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The landmass now comprising the United Kingdom has a long history of immigration from across Europe and the world. Over the millennia successive waves of immigrants have come to the United Kingdom seeking economic prosperity or to escape persecution or hardship. Their impact has shaped the course of history of Britain itself. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Immigration to the United Kingdom. ...
World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
For other uses of the specific phrase The World, see The World (disambiguation). ...
The History of Britain, until the last few hundred years, was one of struggle and competition between the separate nation-states that occupied various parts of the island of Great Britain. ...
Modern humans first arrived in what would become the United Kingdom during the Palaeolithic era. They were followed by the Beaker people (3rd millennium BC), Celts (2nd millennium BC), Romans (1st century BC), Anglo-Saxons (c. 5th century AD) and Vikings (8th century AD). In 1066, the Normans successfully took control of England and, in subsequent years, there was some migration from France. In the 19th century, immigration by people outside Europe began on a small scale as people arrived from the British colonies. This increased during the 20th century. The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ...
The Beaker people (or `Beaker folk) were an archaeological culture present in prehistoric Europe, defined by a pottery style -- a beaker with a distinctive bell-shaped profile -- that many archeologists believe spread across the western part of the Continent during the 3rd millennium BC. The pottery is particularly prevalent in...
A Celtic cross. ...
The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ...
Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ...
For other uses, see Viking (disambiguation). ...
Norman may refer to: the Normans, the Norman people. ...
Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ...
The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
Despite these great movements of people, some early investigations have shown that the biological influence of pre-20th century immigration on Britain may have been rather small, marked more by continuity than change. The Oxford archaeologist David Miles states that 80% of the genetic makeup of white Britons probably comes from "just a few thousand" nomadic tribesmen who arrived 12,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. This suggests later waves of immigration may have been too small to have significantly affected the genetic homogeneity of the existing population. However, Miles acknowledged himself that the techniques used to explore genetic ancestry are still in their infancy and that many more samples are needed to fully understand the origins of the British people.[1] Geneticist Stephen Oppenheimer has recently argued that neither Anglo-Saxons nor Celts had much impact on the genetics of the inhabitants of the British Isles, and that British ancestry can be traced back to the Basques instead.[2] Current estimates on the contribution of Anglo-Saxon migrants range from less than 10,000 to as many as 200,000, although some recent Y-chromosome studies posit a considerably higher continental (Germanic) contribution to the modern English gene pool (50-100%). A recent study by a team from the Department of Biology at UCL based on computer simulations indicate that an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England provides a plausible explanation for a high-degree of continental male-line ancestry in England.[3] Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ...
Bold textSUCK ON THAT MUTHA FUCKA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αÏχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...
Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ...
The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ...
Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...
Stephen Oppenheimer is a well-known expert in the field of synthesizing DNA studies with archaeological, anthropological, linguistic and other field studies. ...
The Basques are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of Spain and France. ...
UCL may refer to University College London, in England Université catholique de Louvain, in Belgium Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. ...
The census in 2001 gave some guidance as to the current ethnic groups of the United Kingdom. About half the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to foreign-born immigration. The United Kingdom has passed several laws and is a signatory to the United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention, but immigration remains a controversial political issue. Census 2001 is the name by which the national census conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 is known. ...
There are a number of ethnic groups of the United Kingdom. ...
In 2005 the BBC published an analysis of data from the 2001 UK Census, revealing the number of people included in the census who were born outside the British Isles, where they live, and comparing this information against the 1991 Census. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees is an international convention that defines who is a refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum. ...
Immigration until 1066
Ice age Modern humans arrived in what would become the United Kingdom 35,000 years ago during the Palaeolithic. During the following Ice Age, they may have been forced out, returning 10,000 years ago as the Ice Age ended, (Mesolithic becoming the Neolithic with the advent of farming). As sea levels rose, these first immigrants would have been isolated from mainland Europe. Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (known as the great apes). ...
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ...
Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...
The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...
An array of Neolithic artefacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Scotland, Europes most complete Neolithic village. ...
For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...
World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
The Beaker people Defined by a style of pottery from the 3rd millennium BC found across most of Europe in archæological digs the Beaker people represent early immigration to the United Kingdom during the Bronze Age, although not as a mass migrationary group. Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ...
World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...
The Beaker people (or `Beaker folk) were an archaeological culture present in prehistoric Europe, defined by a pottery style -- a beaker with a distinctive bell-shaped profile -- that many archeologists believe spread across the western part of the Continent during the 3rd millennium BC. The pottery is particularly prevalent in...
