is owned by The New York Times Company, which also publishes other major newspapers like International Herald Tribune and The Boston Globe, among... New York Times March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). There are 305 days remaining. Events 1562 - Over 1,000 Huguenots are massacred by Catholics in Vassy, France marking the start of the French Wars of Religion. 1565 - The city of Rio de... March 1, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. Worldwide aid effort continues to develop in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. January 3... 2005
8. ⇧ The legal situation of unlawful/unprivileged combatants (http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/5LPHBV/%24File/irrc_849_Dorman.pdf) (IRRC March 2003 Vol.85 No 849)
9. ⇧ Comments on the Arrest and Detention of Journalist Hassan Bility in Liberia (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/11718.htm) Press Statement by Richard Boucher, Spokesman in the U.S The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State. It is headquartered in the Harry S. Truman... State Department, July 8, 2002