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Ilokano (variants: Ilocano, Iluko, Iloco, and Iloko) is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines. Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ... This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages used by some 351 million speakers. ... The Borneo-Philippines languages (or Outer Hesperonesian or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a branch of the Austronesian family which include the languages of the Philippines, much of Borneo, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, and Madagascar, as outlined in Wouk and Ross (2002). ... Writing systems of the world today. ... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... The Filipino alphabet (officially Makabagong alpabetong Filipino; English: Modern Filipino alphabet) is made up of 28 letters, which includes the entire 21-letter set of the Abakada (including ng) and 8 letters from the Spanish alphabet (namely C, F, J, Ñ, Q, V, X and Z). ... Baybayin (sometimes called Alibata) is a pre-Hispanic Tagalog writing system that originated from the Javanese script Kavi. ... The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language) is the official regulating body of the Filipino language. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...

Being an Austronesian language, it is related to such languages as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori (of New Zealand), Hawaiian, Malagasy (of Madagascar), Samoan, Tahitian, Chamorro (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Tetum (of East Timor), and Paiwan (of Taiwan). The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. ... Māori or Te Reo Māori, commonly shortened to Te Reo (literally the language) is an official language of New Zealand. ... The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. ... Tahitian, a Tahitic language, is one of the two official languages of French Polynesia (along with French). ... Chamorro (Chamoru in Chamorro) is the native language of the Chamorro or Chamoru of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. ... Tetum (also written as Tetun) is the national language of East Timor. ... Paiwan is a native language of Taiwan, spoken by the Paiwan people, one tribe of the Taiwanese aborigines. ...

History

Ilokanos are descendants of Austronesian-speaking people from southern China via Taiwan.^{[citation needed]} Families and clans arrived by viray or bilog, meaning boat. The term Ilokano originated from i-, meaning "from", and looc, meaning "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay." Ilokanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilokano phrase saö mi ditoy, meaning "our language here". The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ...

Classification

Ilokano comprises its own branch in the Philippine Cordilleran family of languages. It is spoken as a native language by eight million people.^{[citation needed]}

A lingua franca of the northern region, it is spoken as a secondary language by more than two million people who are native speakers of Pangasinan, Ibanag, Ivatan, and other languages in Northern Luzon.^{[citation needed]} The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. ... The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is spoken by up to 500,000 speakers (the Ibanag people) in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao City, Solana, Cabagan, and Ilagan and with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, UK and... The Ivatan language, also known as Ibatan, is an Austronesian language spoken exclusively in the Batanes Islands in the most northern reaches of the Philippines. ...

Geographic distribution

Ilokano population distribution. Enlarge picture to see percent distribution.

Ilokanos occupy the narrow, barren strip of land in the northwestern tip of Luzon, squeezed in between the inhospitable Cordillera mountain range to the east and the South China Sea to the west. This harsh geography molded a people known for their clannishness, tenacious industry and frugality, traits that were vital for survival.^{[citation needed]} It also induced Ilokanos to become a migratory people, always in search for better opportunities and for land to build a life on. Although their homeland constitutes the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Abra, their population has spread east and south of their original territorial borders. Download high resolution version (600x900, 98 KB)Population breakdown: black = >90% dark red = 70-89% red = 50-69% light red = 30-49% dark yellow = 10-29% light yellow = 1-9% white = <1% Ilocano distribution map shows the breakdown of the Ilocano population based on the most recent Philippine census data... Download high resolution version (600x900, 98 KB)Population breakdown: black = >90% dark red = 70-89% red = 50-69% light red = 30-49% dark yellow = 10-29% light yellow = 1-9% white = <1% Ilocano distribution map shows the breakdown of the Ilocano population based on the most recent Philippine census data... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Ilocos Norte Region: Ilocos Region (Region I) Capital: Laoag City Founded: — Population: 2000 census—514,241 (48th largest) Density—151 per km² (27th lowest) Area: 3,399. ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Ilocos Sur Region: Ilocos Region (Region I) Capital: Vigan City Founded: 1572 Population: 2000 census—594,206 (41st largest) Density—230 per km² (34th highest) Area: 2,579. ... La Union is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. ... Abra is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. ...