The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ...
It was originally thought that the settlers that came with these beakers also had other defining features that show they are distinctive from earlier dwellers of the British Isles, such as the development of metalworking and the mode of burial of the dead that came into use at about this time. However, it is generally accepted by archeologists today that the beakers and other artefacts found across Europe that are attributed to the Beaker people are indicative of the development of particular manufacturing skills, possibly by the influence of neighbouring peoples, rather than as a result of mass migrations that spread independently of any population movement. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into British and Irish Isles. ...
Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds. ...
Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea from an edition with drawings by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. ...
I archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Therefore, although this represents the earliest known migration of people to the United Kingdom, this migration was on a much smaller scale than other migrationary groups that came later.
Celtic settlement - See also: Urnfield, Hallstatt culture, and La Tène culture
The Celts were a number of interrelated peoples in central Europe sharing a branch of Indo-European languages indicative of a common origin in a Proto-Celtic language. The first literary reference to the Celtic people, as keltoi or hidden people, is by the Greek Hecataeus in 517 BC. It is estimated that the Celtic people arrived in Britain between 1500 BC and 400 BC during the iron age The Urnfield culture of central European culture is dated roughly between 1300 BC and 750 BC. The name describes the custom of cremating the dead and placing them in cemeteries. ...
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ...
The La Tène culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ...
A Celtic cross. ...
The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ...
The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. ...
Hecataeus (c. ...
In the British Isles, the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century in non-Romanised parts. ...
The conventional historical view holds that the Celtic influence in the British Isles was the result of successive invasions from the European continent by diverse Celtic-speaking peoples over the course of several centuries.
The nature of their interactions with the indigenous populations of the isles is unknown. However, by the Roman period most of the inhabitants of the Isles were speaking Goidelic or Brythonic languages with close counterparts to Gaulish languages spoken on the European mainland. The degree to which the spread of Celtic languages was due to peaceful cultural interaction, or to military conquest, is a debated point among historians. The relative paucity of surviving information about the inhabitants of the British Isles prior to Celtic influence suggests conquest. Goidelic is one of two major divisions of modern-day Celtic languages (the other being Brythonic). ...
Brythonic is one of two major divisions of Insular Celtic languages (the other being Goidelic). ...
Gaulish is name given to the now-extinct Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Romans, the Franks and the British Celts invaded. ...
Conquest may refer to: An invasion Conquest, New York, a town located in Cayuga County, New York Conquest (film) (also called Marie Walewska), a 1937 film starring Greta Garbo and Charles Boyer Conquest (documentary), a documentary series on The History Channel starring Peter Woodward. ...
Roman Empire The first Roman invasion of the British Isles was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC; the second, a year later in 54 BC. Although no territory was taken for the Roman Empire in either conquest, this was the start of Roman settlement of Britain. The Romans had many supporters among the Celtic tribal leaders, who agreed to pay tributes to Rome in return for Roman protection. The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into British and Irish Isles. ...
Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ...
The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...
Principal sites in Roman Britain Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and 410. ...
A Celtic cross. ...
Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Porvince Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 km² (496. ...
The Romans returned in AD 44, led by Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing a province Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as Scotland (though they did not hold the latter for long). For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ...
Britannia, the British national personification. ...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq...
Motto: (Welsh for Wales for ever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779 km² (3rd...
Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by...
Over the 400 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the native Britons themselves adopted Roman culture and customs. A soldier is a person who serves in an armed force for pay. ...
For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but...
This article is about the geomorphological/geopolitical term; MAINLAND is also a cheese brand owned by Fonterra, a New Zealand dairy company. ...
World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
A fruit stand at a market. ...
Look up Briton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Angles, Saxons and Jutes Germanic (Frankish) mercenaries were employed in Gaul by the Roman empire and it is speculated in a similar manner, the first Germanic immigrants to Britain arrived at the invitation of the ruling classes. The traditional division into Angles, Saxons and Jutes is first seen in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Bede, however historical and archæological research has shown that a wider range of Germanic peoples from the coast of Frisia, Lower Saxony, Jutland and Southern Sweden also moved to Britain in this era. Statue of Charlemagne (also called Karl der Große, Charles the Great) in Frankfurt, Germany. ...
Mercenary (disambiguation). ...
White cliffs of Dover in England White cliffs of Rugen down the Baltic coast from Schleswig The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestor of Angeln, a modern district located in Schleswig, Germany. ...
Map showing the Saxons homeland in traditional region bounded by the three rivers: Weser, Eider, and Elbe Src: Freemans Historical Geographys. The Saxons or Saxon people are (nowadays) part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony...
Jutland peninsula The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have originated from Jutland in modern Denmark and part of the Frisian coast. ...
The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (in English: Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is a work in Latin by the Venerable Bede on the history of the Christian church in England, and of England generally. ...
Bede depicted in an early medieval manuscript Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ...
Satellite view of the German Bight (the Frisian Coast). ...
With an area of 47,618 km and nearly eight million inhabitants, Lower Saxony (German Niedersachsen) lies in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the countrys sixteen Bundesl nder (federal states). ...
Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the only non-insular part of Denmark and also the northernmost part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. ...
After the withdrawal of the last legions from Britain by Honorius in the early 5th century, the number of newcomers increased, and it is speculated that relations with the ruling Romanised Britons became strained. By about 449, open conflict had broken out, and the immigrants began to establish their own kingdoms in what would eventually become the Heptarchy. A modern reconstruction of a Roman centurion around 70 A modern reconstruction of a Roman miles, (10-240) The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ...
Bronze coin bearing the profile of Honorius Flavius Augustus Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. ...
A map showing the general locations of the Anglo-Saxon peoples around the year 600. ...
Y chromosome analysis - From Genetic analysis section, Sub-Roman Britain
Modern genetic evidence, based on analysis of the Y chromosomes of men currently living in Britain, the Western Isles, Orkney, Shetland, Friesland, Denmark, North Germany, Ireland, Norway and the Basque Country, is consistent with the presence of some indigenous component in all British regions.[4] For the sake of this study samples from the Basque Country were considered indigenous (a putative paleolithic Y chromosome). These studies cannot distinguish between Danish, Frisian and German (Schleswig-Holstein) Y chromosomes. Areas with the highest concentration of Germanic (Danish-Viking/Anglo-Saxon) Y chromosomes occurred in areas associated with the Danelaw and Danish-Viking settlement, especially York and Norfolk. In these areas, about 60% of Y chromosomes are of Germanic origin.[4] It should be noted that this indicates an exclusively male component. The extent of Danish/Anglo-Saxon contribution to the entire gene pool of these areas is also dependent on the migration of women. For example, if it is assumed that few or no Germanic women settled in these areas, then the Germanic contribution to the gene pool is halved to 30%, and in turn if greater numbers of women did settle, the contribution could be even higher than 60%. Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an archaeologists label for the material culture of Britain in Late Antiquity. ...
The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...
The Western Isles are an archipelago in Scotland. ...
The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ...
See Shetland (disambiguation) for other meanings. ...
Capital Leeuwarden Queens Commissioner drs. ...
Location of Historical Territory of the Basque Country The Ikurriña, Basque Country flag The Lauburu, Basque Country symbol This article is about the traditional overall Basque domain. ...
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 Bundesländer in Germany. ...
Green: Danelaw The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th century name for an area of northern and eastern England under the administrative control of the Vikings (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century. ...
Scots During the 5th century, the Dál Riatan Scots started raiding north-western Britain from their base in north-east Ireland. After the Roman withdrawal, this developed from piracy to full-scale invasion, and,within a hundred years, they had established a kingdom in Argyll. Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Goidelic kingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland and the northern coasts of Ireland, situated in the traditional Scottish and Northern Irish counties of Argyll, Bute and County Antrim. ...
Argyll, archaically Argyle (Airthir-Ghaidheal in Gaelic, translated as [the] East Gael, or [the] East Irish), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a traditional county of Scotland. ...
Vikings The earliest date given for a Viking raid of Britain is 789 when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Portland was attacked. A more reliable report dates from June 8, 793, when the monastery at Lindisfarne on the east coast of England was pillaged by foreign seafarers. These raiders, whose expeditions extended well into the 9th century, were gradually followed by settlers who brought a new culture and tradition markedly different from that of the prevalent Anglo-Saxon society. These enclaves rapidly expanded, and soon the Viking warriors were establishing areas of control to such an extent that they could reasonably be described as kingdoms. For other uses, see Viking (disambiguation). ...
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the English and their settlement in Britain. ...
Chesil Beach from the hill above Fortuneswell, Portland Harbour is on the right. ...
June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ...
Events Vikings sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria. ...
