The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of 1952 (Also known as the McCarran-Walter Act) restricted immigration into the U.S. and is codified under Title 8 of the United States Code. The Act governs primarily immigration and citizenship in the United States. Before the INA, a variety of statutes governed immigration law but were not organized within one body of text. As a result of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the INA has undergone a major restructuring beginning in March 2003 and its provisions regarding the admissibility and removability of terrorist suspects has received much media and scholarly attention. The United States Code (U.S.C.) is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal law of the United States. ... A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly targeting civilians, carried out on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Terrorist redirects here. ...

Background

The bill was named after the bills sponsors: Senator Pat McCarran, (D-Nevada) and Congressman Francis Walter. (D-Pennsylvania)) Pat McCarran Patrick Anthony McCarran (August 8, 1876 – September 28, 1954) was a Nevada senator for 22 years and noted for his strong anti-Communist stance. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Francis Walter (May 26, 1894 - May 31, 1963) was an American Congressman. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ...

Racial restrictions which previously existed were abolished in the INA, but a quota system was retained and the policy of restricting the numbers of immigrants from certain countries was continued. Eventually, the INA established a preference system which selected which ethnic groups were desirable immigrants and placed great importance on labor qualifications.

The INA defined three types of immigrants: 1. relatives of US citizens who were exempt from quotas and who were to be admitted without restrictions; 2. average immigrants whose numbers were not supposed to exceed 270,000 per year; 3. refugees.

The Act allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. It was used over the years to bar members and former members and "fellow travellers" of the Communist Party from entry into the United States, even those who had not been associated with the party for decades.

The Act had been used to exclude numerous prominent individuals until its ideological clauses were repealed in 1990. These include British sociologist Tom Bottomore, Argentine novelist Julio Cortazar, Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish, Italian playwright Dario Fo, Colombian novelist and Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez, Chilean poet and Nobel Laureate Pablo Neruda, Uruguayan scholar Angel Rama, philosopher Michel Foucault (France), and authors Graham Greene (Great Britain), Doris Lessing (Great Britain), Dennis Brutus (South Africa), Farley Mowat (Canada), Kobo Abe (Japan), Nobel Laureate Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), and Jan Myrdal (Sweden)[1], as well as Pierre Trudeau prior to becoming Prime Minister of Canada ^{[citation needed]}. This article is about the year. ... Thomas Burton Bottomore (1920-1992) was a British Marxist sociologist. ... Julio Cortázar (August 26, 1914 - February 12, 1984) was an Argentine intellectual and author of several experimental novels and many short stories. ... Mahmoud Darwish Mahmoud Darwish (born 1941 in Al-Birwah, British mandate of Palestine) is a contemporary Palestinian poet and writer of prose. ... Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist playwright, theater director and actor, and composer. ... Gabriel José García Márquez also known as Gabo, (born March 6, 1928) is a Colombian Nobel laureate in literature novelist, journalist, publisher, and political activist. ... Nobel Prize medal. ... Neruda recording poems at the U.S. Library of Congress in 1966 Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name of the Chilean writer and communist activist Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto. ... Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher who held a chair at the Collège de France, which he gave the title The History of Systems of Thought. ... Graham Greene Henry Graham Greene, OM, CH (October 2, 1904 – April 3, 1991) was a prolific English novelist, playwright, short story writer and critic whose works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. ... Doris Lessing, CH, OBE (born October 22, 1919), is a British writer, born Doris May Taylor in Kermanshah, Persia (Iran). ... Dennis Brutus, South African poet, graduate of Fort Hare college, formerly on the faculty of Northwestern University. ... Farley McGill Mowat OC , BA , D.Litt (born May 12, 1921 in Belleville, Ontario) is one of the most widely-read Canadian authors. ... -1... Carlos Fuentes Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes Macías (born November 11, 1928) is one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish-speaking world. ... Jan Myrdal (born July 19, 1927) Swedish author, political writer and wine columnist. ... Trudeau redirects here. ... Stephen Harper is the current Prime Minister of Canada. ...

Commentary

• "Today, we are protecting ourselves as we were in 1924, against being flooded by immigrants from Eastern Europe. This is fantastic...We do not need to be protected against immigrants from these countries on the contrary we want to stretch out a helping hand, to save those who have managed to flee into Western Europe, to succor those who are brave enough to escape from barbarism, to welcome and restore them against the day when their countries will, as we hope, be free again...these are only a few examples of the absurdity, the cruelty of carrying over into this year of 1952 the isolationist limitations of our 1924 law. In no other realm of our national life are we so hampered and stultified by the dead hand of the past, as we are in this field of immigration." -President Harry Truman's veto message.

• "I believe that this nation is the last hope of Western civilization and if this oasis of the world shall be overrun, perverted, contaminated or destroyed, then the last flickering light of humanity will be extinguished. I take no issue with those who would praise the contributions which have been made to our society by people of many races, of varied creeds and colors. America is indeed a joining together of many streams which go to form a mighty river which we call the American way. However, we have in the United States today hard-core, indigestible blocs which have not become integrated into the American way of life, but which, on the contrary are its deadly enemies. Today, as never before, untold millions are storming our gates for admission and those gates are cracking under the strain. The solution of the problems of Europe and Asia will not come through a transplanting of those problems en masse to the United States.... I do not intend to become prophetic, but if the enemies of this legislation succeed in riddling it to pieces, or in amending it beyond recognition, they will have contributed more to promote this nation's downfall than any other group since we achieved our independence as a nation." (Senator Pat McCarran, Cong. Rec., March 2, 1953, p. 1518.)

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Passage

Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because he regarded the bill as "un-American" and discriminatory. Truman's veto was overidden by a vote of 278 to 113 in the House, and 57 to 26 in the Senate. Parts of the McCarran-Walter act remain in place today but much of it was overturned by the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965. President Johnson signs bill at Liberty Island, New York October 3, 1965 The Immigration and Naturalization Services Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Celler Act or the INS Act of 1965) abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration...