The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. It later went on to become a part of the titulature of the Roman emperors and to enter European political vocabulary as a synonym for emperor. Unlike emperor, the word is pronounced with stress on the third syllable. King of Rome redirects here. ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation) The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine... The Principate is, according to its etymological derivation from the Latin word princeps, meaning chief or first, the political regime dominated by such a head of state and government. ... 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In Latin, the feminine form of Imperator is Imperatrix, usually denoting a ruling female.

Imperatores in the Roman Republic

In the Roman Republic, imperator was the title assumed by certain military commanders. After an especially great victory, an army's troops in the field would proclaim their commander imperator, an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph. After being acclaimed imperator, the victorious general had a right to use the title after his name until the time of his triumph, where he would relinquish the title as well as his imperium. See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... The Roman Senate (Latin, Senatus) was a deliberative body which was important in the government of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. ... A Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly honour the military commander (dux) of a notably successful foreign war or campaign and to display the glories of Roman victory. ... A Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly honour the military commander (dux) of a notably successful foreign war or campaign and to display the glories of Roman victory. ... Imperium can, in a broad sense, be translated as power. ...

Since a triumph was the goal of many politically ambitious Roman commanders, Roman Republican history is full of cases where legions were bribed to call their commander imperator : in 90 BC a Caius Julius Caesar, in 84 BC Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, in 60 BC the other, most famous, Caius Julius Caesar, relative of the former, in 50 BC Marcus Tullius Cicero, in 45 BC again Caius Julius Caesar, in 44 BC Marcus Iunius Brutus, and in 41 BC Lucius Antonius (younger brother and ally of the more famous Marcus Antonius). In 15 AD Tiberius Augustus Germanicus was also imperator during the empire (see below ) of his most famous relative Tiberius Augustus. The Roman legion (from the Latin legio, meaning levy) was the basic military unit of ancient Rome. ... Julius Caesar may mean: Julius Caesar (cricketer), the famous Surrey cricketer who played 194 first-class cricket matches between 1849 and 1867 Julius Caesar, the famous dictator of ancient Rome Julius Caesar (play), a Shakespeare play about Julius Caesar Sir Julius Caesar (judge), a British statesman This is a disambiguation... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A bust of Julius Caesar. ... For other uses see Cicero (disambiguation) Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist. ... A bust of Julius Caesar. ... Marcus Junius Brutus Caepio (85 BC–42 BC), or simply Brutus, was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. ... Lucius Antonius (1st century BC) was the younger brother and supporter of Marcus Antonius, a Roman politician. ... Bust of Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N¹) (c. ...

Imperator as an imperial title

After Caesar Augustus established the hereditary, one-man rule in Rome that we refer to as the Roman Empire, the title imperator was generally restricted to the emperor, though it would occasionally be granted to a member of his immediate family. As a permanent title, imperator was used as a praenomen by the Roman emperors and was taken on accession. After the reign of Tiberius, the act of being proclaimed imperator was transformed into the act of imperial accession. In fact, if a general were acclaimed by his troops as imperator, it was tantamount to a declaration of rebellion against the ruling emperor. The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation) The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine... In the Roman naming convention used in ancient Rome, male names typically contain three proper nouns which are classified as praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens name) and cognomen. ... A bust of younger Emperor Tiberius For the city in Israel, see Tiberias. ...

In the imperial period, the term did continue to be used in the Republican sense as a victory title; however, it could only be granted to the emperor, even if he had not commanded the victorious army in person. The title followed the emperor's name along with the number of times he was acclaimed as such, for example IMP V ("imperator five times"). A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. ...

The title imperator was generally translated into Greek as autokrator. This title (along with sebastos for augustus) was used in Greek-language texts by eastern Roman emperors until the seventh century, when basileus began to supplant it. The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... A silver coin of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter. ...

Post-Roman use

After the Roman empire collapsed in the West in the fifth century, Latin continued to be used as the language of learning and diplomacy for some centuries. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine emperors, were referred to as imperatores in Latin texts. (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... This is a list of Byzantine Emperors. ...

After 800, the imperator was used (in conjunction with augustus) as a formal Latin title in succession by the Carolingian and German Holy Roman Emperors until 1806 and by the Austrian Emperors until 1918. Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... The Carolingians (also known as the Carlovingians) were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

In 1721, as part of his drive to both westernize the Russian Empire and assert his imperial status as a successor to the Byzantine emperors, Peter the Great imported the Latin word directly into Russian and styled himself imperator (ИМПЕРАТОРЪ). The style remained the official one for all his successors down to the end of the Russian Empire in 1917, though the Russian rulers continued to be colloquially known as tsar. Reigning female Russian rulers were styled imperatritsa. // Events Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos April 4 - Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister of Britain September 10 - Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War November 2 - Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias... Westernisation is a process whereby traditional, long-established societies come under the influence of Western (European or American) culture in such matters as industry, technology, economics, lifestyle, food and moral and cultural values. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Portrait of Peter by Paul Delaroche Peter I (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич or Pyotr I Alexeyevich)(Peter Alexeyevich Romanov) (10 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672– 28 January 1725 O.S.] ) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Look up Tsar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the US community of Czar, see Czar, West Virginia. ...