Monastery of St. ...
Lindisfarne Castle Lindisfarne (Grid reference NU125421, , ), also called Holy Island (variant spelling, Lindesfarne), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England, which is connected to the mainland of Northumberland by a causeway and is cut off twice a day by tides — something well described by Sir Walter...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq...
Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ...
The Danelaw, established through the Viking conquest of large parts of England, was formally established, as a result of the Treaty of Wedmore in the late 9th century, after Alfred the Great had defeated the Viking Guthrum at the Battle of Edington. The Danelaw represented a consolidation of power for Alfred; the subsequent conversion of Guthrum to Christianity underlines the ideological significance of this shift in the balance of power. The Danelaw was gradually eroded by Anglo-Saxon raids in later years. Green: Danelaw The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th century name for an area of northern and eastern England under the administrative control of the Vikings (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century. ...
The Treaty of Wedmore, signed at Wedmore in Somerset, was the result of the Battle of Edington (OE. Ethandun) in 878 AD, in which Alfred the Great defeated the viking forces of the Dane, Guthrum. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Guthrum (d. ...
The Battle of Edington (May 878) was a battle which took place near Edington in the county of Wiltshire in the south-west of England. ...
Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ...
An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ...
In parts of England today, the influence of the Vikings can still be seen, particularly in place names in the East Midlands and the north.
1066 to 1875
Norman invasion The Norman invasion of Britain is normally considered the last successful attempt in history by a foreign army to take control of the Kingdom of England by means of military occupation. From the Norman point of view, William the Conqueror was considered the legitimate heir to the realm (as explained in the Bayeux Tapestry), and the invasion was required to secure this against the usurpation of Harold Godwinson. Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman Conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq...
The Normans (adapted from the name Northmen or Norsemen) were a mixture of the indigenous population of Neustria and Danish or Norwegian Vikings who began to occupy the northern area of France now known as Normandy in the latter half of the 9th century. ...
William I ( 1027 – September 9, 1087), was King of England from 1066 to 1087. ...
The Bayeux Tapestry (French: Tapisserie de Bayeux) is a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft) long embroidered cloth which depicts scenes commemorating the Battle of Hastings in 1066, with annotations in Latin. ...
Harold Godwinson, or Harold II of England (c. ...
In the years following the invasion to 1204, Normandy and England kept their close connection. This was in part secured by granting aristocrats lands in both domains, giving an incentive on all levels to maintain the union. The influx of Norman military and ecclesiastical aristocracy changed the nature of the ruling class in England, leading to the creation of an Anglo-Norman population. Mont Saint Michel, one of the famous symbols of Normandy. ...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
There was further immigration and emigration during the time of the Angevin Empire from much of the west coast of France. After the loss of much of the Angevin lands in 1202, the strong trade links between Gascony and England led to a flow of people between the lands. The Angevin Empire is a modern term applied retrospectively to the lands of Henry II of England, consisting of at their largest extent, the Kingdom of England and duchies or counties of Normandy, Anjou, Poitou, Maine, Gascony, Touraine, Béarn and Aquitaine; with Brittany, Wales, Toulouse, and Ireland held in...
Gascony (French: Gascogne, pronounced ; Gascon: Gasconha, pronounced ) is an area of southwest France that constituted a royal province prior to the French Revolution. ...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq...
Romani Mainly Sinti (as opposed to the Roma, who are more common in parts of Central and Eastern Europe), consisting of tribes originating in South Asia around 800, began arriving in sizeable numbers in Western Europe in the 16th century, including in the British Isles. Mostly speakers of a dialect of the Romani language (a language very similar to Sanskrit) and initially mainly travellers largely working as Hawkers, Basket Weavers; also as Ostlers, Jockeys and many other occupations working with horses. Sinte or Sinti (Singular masc. ...
Roma may refer to: Roma people, also known as Gypsies Rome, the capital of Italy, its name in Italian and several other languages ROMA, Representational Oligonucleotide Microarray Analysis, a genomics technology A.S. Roma, an Italian football (soccer) team Roma (mythology), Roman deity Roma (film), three films of that name...
Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir) South Asia, also Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ...
Romani (or Romany) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ...
The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ...
Hawkers, a name given to road-side vendors in India. ...
Four styles of household basket. ...
An ostler is a person employed in a stable to take care of horses. ...
Toulouse-Lautrec - The Jockey (1899) This article is about the sports occupation. ...