Ilokano pioneers flocked to the more fertile Cagayan Valley, Apayao mountains and the Pangasinan plains during the 18th and 19th centuries and now constitute a majority in many of these areas.^{[citation needed]} In the 20th century, many Ilokano families moved to Metro Manila and further south to Mindanao. They became the first Filipino ethnic group to immigrate en masse to North America (the so-called Manong generation), forming sizable communities in the American states of Hawaii, California, Washington and Alaska. Ilokano is the native language of most of the original Filipino immigrants in the United States, but Tagalog is used by more Filipino-Americans because it is the national language of the people of the Philippines.^{[citation needed]} REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Cagayan Region: Cagayan Valley (Region II) Capital: Tuguegarao City Founded: 1581 Population: 2000 census—993,580 (25th largest) Density—110 per km² (16th lowest) Area: 9,002 km² (3rd largest) Divisions: Highly urbanized cities—0 Component cities—1 Municipalities—28 Barangays—820 Congressional districts... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Apayao Region: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Capital: Kabugao Founded: February 14, 1995 Population: 2000 census—97,129 (4th smallest) Density—25 per km² (lowest) Area: 3,927. ... Pangasinan, officially Province of Pangasinan (Pangasinan: Luyag na Pangasinan), is one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines. ... For the capital city of the Philippines, see Manila. ... Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ...

A large, growing number of Ilokanos can also be found in the Middle East, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Canada and Europe.^{[citation needed]} A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Writing system

Our Father prayer from Doctrina Cristiana, 1621.

A portion of an Ilocano version of the prayer Our Father in old syllabic script. ... A portion of an Ilocano version of the prayer Our Father in old syllabic script. ...

Pre-Colonial

Pre-colonial Ilokanos of all classes wrote in a syllabic system prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilokano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark - a cross virama, shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether the vowel was read or not. An inscription of Swampy Cree using Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, an abugida developed by Christian missionaries for Aboriginal Canadian languages An abugida, alphasyllabary, or syllabics is a writing system in which consonant signs (graphemes) are inherently associated with a following vowel. ... Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. ... Virama is a generic term for the diacritic character in many Brahmic scripts that is used to suppress an inherent vowel sound that occurs with every consonant character. ...

Modern

In recent times, there have been two systems in use: The "Spanish" system and the "Tagalog" system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Nowadays, only the older generation of Ilokanos use the Spanish system.

The system based on that of Tagalog is more phonetic. In this system each letter receives one phonetic value, and better reflects the actual pronunciation of the word.^[1] The letters ng, however, constitute a digraph and counts as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilokano phonology. The weekly magazine Bannawag is known to use this system. Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Bannawag (Iloko word meaning dawn) is the leading Iloko (also Ilokano and Iluko) weekly magazine published in the Philippines since 1937. ...

Samples of the Two System

The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using the Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system.

Ilokano and Education

Literature

Main article: Ilokano literature

Ilokano animistic past offers a rich background in folklore, mythology and superstition (see Religion in the Philippines). There are many stories of good and malevolent spirits and beings. Its creation mythology centers on the giants Aran and her husband Angngalo, and Namarsua (the Creator). Ilokano literature or Iloko literature pertains to the literary works of writers of Ilocano ancestry regardless of the language used - be it Iloko, English, Spanish or other foreign and Philippine languages. ... There are a number of religions that exist in the Philippines. ...

The epic story Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is undoubtedly one of the few indigenous stories from the Philippines that survived colonialism, although much of it is now acculturated and shows many foreign elements in the retelling. It reflects values important to traditional Ilokano society; it is a hero’s journey steeped in courage, loyalty, pragmatism, honor, and ancestral and familial bonds.

Ilokano culture revolves around life rituals, festivities and oral history. These were celebrated in songs (kankanta), dances (sala), poems (daniw), riddles (murmurtia), proverbs (pagsasao), literary verbal jousts called bucanegan (named after the writer Pedro Bucaneg, and is the equivalent of the Balagtasan of the Tagalogs) and epic stories. The Tagalogs are one of the largest Filipino ethnic groups. ...

Phonology

Segmental

Vowels

Modern Ilokano has two dialects, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) Dialect, there exist only five vowels while the Abagatan (Southern) Dialect employs six.

