Imperial Chemical Industries plc
Type	Public (LSE: ICI, NYSE: ICI)
Founded	1926
Headquarters	London, UK
Key people	Peter Ellwood (Chairman) John McAdam (CEO)
Industry	Chemicals
Products	Paints & speciality chemicals
Revenue	£4,845 million GBP (2006)
Operating income	£502 million GBP (2006)
Net income	£295 million GBP (2006)
Employees	31,910 (2005)
Website	www.ici.com

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) is a British chemical group and one of the largest chemical producers in the world. It is based in Manchester Square, London. It produces paints and speciality products (including ingredients for foods, specialty polymers, electronic materials, fragrances and flavours). It employs around 32,000 people and had a turnover of just over £5.8 billion in 2005. Image File history File links ICI.png Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Source by Greyworld, in the new LSE building Paternoster Square. ... The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nicknamed the Big Board, is a New York City-based stock exchange. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For the tax agency in the United Kingdom of the same name, see HM Revenue and Customs. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), also known as operating income and operating profit, is a term used to describe a companys earnings. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Net income is equal to the income that a firm has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Chemistry - the study of atoms, made of nuclei (conglomeration of center particles) and electrons (outer particles), and the structures they form. ... Manchester Square in the 1790s. ... A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... “GBP” redirects here. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

ICI was founded in December 1926 from the merger of four companies—Brunner Mond, Nobel Explosives, the United Alkali Company, and British Dyestuffs Corporation. Competing with DuPont and IG Farben (which was subsequently split up in 1952 into BASF, Agfa, Hoechst AG, Bayer and other companies), the new company produced explosives, fertilisers, insecticides, dyestuffs, industrial chemicals, printing materials, and paints. In its first year turnover was £27m. Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Brunner Mond is a British-based chemical company that is part of Tata Chemicals Limited, a subsidary of the Tata Group of India. ... Nobel Enterprises is a chemicals business based at Ardeer, near to near Stevenston in Scotland. ... United Alkali Company Limited British chemical company formed in 1890. ... Dupont, DuPont, Du Pont, or du Pont may refer to: // E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the worlds third largest chemical company Du Pont Motors Gilbert Dupont, a French stock brokerage part of retail banking network Crédit du Nord ST Dupont, a French manufacturer of fine... IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG) was a German conglomerate of companies formed in 1925 and even earlier during World War I. IG Farben held nearly a total monopoly on the chemical production, later during the time of Nazi Germany. ... This article is about the German chemical company. ... Agfa was a company which produced a range of photographic products including films, photographic papers and cameras. ... Hoechst AG was a German life-sciences company that became Aventis after its merger with Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999. ... Bayer AG (IPA pronunciation //) (ISIN: DE0005752000, NYSE: BAY, TYO: 4863 ) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen, Germany in 1863. ... This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... Fertilizers are chemicals given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil or by foliar spraying. ... An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Chemical tanks in Lillebonne, France Chemical industry includes those industries involved in the production of petrochemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, paints, oleochemicals etc. ... “GBP” redirects here. ...

Until 1937, the Sunbeam motorcycle business which had come with Nobel Industries was part of ICI. Older Sunbeam badge Another Sunbeam badge BSA Sunbeam Scooter badge Sunbeam was a British motorcycle marque generally known for high quality. ...

ICI played a key role in the development of new products, including the dyestuff phthalocyanine (1929), the acrylic plastic Perspex (1932), Dulux paints (1932, co-developed with DuPont), polyethylene (1937), sulfamethazine (the first sulfonamide antibiotic), paludrine (1940s, an anti-malarial drug), halothane (1951, an anaesthetic agent), Inderal (1965, a beta-blocker), tamoxifen (1978, a frequently used drug for breast cancer), and PEEK (1979, a high performance thermoplastic). Because of their success in the pharmaceutical industry, ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Structure of methyl methacrylate, the monomer that makes up PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. ... A Dulux paint can Dulux is a brand of paint available and widely used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, produced by Imperial Chemical Industries. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... There are several sulphonamide-based groups of drugs. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. ... Halothane vapour is an inhalational general anaesthetic. ... Beta blockers (sometimes written as β-blockers) are a class of drugs used for various indications, but particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias and cardioprotection after myocardial infarction. ... Tamoxifen is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator which is used in breast cancer treatment, and is currently the worlds largest selling breast cancer treatment. ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... For other uses, see PEEK (disambiguation). ... A thermoplastic is a material that is plastic or deformable, melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a brittle, glassy state when cooled sufficiently. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ...

One of the main plants was at Billingham, Teesside. From 1971 to 1988 ICI operated a small General Atomics TRIGA Mark I nuclear reactor at its Billingham factory. For people named Billingham, see Billingham (surname). ... Arms of the County Borough of Teesside Teesside is the name given to the conurbation in northern England based on Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees and Redcar, along the banks of the River Tees with a resident population of over 388,000 in 2005. ... General Atomics is a nuclear physics and defense contractor in southern California. ... TRIGA is a class of small nuclear reactor designed and manufactured by General Atomics of the USA. TRIGA is an acronym of Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics. This type of reactor can be installed without a containment building, and is designed for use by scientific institutions and universities for purposes... Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... For people named Billingham, see Billingham (surname). ...

Always innovative, in 1974 ICI Mond division created its Works Record System, a robust general-purpose tool implemented under CICS. It successfully monitored the numerous chemical production plants within the scope of the company. The system was highly successful and remained operational for 27 years without a change to the underlying software, which was intentionally designed to allow the plant operators to make updates and create new applications with no knowledge of computer programming – the same trend that led to the timesharing industry and the development of personal computers. See technical comments below. A blonde haired, very skilled worker with a 70s look. ... CICS (Customer Information Control System) is a transaction server that runs primarily on IBM mainframe systems under z/OS or z/VSE. CICS on distributed platforms is called TXSeries and it is available on AIX, Windows, Solaris and HP-UX. CICS is also available on other operating systems, notably i5...

In 1988, the company successfully fought off a hostile takeover bid from the Hanson plc conglomerate. Hanson plc is a British based international building materials company, headquartered in London. ...

In 1993 the company decided to demerge its chemical business from the pharmaceutical bioscience divisions. Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, specialities, seeds and biological products were placed into a new and independent company called Zeneca Group (which merged with Astra AB in 1999 to form AstraZeneca PLC, one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world). The company also moved away from bulk and industrial chemicals towards speciality chemicals during the 1990s in the hope of making its income less dependent on the business cycle, earning higher profit margins, and developing businesses with long term growth potential. However its financial performance so far in the 21st century has been erratic. Agrichemical (or agrochemical), a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agriculture. ... A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Astra AB is a former international pharmaceutical company based in Södertälje, Sweden. ... AstraZeneca PLC (LSE: AZN, NYSE: AZN), is a large Anglo-Swedish pharmaceutical company formed on 6 April 1999 by the merger of Swedish Astra AB and British Zeneca Group. ...

ICI sold its Australian subsidiary, ICI Australia, in 1997 and the following year the former subsidiary changed its name to Orica. Orica is a multinational corporation that manufactures various chemical products. ...

Works Records System

This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the talk page for details.

Screenshot of ICI Works records System.

The ICI "Works Records System" went into production use in 1974. It was designed by Robert Mais, then an employee of ICI Mond Division in the UK, and was implemented in 1974. The system was implemented under IBM's CICS transaction processing platform, and used the then-new IBM 3270 display terminal, with limited local processing and storage capabilities. It had several interesting technical characteristics: Image File history File links Circle-question. ... Image File history File linksMetadata WRS_image01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata WRS_image01. ... CICS (Customer Information Control System) is a transaction server that runs primarily on IBM mainframe systems under z/OS or z/VSE. CICS on distributed platforms is called TXSeries and it is available on AIX, Windows, Solaris and HP-UX. CICS is also available on other operating systems, notably i5... Clemson Universitys library catalog displayed in a 3270 emulation program The IBM 3270 is a class of terminals made by IBM since 1972 (known as Display Devices) normally used to communicate with IBM mainframes. ...

• WRS implemented a three-dimensional data array – essentially a "stack" of spreadsheets, using time as the third dimension – that was shared among multiple users.
• All WRS operations were performed using "double precision" floating point arithmetic.
• Formulae were entered to perform calculations and reference linked cells, either from the same spreadsheet or from completely separate, "remote" spreadsheets.
• Formulae were converted by the system (compiled) to machine language on-the-fly at first use, and were then stored for subsequent execution.
• Data, including "aged" values, were stored using an Adabas database.
• The user could examine or modify historical data on a shift/day/week/year basis. Entering missing data from earlier periods caused automatic re-calculations in subsequent sheets. Historical data accumulated organically to form a 'spreadsheet database' spanning multiple time periods.
• Data and formulae entered in a particular sheet resided independently of its input location, providing separation of data, input, and calculation.
• The system incorporated a "units" attribute (kilograms, feet, etc.) for numeric values making it possible to detect certain illogical operations; it was thus impossible to multiply kilograms by ounces.