Huguenots The Huguenots, French Protestants facing a new wave of persecution, began arriving in England in numbers around 1670. King Charles II offered them sanctuary, and in all some 40–50,000 arrived. Many settled in the Spitalfields area of London, and, being former silk-weavers, brought new energy to this industry in the area and raised silk to an important fashion item in Britain. It has been estimated that as many as a quarter of London's population today have a Huguenot ancestor. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or historically as the French Calvinists. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ...
Christ Church, Spitalfields Spitalfields, an area in Tower Hamlets, east London near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Lane which gets its name from a contraction of hospital fields, as there used to be a major hospital in the area. ...
London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. ...
Silk weaver Silk is a natural protein fibre that can be woven into textiles. ...
Tweed loom, Harris, 2004 Woven sheet Inkle and back strap looms workshop at Nambassa festival New Zealand 1981 Weaving is an ancient textile art and craft that involves placing two sets of threads or yarn made of fiber called the warp and weft of the loom and turning them into...
Blacks During the 18th century, a substantial population of black people, thought to number about 15,000 by mid-century, were brought to Britain initially largely as the captain's share of the cargo of transatlantic slave ships. Many of these people became servants in aristocratic households and are frequently depicted in contemporary portraits of the family - often depicted in a similar manner to family pets. Many black people became part of the urban poor and were often depicted in the caricatures and cartoons of William Hogarth, but others attained highly respected positions in society, e.g. Ignatius Sancho, or Frank Barber - a Jamaican who was given to Dr Samuel Johnson as a small child and who became his assistant in writing his Dictionary and was left £1500 (over £100,000 at today's values) in Johnson's will. Following the British defeat in the American War of Independence over 1,100 black troops who had fought on the losing side were transported to Britain by the summer of 1786, but they mostly ended up destitute on London's streets and were viewed as a social problem: a few years later, 400 of them were transported to Sierra Leone with their (often white) wives, but within two years all but 60 had died. William Hogarth, self-portrait, 1745 William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, engraver, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ...
Ignatius Sancho (1729-1780) was a composer, actor, and writer. ...
Samuel Johnson circa 1772, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. ...
A Dictionary of the English Language, one of the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language, was prepared by Samuel Johnson and published on April 15, 1755. ...
The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen of her North American colonies. ...
1875 to the modern day
Russian Jews England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries, subject to occasional explusions, but British Jews numbered fewer than 10,000 at the start of the 19th century. After 1881 Russian Jews suffered bitter persecutions, and British Jews led fund-raising to enable their Russian co-religionists to emigrate to the United States. However, out of some 2,000,000 who left Russia by 1914, around 120,000 settled permanently in Britain. One of the main concentrations was the same Spitalfields area where Huguenots had earlier congregated. Immigration was reduced by the 1905 Aliens Act and virtually curtailed by the 1914 Aliens Restriction Act. This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ...
Christ Church, Spitalfields Spitalfields, an area in Tower Hamlets, east London near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Lane which gets its name from a contraction of hospital fields, as there used to be a major hospital in the area. ...
British Empire & The Commonwealth During this period, the British Empire covered most of the globe, at its peak over a third of the world's people lived under British rule. Both during this time, and following the granting of independence to most colonies after World War II, the vast majority of immigrants to the UK were from either current or former colonies, most notably those in the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent. These people filled a gap in the UK labour market for unskilled jobs and many people were specifically brought to the UK on ships such as the Empire Windrush. The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
This article is becoming very long. ...
World map depicting Caribbean: West Indies redirects here. ...
Satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia (see note) The Indian subcontinent is a peninsular landmass of the Asian continent occupying the Indian Plate and extending into the Indian Ocean, bordered on the north by the Eurasian Plate. ...
Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the market for labour. ...
The Empire Windrush was a ship and an important part of the history of multi-cultural Britain. ...
In 1962, the Commonwealth Immigration Act was passed by the UK government, restricting the freedom of passage into the UK from other parts of the Commonwealth. By 1972, only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stemming primary immigration from Commonwealth countries. A work permit is a generic term for a legal authorization which allows a person to take employment. ...
Parenting comprises all the tasks involved in raising a child to an independent adult. ...
Primary immigration is a term which describes the movement of the breadwinner of a family, or a young unattached single man, from one country to another, usually to improve their economic condition. ...