• Amianan: /a/, /i/, /u/,/ɛ/,/o/
• Abagatan: /a/, /i/, /u/,/ɛ/,/o/,/ɯ/

The letter in bold is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel.

For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart. Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

Although the modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions.

O/U and I/E

In native morphemes, the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o; elsewhere, u. In Linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a given language. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Ultima may refer to: Ultima, a series of fantasy role-playing games. ...

 Example: Root: luto cook agluto to cook lutuen to cook (something) 

Instances such as masapulmonto, You will manage to find it, to need it, are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), mo (pronoun) and (n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however, is laud /la.ʔud/, west. Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [da'nom] for danum (water).

That said, the two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words, due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic. In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ... In spoken language, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words (i. ...

 Example: uso use oso bear 

Unlike u and o, i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ε], like ubíng [u’bεŋ] (child).

The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel. The close front unrounded vowel /i/ and becomes the glide [j] before another vowel. Semivowels (also glides, more rarely: semiconsonants) are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with syllabic vowels. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ...

 Example: kuarta /kwar.ta/ money paria /par.ja/ bitter melon 

In addition, dental/alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/. (See Consonants below). Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ...

Northern and Southern Pronunciation of /e/

The letter e represent two vowels in the Southern dialect, /ɛ/ in words of foreign origin and /ɯ/ in native words, and only one in the Northern dialect, /ɛ/.

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels are written with their corresponding glide, y or w. Of all the possible combinations, only /ai/ or /ei/, /iu/, /ai/ and /ui/ occur. In the orthography, vowels in sequence such as uo and ai, do not coelesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok hair /bu.ʔuk/ and dait sew /da.ʔit/. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ...

Diphthongs

Diphthong	Orthography	Example
/au/	aw	kabaw "senile"
/iu/	iw	iliw "home sick"
/ai/	ay	maysa "one"
/ei/[2]	ey	idiey "there" (Regional variant. Standard: "idiay")
/oi/, /ui/[3]	oy, uy	baboy "pig"

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops	Voiceless	p	t		k	- [ʔ][4]
	Voiced	b	d		g
Affricates	Voiceless			(ts, tiV) [tʃ][5]
	Voiced			(diV) [dʒ][5]
Fricatives			s	(siV) [ʃ][5]		h
Nasals		m	n	(niV) [nj][5]	ng [ŋ]
Laterals			l	(liV) [lj][5]
Flaps			r [ɾ]
Trills			rr [r]
Semivowels		(w, CuV) w[5]		(y, CiV) [j][5]

All consonantal phonemes may be the syllable onset or coda. Exceptions are /h/ and /ʔ/. The phoneme /h/ is loaned and rarely occurs in coda position. Although, the Spanish word, reloj, clock, would come into Ilokano as */re.loh/, the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/. However, this word may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. Both, /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur. In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ) but release as a fricative (such as or or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Laterals are L-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue. ... In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another. ... Semivowels (also glides, more rarely: semiconsonants) are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with syllabic vowels. ... In phonetics and phonology, a syllable onset is the part of a syllable that precedes the syllable nucleus. ... Look up coda in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an oset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Take for example the root aramat, use. When prefixed with ag-, the expected form is *ag-aramat /ʔag.ʔa.ra.mat/. But, the actual form is, in fact, agaramat /ʔa.ga.ra.mat/; the glottal stop disappears. In a reduplicated form, the glottal stop returns and participates in the template, CVC, agar-aramat /ʔa.gar.ʔa.ra.mat/.

Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, sungbat [suŋ.bat̚] answer, response.

Ilocano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone, as /r/ in many cases is derived from a Proto-Austonesian */G/, compare dugo (Tagalog) and dara (Ilokano) blood.

Grammar

Main article: Ilokano grammar

Ilokano employs a predicate-initial structure. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows. Ilokano grammar, akin to many of the Philippine languages, is very different in many resepects from European languages like English. ...

Ilokano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences. Reduplication, in linguistics, is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word, or only part of it, is repeated. ...

Lexicon

Borrowings

Ilokano's vocabulary has a closer affinity to languages from Borneo. Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish, followed by English and smatterings of Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic and Sanskrit. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... M&#464;n N n (Chinese: &#38313;&#21335;&#35486;), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...

