 A child being immunized against polio. - For financial immunization, see Immunization (finance).
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual is exposed to an agent that is designed to fortify his or her immune system against that agent. The material is known as an immunogen. Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination in that inoculation and vaccination use a viable infecting agent like immunization does. When the human immune system is exposed to a disease once, it can develop the ability to quickly respond to a subsequent infection. Therefore, by exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, their body will then be able to protect itself from infection later on in life. Image File history File links Poliodrops. ...
Image File history File links Poliodrops. ...
Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ...
In finance, interest rate immunization is a strategy that insures that a change in interest rates will not affect the value of a portfolio. ...
An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. ...
Inoculation, originally Variolation, is a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (Variola) in a controlled manner so as to minimise the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. ...
Vaccination is the process of administering pathogens that cant reproduce (due to being weakened or dead) to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. ...
Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here== History of immunization == While Dr. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) has been recognized as the first doctor to give sophisticated immunization, it was British dairy farmer Benjamin Jestey who noticed that "milkmaids" did not become infected with smallpox, or displayed a milder form. Jestey took the pus from an infected cow's udder and inoculated his wife and children with cowpox, thereby making them immune to smallpox. Portrait of Edward Jenner Edward Jenner, FRS, (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English country doctor who studied nature and his natural surroundings from childhood and practiced medicine in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. ...
Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...
By injecting a human with the cowpox virus (which was harmless to humans), Jenner swiftly found that the immunized human was then also immune to smallpox. The process spread quickly, and the use of cowpox immunization has led to the almost total eradication of smallpox in modern human society. After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the eradication of smallpox in 1979.
Required immunizations upon entry to school
In the USA each state provides school districts with an obligation to regulate those eligible to enter public schooling. Since schools are congregate settings, and thus communication of diseases is a consideration, school districts may exclude children who seek to attend without the protection of certain immunizations.
For example, in the state of Ohio, USA, each student is required to provide proof of specific immunizations or have an authorized waiver from the requirement upon entry to school at age 6 years. If a student does not have the necessary immunizations or a waiver acceptable to the state, the school principal may refuse entry and require compliance with a set deadline. This procedure is for the safety of all students and follows Ohio State law. Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ...
Unless given a waiver, students must meet the following requirements:
- DPT (Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus)—Five doses if the fourth one was before the fourth birthday.
- Measles—Two doses, the first one after 12 months of age, and the second at least 28 days after the first birthday.
- Rubella—Same as measles.
- Mumps—Same as measles.
- Polio—Four doses if the third was before the fourth birthday.
- Hepatitis B—For students starting kindergarten.
Additionally, for schools offering a pre-school program, add the requirements for two doses of haemophilus influenzae. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...
Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...
Warning: Wikipedia does not give medical advice. ...
This article is about the disease. ...
Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver and is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a member of the Hepadnavirus family[1] and one of hundreds of unrelated viral species which cause viral hepatitis. ...
Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...
Passive and active immunization
Passive immunization Passive immunization is where pre-made antibodies are given to a person. This method of Immunization begins to work very quickly, but it is short lasting, because the antibodies are naturally broken down, and not stored for later use. It can also result in serum sickness and anaphylaxis. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Serum sickness is a reaction to an antiserum derived from an animal source. ...
Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction. ...
Passive immunization can be naturally acquired when antibodies are being transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy, to help protect the fetus before and shortly after birth. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Artificial passive immunization is normally given by injection and is used if there has been a recent outbreak of a particular disease or as an emergency treatment to poisons from insects etc. The antibodies are normally produced in animals and injected into humans.
Active immunization Active immunization is where the actual microbe is taken in by a person. Antibodies are created by the recipient and are stored permanently.
Active immunization can occur naturally when an untreated microbe is received by a person who has not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense. The immune system will eventually create antibodies for the microbe, but this is a slow process and, if the microbe is deadly, there may not be enough time for the antibodies to begin being used.
Artificial active immunization is where the microbe is injected into the person before they are able to take it in naturally. The microbe is treated, so that it will not harm the injected person. Depending on the type of disease, this technique also works with dead microbes, parts of the microbe, or treated toxins from the microbe.
See also Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ...
H5N1 clinical trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccine; which is to say they are investigations concerning H5N1 vaccine in humans intended to discover pharmacological effects and identify any adverse reactions. ...
The vaccine controversy encompasses many issues over the benefits and risks of vaccines. ...
// The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in the Philippines began in 1986 in response to the Universal Child Immunization goal. ...
External Links - National Network for Immunization Information (NNii)
- Centers for Disease Control National Immunization Program
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