The Ireland Act 1949 has the unusual status of recognising the Republic of Ireland, but affirming that its citizens are not citizens of a foreign country. This was at a time when a republic was not allowed to be a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Ireland Act 1949 is a UK Act of Parliament which was intended to deal with the consequences of the then recently passed Republic of Ireland Act 1948 as passed by the Irish parliament (Oireachtas). ...
The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ...
In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ...
The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ...
World War II From around 1936 to 1939, 'wealthier' German Jews made every attempt to immigrate to the United Kingdom and it is estimated that as many as 50,000 may have been successful. There were immigration caps on the number who could enter, and some were turned back or left behind. When the UK was forced to declare war on Germany, however, migration between the countries ceased. This article is becoming very long. ...
Following the end of the World War II, substantial groups of people from Soviet-controlled territories settled in Britain, particularly Poles and Ukrainians. Numbers of former German prisoners of war also decided to remain in Britain after marrying local women. There was an influx of refugees from Hungary, following the crushing of the 1956 Hungarian revolution. This article is becoming very long. ...
Motto: Пролетарии вÑех Ñтран, ÑоединÑйтеÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow Official language(s) None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics Establishment October Revolution - Declared 30 December 1922 - Recognized 1...
Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...
Combatants Soviet Union ÃVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov Pál Maléter, Béla Király, Gergely Pongrátz, József Dudás Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 killed according to official...
Western Europeans In the latter part of the century, the number of immigrants from Europe increased, particularly as the expansion of the European Union meant that citizens of EU member states were now free to live and work without restriction in other member states. World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
Contemporary immigration
Refugees and asylum seekers Whilst the UK is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention,[5] the intake of refugees and asylum seekers has a very controversial political issue since the late 1990s;[citation needed] both the ruling Labour Party and the opposition Conservatives have espoused various policies in the hope of being perceived as being "tough on asylum"[6] and the tabloid media frequently print headlines about an "immigration crisis".[7] This is denounced by those opposed to tighter controls on immigration as disproportionate, often with the implicit or explicit allegation that all opposition to high levels of immigration is based on racism,[7] and that other arguments used by their opponents, such as housing shortages and the general overcrowding of the United Kingdom, are no more than a screen for this underlying motivation.[citation needed] Refugee Law is the branch of International Law which deals with the rights and protection of refugees. ...
The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the main democratic socialist [1] political party in the United Kingdom. ...
The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative & Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), and the largest in terms of public membership. ...
Newspaper sizes in August 2005. ...
An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water cooler at a racially segregated street car terminal in the United States in 1939. ...
In February 2003, Prime Minister Tony Blair promised on television to reduce the number of asylum seekers by half by September (within 7 months),[8] apparently catching unawares the members of his own government with responsibility for immigration policy. David Blunkett, the then Home Secretary, called the promise an objective rather than a target.[9] This objective was met according to official figures.[10] Official figures for numbers of people claiming asylum in the UK were at a 13 year low by March 2006.[11] Opponents of the government's policies on asylum seekers and refugees, such as Migration Watch UK[12] and some newspapers are critical of the way official figures are calculated.[citation needed] Human rights organisations such as Amnesty International have argued that the government's new policies, particularly those concerning detention centres, are having detrimental effects on asylum applicants.[13] Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953)[1], known as Tony Blair, is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the UK Labour Party, and Member of the UK Parliament for the constituency of Sedgefield in North...
The Rt Hon. ...
The Secretary of State for the Home Department, known as the Home Secretary, is the chief United Kingdom government minister responsible for law and order (except in Scotland). ...
MigrationWatch UK is an independent pressure group that is concerned with issues of immigration to the United Kingdom. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an non-governmental membership organization with the stated purpose of campaigning for internationally recognized human rights. ...
Economic migrants Britain has a system in place whereby economically active migrants can secure visas to work in the country. A major political scandal occurred in early 2004 when a civil servant leaked official documents revealing that ministers had condoned abuses of the procedures for Romanian immigrants so that official figures would misrepresent the scale of the issue, and a minister, Beverley Hughes, was forced to resign. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Immigration to the United Kingdom. ...
Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Rt. ...
Economic migration, by definition, is migration for economic benefit. Economic migration can therefore include legal immigrants, illegal immigrants and asylum seekers, if the intent of the individual in migrating to the UK is for their economic benefit.
Managed migration is the term used for all legal work permits and visas and this accounts for a substantial percentage of overall immigration figures for the UK. This area of immigration is managed by Work Permits (UK), a department within the Home Office. Applications within the scope of Managed Migration are made at UK Embassies or Consulates or directly to Work Permits (UK), depending upon the type of visa or permit required.
