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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion. A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...
Binding can mean: Binding (computer science) - a tie (for example) to certain names in programming languages Binding (knot) - A type of knot Binding (linguistics) - a property relating to anaphors (pronouns and R-expressions) and c-command Bookbinding - the protective cover of a book; and the art of constructing this Ski...
In biology, extracellular matrix (ECM) is any material part of a tissue that is not part of any cell. ...
Schematic of cell adhesion The study of cell adhesion is part of cell biology. ...
These proteins are typically transmembrane receptors and are composed of three domains: an intracellular domain that interacts with the cytoskeleton, a transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain that interacts either with other CAMs of the same kind (homophilic binding) or with other CAMs or the extracellular matrix (heterophilic binding). Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ...
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton. ...
Families of CAMs
Most of the CAMs belong to 4 protein families: Ig (immunoglobulin) superfamily (IgSF CAMs), the integrins, the cadherins and the selectins. Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ...
In biology, a superfamily is a taxonomic grade intermediate between suborder and family. ...
An integrin, or integrin receptor, is an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane of cells. ...
Cadherins are a class of proteins which are expressed on the surface of cells. ...
Selectins are a family of cell-surface adhesion molecules of leukocytes and endothelial cells. ...
IgSF CAMs Immunoglobulin SuperFamily CAMs (IgSF CAMs) are either homophilic or heterophilic and bind integrins or different IgSF CAMs.
Here is a list of some molecules of this family: Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. ...
Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are molecules that promote adhesion between cells. ...
L1 is a transmembrane protein; it is a neuronal cell adhesion molecule, member of the L1 protein family. ...
Selectins The selectins are a family of heterophilic CAMs that bind fucosylated carbohydrates, e.g. mucins . They are calcium-dependent. The three family members are E-selectin (endothelial), L-selectin (leukocyte) and P-selectin (platelet). The most well characterized ligand for the three selectins is P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), which is a mucin-type glycoprotein expressed on all white blood cells. Mucins are a family of large, heavily glycosylated proteins. ...
The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ...
White Blood Cells is also the name of a White Stripes album. ...
A 250 ml bag of newly collected platelets. ...
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a protein receptor found on white blood cells and endothelial cells that binds to P-selectin (P stands for platelet). ...
Integrins - see also main article on Integrins
The integrins are a family of heterophilic CAMs that bind IgSF CAMs or the extracellular matrix. They are heterodimers, consisting in two non-covalently linked subunits, called alpha and beta. 24 different alpha subunits are known that can link in many different combinations with the 9 different beta subunits, however not all combinations are observed. An integrin, or integrin receptor, is an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane of cells. ...
Cadherins - see also main article on Cadherins
The cadherins are a family of homophilic CAMs, Calcium dependant. The most important members of this family are E-cadherins (epithelial), P-cadherins (placental) and N-cadherins (neural). Cadherins are a class of proteins which are expressed on the surface of cells. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 40. ...
In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ...
The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present only in female placental mammals during gestation (pregnancy). ...
Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal of cells in the pigeon cerebellum. ...
Neurological Diseases Associated With CAM's Mental Retardation and other neurological disorders are attributable in part to disruption of normal cell adhesion
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Commonalities between the neuropathology of some individuals with FAS and individuals expressing L1 mutations (i.e., mental retardation, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum) have led to the hypothesis that ethanol toxicity is mediated by alterations in cell adhesion molecules (reviewed in Ref. 130). A member of the Ig superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, L1 is posited in the CNS to mediate cell-cell interactions in developing tissue and adult tissue. Cell cultures using aggregation assays have demonstrated the disruptive effects of ethanol on L1-mediated cell-cell adhesion, at concentrations of ethanol that are clinically relevant, in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells, cerebellar granule cells, and murine fibroblasts transfected with human L1 (67, 68, 70). In contrast, inhibition of cell aggregation by ethanol was not seen in Drosophila S2 cells expressing either neuroglian (i.e., the Drosophila form of L1) or human L1 (69), nor of adherence of J558L cells (i.e., MECHANISMS OF ETHANOL TERATOGENESIS 397 Ig-deficient mouse myeloma cells) to L1-coated surfaces following 10 mM or 100 mM ethanol (66). These data suggest that the effects of ethanol on cell adhesion may be cell-type dependent (70). The interaction of ethanol with L1 may also alter neuronal outgrowth. In cerebellar granule cell cultures, shorter neurite outgrowth was observed 8 to 12 hrs after administration of 20 mM ethanol compared to controls (66). More recently, Watanabe and colleagues replicated this finding and demonstrated that ethanol-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth signaled through extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK) and phospholipase D pathways (131). For reference information see: Goodlett, C. R., Horn, K. H., & Zhou, F. C. (2005). Alcohol Teratogenesis: Mechanisms of Damage and Strategies for Intervention.
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