Examples of Borrowing

Word	Source	Original Meaning	Ilokano meaning
arak	Arabic	drink similar to sake	generic alcoholic drink
karma	Sanskrit	deed (see Buddhism)	spirit
Sanglay	Hokkien	to deliver goods	to deliver/Chinese merchant
agbuldos	English	to bulldoze	to bulldoze
kuarta	Spanish	cuarta ("quarter", a kind of copper coin)	money
kumusta	Spanish	greeting: ¿Cómo está? ("How are you?")	how are you

Common expressions

English Language	Ilocano Language
Yes	Wen
No	Saan or Haan
How are you?	Kumusta ka?
Good day	Naimbag nga aldaw
Good morning	Naimbag a bigat
Good afternoon	Naimbag a malem
Good evening	Naimbag a rabii
What is your name?	Ania ti naganmo? (often contracted to Aniat' naganmo?)
Where's the bathroom?	Ayanna ti banio?
I cannot understand	Diak matarusan
I love you	Ay-ayatenka or Ipatpategka
Sorry	Pakawan or Dispensar
Goodbye	Agpakadaakon or Kastan/Kasta pay (Till then) or Sige (Okay) or Innakon (I'm going)

Numbers (Bilang), Days, Months

Numbers

0	ibbong OR awan OR sero (English zero) OR itlog (Ilokano slang, "egg")
0.25 (1/4)	kakappat
0.50 (1/2)	kagudua
1	maysa
2	dua
3	tallo
4	uppat
5	lima
6	innem
7	pito
8	walo
9	siam
10	sangapulo
11	sangapulo ket maysa
20	duapulo
50	limapulo
100	sangagasut
1,000	sangaribo
10,000	sangalaksa
1,000,000	sangariwriw
1,000,000,000	sangabilion (American English, billion)

Days of the Week

Monday	Lunes
Tuesday	Martes
Wednesday	Mierkoles
Thursday	Huebes
Friday	Biernes
Saturday	Sabado
Sunday	Domingo

Days are of Spanish origin. A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ...

Months

January	Enero		July	Hulio
February	Pebrero		August	Agosto
March	Marso		September	Septiembre
April	Abril		October	Oktubre
May	Mayo		November	Nobiembre
June	Hunio		December	Disiembre

Months are of Spanish origin.

Units of time

second	kanito OR segundo
minute	minuto OR daras
day	aldaw
week	lawas OR domingo
month	bulan
year	tawen OR anio

To mention time, Ilokanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilokano:

1:00 a.m. A la una iti bigat (One in the morning)

2:30 p.m. A las dos imedia iti malem (in Spanish, Son las dos y media de la tarde or "half past two in the afternoon")

Ilokano uses a mixture of ilokano and Spanish numbers. Traditionally ilokano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time of days and references. Examples:

Spanish: Mano ti tawenmo? Beintiuno. How old are you? Twenty one.

Luktanyo dagiti Bibliayo iti libro ni Juan capitulo tres bersikolo diesiseis. Open your Bibles to the book of John chapter three verse sixteen.

Ilokano: Mano a kilo a bagas ti kayatmo? Sangapulo laeng. How many kilos of rice do you want? Ten only.

Adda dua nga ikan kenkuana. He has two fish.

More Ilokano words

ading = younger brother/sister al-alya = ghost/spirit apay = why? apong = grandparent apong baket = grandmother an-nay! = Ouch! aso = dog aysus! = Oh, Jesus/Oh, my God! apong lakay = grandfather babai = female bakla/maing = effeminate male baket = old women / wife balla = crazy bangsit = stink barok = young boy basang = young girl (ag)basa = (to) read basul = fault, wrongdoing bisin = hunger (ag)buya = (to) watch dadael = destroy/ruin digos = bath gayyem = friend kaanakan = niece / nephew kabalyo = horse kabsat = sibling kanayon = always kasinsin = cousin katawa = laugh inang/nanang = mother lalaki = male lakay = old man / husband mabisin = hungry manang = older sister or relative; can also be applied to women a little older than the speaker

mangan = eat manong = older brother or relative; can also be applied to men a little older than the speaker mari = female friend/mother naimas = taste/feel good. nana = grandmother nasam-it = sweet naalsem = sour napait = bitter naapgad = salty naimas = delicious (na)pintas = beautiful (woman) nataraki = cute (man, slightly impolite connotation, but properly used on an animal, as for a rooster), usually interchanged with 'handsome' nataengan = adult (na)guapo = handsome (man) pari = close male friend padi = father (priest) (na)peggad = danger(ous) pusa= cat pustaan = bet or wager riing = wake up sala = dance (na)sakit = (it) hurts (ag)sangit = (to) cry (ag)surat = (to) write takrot/tarkok = coward/afraid tata = grandfather tatang = father (ag)takder = (to) stand (ag)tugaw = (to) sit (na)tawid = inherit(ed) tum-bigat = tomorrow. turog = sleep ubing = child