At present, there are a large number of visas and permits available for what is termed Managed Migration. These include the following:
Employer Sponsored Work Permits
There are two different Tiers of work permit available, depending upon whether or not the occupation is listed on the Skills Shortage List.[14] This list is similar in concept to the Australian Occupations in Demand List, albeit not as comprehensive, listing only those occupations for which there is a serious shortage of suitable people in the UK. For occupations not on this Skills Shortage List, the employer will have to advertise the position and demonstrate that no suitable UK resident or EU workers can be found. Approvals for a work permit are usually based upon the suitability of the applicant to the role, by education and/or experience, and the role itself being such that difficulty is found obtaining the employee in the UK or EU.
HSMP - Highly Skilled Migrant Programme
This is an extremely popular visa, established in 2002, which allows a highly skilled migrant to enter the UK with the right to work without first having to find an offer of employment and without an employer needing to sponsor the visa. This is a points based system, with highly skilled migrant programme (HSMP) points being awarded primarily for education, work experience and past earnings.
Working Holidays, Ancestry and Business related visas are also extremely popular.
The Future of Managed Migration in the UK
As of April 2006, changes to the current Managed Migration system have been proposed that would primarily create one Points Based Migration system for the UK.[15] This is causing some considerable debate at present. As an example of this the Home Office,[16] conducted a consultation where employers stated that work experience was one of the most important factors and age one of the least important factors when hiring an employee.[citation needed] The suggested replacement for HSMP (Tier 1 in the new system) gives points for age and none for work experience. This points based system is yet to be finalised and it is thought likely that the new system will be introduced no earlier than mid-2007.[15] The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ...
2001 Census In 2005 the Institute for Public Policy Research published an analysis of data from the 2001 Census, revealing the number of people included in the census who were born outside the British Isles, where they live, and comparing this information against the 1991 Census. Of the total population increase of 2.2 million between the two censuses, 1.1 million was represented by people born abroad. 4,301,280 people (7.53% of the total population) were born abroad, although the census gives no indication of their immigration status or intended length of stay - many people, particularly the young, come to live in the UK for a few months or years before returning to their own country. The non-native-born population tends to be strongly attracted to London and the South East region - 1.7 million foreign-born live in London, representing 25% of the city's total population, although 52% of Wembley's population was born abroad. The Institute for Public Policy Research is a think tank in the United Kingdom, with close links to the ruling Labour Party. ...
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In 2005 the BBC published an analysis of data from the 2001 UK Census, revealing the number of people included in the census who were born outside the British Isles, where they live, and comparing this information against the 1991 Census. ...
Migration between countries in the British Isles Of 43.9 million English-born people still resident in Britain at the 2001 census, 42.9 million (98%) were still resident in England, 400,000 in Scotland, and 590,000 in Wales. At 97.88%, Seaham in County Durham has the highest proprtion of English-born residents; 69% of London's residents were born in England. 77% of the total population of Britain was born in England.
Northern Ireland shares its history of emigration with the Republic. As of 2001, 295,380 people born in Northern Ireland were resident in Britain, 6.72% more than a decade earlier. Scotland is a particularly popular destination for migrating Northern Irish of both communities. For centuries Irish people have sought work in Britain, and consequently many millions of British citizens have Irish heritage. Emigration from the Republic of Ireland to Britain has greatly reduced since the 1980s because of the Republic's economic boom which has made Ireland an immigrant-attracting nation and attracted many Irish citizens back to their homeland, but at the 2001 Census 498,850 people born in the Republic were resident in Britain - a decline of 97,433 over the previous decade, but still 0.87% of the population. The Irish-born population is largely concentrated on the major cities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Of 5.2 million Scottish-born people resident in Britain in 2001, 4.4 million (84%) lived in Scotland. 260,000 Scots now live in London or the South East of England, 108,000 in North West England. Wales has seen least inward migration, with only 24,000 resident Scots. About 2.8 million people born in Wales were resident in Britain at the 2001 census, 78% of them were still resident in Wales. Unlike for most migrant groups, London appears to have relatively little attraction for the Welsh, with most expatriate Welsh living in the English counties bordering Wales (Cheshire, Shropshire, etc.), and in South-West England where they form 2.36% of the population. Scotland and North-East England are the British regions with fewest Welsh-born residents.