Signature of King Edward VIII
The 'R' and 'I' after his name indicate 'king' and 'emperor' ('rex' and 'imperator', respectively).

After the Napoleonic wars, the number of emperors in Europe proliferated, but Latin began to fall out of use for all but the most ceremonial situations. Still, in those rare cases in which a European monarch's Latin titles were used, imperator was used as a translation for emperor. Famously, after assuming the title Emperor of India, British monarchs would follow their signatures with the initials RI, standing for rex imperator ("king-emperor"). George VI of the United Kingdom was the last European ruler to claim an imperial title; when he abdicated as Emperor of India in 1948, the last active use of the title imperator ceased. crop of existing image on wiki This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or more. ... Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David Windsor), later The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), was the second British monarch of the House of Windsor. ... The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... Imperial Crown of India Signature of King Edward VIII The R and I after his name indicate king and emperor in Latin (Rex and Imperator). The title Empress of India was given to Queen Victoria in 1877. ... A king-emperor (feminine queen-empress) is a sovereign ruler who is simultaneously a king of one territory and emperor of another. ... George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor) (14 December 1895–6 February 1952) was the third British monarch of the House of Windsor, reigning from 11 December 1936 until his death. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Imperatrix

The term imperatrix seems not to have been used in Ancient Rome to indicate the consort of an imperator or later of an Emperor. In the early years of the Roman Empire there was no standard title or honorific for the Emperor's wife, even the "Augusta" honorific was rather exceptionally granted, and not exclusively to wives of living emperors. A consort is somebodys spouse, usually a royalty. ... Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation) The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine... Augustus (plural augusti) is Latin for majestic or venerable. The feminin form is Augusta. ...

It is not clear when the feminine form of the Latin term imperator originated or was used for the first time. It usually indicates a reigning monarch, and is thus used in the Latin version of titles of modern reigning Empresses.

Likewise, when Fortuna is qualified "imperatrix mundi" in the Carmina Burana there's no implication of any type of consort - the term describes (the Goddess or personified) Fortune "ruling the world". Fortuna governs the circle of the four stages of life, the Wheel of Fortune, in a manuscript of Carmina Burana In Roman mythology, Fortuna (Greek equivalent Tyche) was the personification of luck, hopefully of good luck, but she could be represented veiled and blind, as modern depictions of Justice are... From the 11th-13th Century Carmina Burana, a collection of love and vagabond songs. ...

In Christian context, Imperatrix became a laudatory address to Saint Mary, in diverse forms at least since the middle ages -- for example, she is sometimes called "Imperatrix angelorum" ("regnant of the angels"). Gabriel delivering the Annunciation to Mary. ...

Derivatives

Imperator is the root of most Romance languages' word for emperor. It is the root of the English word "emperor," which entered the language via the French empereur. (Related adjectives like "imperial" were imported into English directly from Latin.) It is believed to be the ultimate origin of the Albanian term for king, mbret.

Imperator is also a title used in occult societies. For example see AMORC, Confraternity of the Rose Cross, FUDOSI. The Rosicrucian Order, Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis (AMORC) is a worldwide mystical, Rosicrucian, educational, humanitarian and fraternal organization that was founded by Harvey Spencer Lewis in 1915. ... The Confraternity of the Rose Cross (CR+C) is a Rosicrucian organization founded by former AMORC Imperator Gary L. Stewart in 1996. ... FUDOSI or FUDOESI (Fédération Universelle des Ordres et Sociétés Initiatiques in French, Federatio Universalis Dirigens Ordines Societatesque Initiationis in Latin), founded on August 14, 1934, in Brussels (Belgium), was a federation of autonomous esoteric orders and societies. ...

Imperator is also an Alternate Earth MMORPG by Mythic Entertainment, the makers of DAOC, one set in a future world where Ancient Rome never fell. Minor changes at important moments in Roman history create an extremely different timeline for Earth, leading to an interstellar Roman Respublica and thousands of years of galactic Pax Romana. However, the game's production was cancelled in July 2005. Players interacting in Ultima Online. ... Dark Age of Camelot is a 3-D medieval fantasy MMORPG that revolves around the war between three realms at the end of King Arthurs rule: Englands Albion, Scandinavias Midgard and Irelands Hibernia. ... Pāx Romāna, Latin for the Roman peace, is the long period of relative peace experienced by states within the Roman Empire. ...

See also: Imperator Online Imperator Online was to have been a new MMORPG developed by Mythic Entertainment. ...

Imperator is also a user that can be found on many online forums, who can often be found trolling. He is disputed to be a relatively sexy member of the Getaway, but this is disputed by both Lulu and Brida. He is called "Impy" on a regular basis, a nickname that was supposedly coined by Luigi30. A self-appointed chick magnet and muscle man; Impy (ironically) isn't very athletic, at least compared to super athlete Shizm. For more info: Imperator(Getaway) Troll can have several different meanings: A Troll is a fictitious, mythological creature. ... Look up getaway in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Lulu can refer to: The pop music singer: see Lulu (singer). ...