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Ilokano grammar
• Ilocano people
• Basic Ilocano Phrases

Notes

1. ^ The reverse is true for the vowel /u/ where it has two representations in native words. The vowel /u/ is written o when it appears in the last syllable of the word or of the root, for example kitaemonto /ki.ta.e.mun.tu/. In addition, e represents two vowels in the southern dialect: [ɛ] and [ɯ].
2. ^ The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/.
3. ^ The distinction between /o/ and /u/ is minimal.
4. ^ Words that begin with a vowel begin with a glottal stop. This is not shown in the orthography. When it occurs within a word, a hyphen is used to represent it, for example lab-ay [lab.ʔaj].
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Letters in parentheses are orthographic conventions that are used.

External links

Ilokano language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Ethnologue entry for Ilokano
• Bansa.org Ilokano Dictionary
• Ilocano.org A project for building an online Ilokano dictionary. Also features Ilokano songs, and a community forum.
• Ilocano: Ti pagsasao ti amianan - Webpage by linguist Dr. Carl R. Galvez Rubino, author of dictionaries on Iloko and Tagalog.
• Iluko.com popular Ilokano web portal featuring Ilokano songs, Iloko fiction and poetry, Ilokano riddles, and a lively Ilokano forum (Dap-ayan).
• mannurat.com blog of an Ilokano fictionist and poet written in Iloko and featuring original and Iloko fiction and poetry, literary analysis and criticism focused on Ilokano Literature, and literary news about Iloko writing and writers and organization like the GUMIL (Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano).
• samtoy.blogspot.com Yloco Blog maintained by Ilokano writers Raymundo Pascua Addun and Joel Manuel
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• dadapilan.com - an Iloko literature portal featuring Iloko works by Ilokano writers and forum for Iloko literary study, criticism and online workshop.

v • d • e Languages of the Philippines

Official languages: Filipino (Tagalog) • English Recognized regional languages: Cebuano • Ilokano • Hiligaynon • Waray-Waray • Kapampangan • Bikol • Pangasinan • Kinaray-a • Maranao • Maguindanao • Tausug For other uses, see Rooster (disambiguation). ... There are over 170 languages in the Philippines; almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family. ... Ilokano grammar, akin to many of the Philippine languages, is very different in many resepects from European languages like English. ... The Ilocano or Ilokano people are the third largest Filipino ethnic group. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Ilokano literature or Iloko literature pertains to the literary works of writers of Ilocano ancestry regardless of the language used - be it Iloko, English, Spanish or other foreign and Philippine languages. ... GUMIL Filipinas (Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano iti Filipinas) or Ilokano Writers Association of the Philippines, is one of the most active group of regional writers in the Philippines. ... There are over 170 languages in the Philippines; almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Philippines. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Philippine English is the variety of English used in the Republic of the Philippines by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos. ... A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country, be it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area. ... Cebuano, also known as Sinugboanon, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20,000,000 people (according to Ethnologue). ... Hiligaynon language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Hiligaynon (or Ilonggo) is an Austronesian language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. ... Wáray-Wáray or Waráy (commonly spelled as Waray; also referred to as Winaray or L(in)eyte-Samarnon) is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte (eastern portion), and Biliran in the Philippines. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bicolano or Bikol is an Austronesian language used in the Philippines particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon. ... The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. ... Kinaray-a is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Antique Province in the Philippines. ... Maranao is an Austronesian language spoken in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in the Philippines. ... Maguindanao is an Austronesian language spoken in the provinces of Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and Zamboanga del Sur in the Philippines. ... Tausug is spoken in Sulu province in the Philippines. ... Other languages: Albay Bikol • Chavacano • Spanish