Expansion of the EU, 2004 With the expansion of the EU on 1 May 2004, the UK, Ireland and Sweden opened their labour markets to workers from the new entrant countries. This move was in contrast to the original 15 member states including Germany and France who have retained immigration controls for workers from the new entrant countries[17] May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Concerns were raised (especially by the right-wing newspapers)[18] that there would be a "flood of immigrants" from the poorer Eastern EU nations who would now have a right to live and work in the United Kingdom. The Labour government subsequently brought in legislation requiring that workers register upon entry to the country - the Workers Registration Scheme (WRS).[19] In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ...
The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the main democratic socialist [1] political party in the United Kingdom. ...
In the five months from May to October 2004, 90,950 people registered under this scheme. The majority were Poles (56%), with Lithuanians (17%), Slovaks (10%), Latvians, Czechs, Hungarians and Estonians (all under 10%) also registering. However, around 45% of those registering were already resident in the UK, possibly having been working illegally prior to this.[citation needed] In June 2006, a review of the events of the previous two years concluded that the flood of immigrants had indeed happened, but without any of the predicted negative side effects.[20] Poles make up 6% of the populations of Southampton and Crewe, 4% of Inverness, and 3% of Lancaster.[20] It is also estimated that they make up 10% of the population of Peterborough. [citation needed] Southampton is a city and major port situated on the south coast of England. ...
Map sources for Crewe at grid reference SJ705557 Crewe is a town in south Cheshire, in the north west of England. ...
Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Scottish Highlands. ...
Statistics Population: 45,952 (2001) Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: SD475615 Administration District: City of Lancaster Shire county: Lancashire Region: North West England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Lancashire Historic county: Lancashire Services Police force: Lancashire Constabulary Ambulance service: North West Post office and telephone...
The City of Peterborough is a cathedral city and Unitary Authority in the East of England, UK. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. ...
Since May 2004, 447,000 immigrants have applied for work permits under the WRS.[21] This number is for arrivals, but the number of workers who have since returned home is unknown, so no reliable estimates of the net effect of EU enlargement yet exist, although in 2004 net migration from EU states stood at 74,000.[22]
The Government has yet to decide what rules will apply to nationals of Romania and Bulgaria if those countries successfully accede to the EU in 2007, although it looks likely that since these countries are poorer than the ten countries that joined in 2004, restrictions will be put in place.[23][24]
Illegal immigration Illegal (sometimes termed irregular) immigrants in the UK include those who have: - entered the UK without authority
- entered with false documents
- overstayed their visas
A recent study into irregular immigration states that "most irregular migrants have committed administrative offences rather than a serious crime"[25]
A Home Office estimate for illegal immigrants in the UK released in March 2005 is between 310,000 and 570,000.[26]
Migration Watch UK has criticised the Home Office figures for not including the UK-born dependent children of unauthorised migrants. This may have increased the numbers of unauthorised migrants by 15,000 - 85,000.[27] The numbers of unauthorised migrants may have increased since the effective date of the Home Office study (end of April 2001) a rise of between 190,000 and 218,000 due to unsuccessful applications for asylum.[27] Migration Watch (UK) has estimated the unauthorised migrant population as between 515,000 and 870,000, with a mean 670,000 as of March 2005.[27] In the past the UK government has stated that the figures Migration Watch (UK) produces should be treated with considerable caution.[28] MigrationWatch UK is an independent pressure group that is concerned with issues of immigration to the United Kingdom. ...
Jack Dromey, Deputy General of the Transport and General Workers Union and Labour Party treasurer, suggested in May 2006 that there could be around 500,000 illegal workers. He called for a public debate on whether an amnesty should be considered.[29] David Blunkett has suggested that this might be done once the identity card scheme is rolled out.[30] Jack Dromey (born 21 September 1948) is a British trade unionist, Deputy General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union and Treasurer Labour Party Dromey was elected Deputy General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union, having lost the 2003 election for General Secretary to Tony Woodley by...
The Transport and General Workers Union, also known as the TGWU and the T&G, is one of the largest general trade unions in the United Kingdom and Ireland - where it is known as the Amalgamated TGWU - with 900,000 members (and was once the largest trade union in the...
The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the main democratic socialist [1] political party in the United Kingdom. ...
The Rt Hon. ...
The British national identity card is to be introduced in 2008, under the provisions of the Identity Cards Act 2006. ...
Laws concerning immigration and naturalisation -
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