Although the system does not appear to have been described in the literature, nor resold commercially, it was evidently an early testbed for many interactive system concepts that became important for commercial timesharing and personal computing. In computing, double precision is a computer numbering format that occupies two storage locations in computer memory at address and address+1. ... A floating-point number is a digital representation for a number in a certain subset of the rational numbers, and is often used to approximate an arbitrary real number on a computer. ... A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent program written in another computer language (called the output or the target language). ... A system of codes directly understandable by a computers CPU is termed this CPUs native or machine language. ... In relation to computer technology, on the fly describes activities that develop or occur dynamically rather than as the result of something that is statically predefined. ... Adabas is Software AG’s advanced database management system. ...

Akzo Takeover

Dutch firm Akzo Nobel (owner of Crown Berger paints) have bid £7.2 billion (€10.66 billion) for ICI. An area of concern is the ICI British pension fund, which has liabilities of more than £9 billion. The bid was rejected by the ICI board and the majority of shareholders. Regulatory issues in the UK and other markets where Dulux and Crown Paints brands each have significant market share are also a cause for concern for the boards of ICI and Akzo Nobel. In the UK, any combined operation would see Akzo Nobel have a 54% market share. ^[1] Akzo Nobel is a multinational company, active in the fields of healthcare products, coatings and chemicals. ... A Dulux paint can Dulux is a brand of paint available and widely used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, [produced by Imperial Chemical Industries. ...

External links

• Official site
• Dulux
• National Starch and Chemical Company ICI subsidiary.
• Yahoo! profile
• Orica

v • d • e Constituents of the FTSE 100 Index

3i · Alliance & Leicester · Anglo American · Antofagasta · Associated British Foods · AstraZeneca · Aviva · BAE Systems · BG Group · BHP Billiton · BP · BT Group · Barclays Bank · Barratt Developments · British Airways · British American Tobacco · British Energy Group · British Land Company · British Sky Broadcasting Group · Cable & Wireless · Cadbury Schweppes · Capita Group · Carnival · Centrica · Compass Group · DSG International · Daily Mail and General Trust · Diageo · Drax Group · Enterprise Inns · Experian · Friends Provident · GlaxoSmithKline · HBOS · HSBC · Hammerson · Hanson · Home Retail Group · ICAP · ITV · Imperial Chemical Industries · Imperial Tobacco · InterContinental Hotels Group · International Power · INVESCO · Johnson Matthey · Kazakhmys · Kelda Group · Kingfisher · Land Securities Group · Legal & General · Liberty International · Lloyds TSB · Lonmin · Man Group · Marks & Spencer · Mitchells & Butlers · Wm Morrison Supermarkets · National Grid · Next · Northern Rock · Old Mutual · Pearson · Persimmon · Prudential · Punch Taverns · Reckitt Benckiser · Reed Elsevier · Resolution · Reuters Group · Rexam · Rio Tinto Group · Rolls-Royce Group · Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance · Royal Bank of Scotland Group · Royal Dutch Shell · SABMiller · Sage Group · J Sainsbury · Schroders · Scottish & Newcastle · Scottish & Southern Energy · SEGRO · Severn Trent · Shire Pharmaceuticals Group · Smith & Nephew · Smiths Group · Standard Chartered Bank · Standard Life · Tate & Lyle · Tesco · Unilever · United Utilities · Vedanta Resources · Vodafone · WPP Group · Whitbread · Wolseley · Xstrata · Yell Group The FTSE 100 Index (pronounced footsie) is a share index of the 100 most highly capitalized companies listed on the London Stock Exchange, begun on January 3, 1984. ... 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The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc (Scottish Gaelic: Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba[1]) (LSE: RBS) is a banking and insurance holding company based in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.[1]. It includes The Royal Bank of Scotland plc (Scottish Gaelic: [2]), founded in 1727 by a Royal Charter of... Royal Dutch Shell PLC is a multinational oil company (oil major) of British and Dutch origins. ... SABMiller (South African Breweries - Miller) (LSE: SAB, JSE: SAB,Official site) is one of the world’s largest brewers, with brewing interests and distribution agreements in over 60 countries across six continents. ... The Sage Group plc (LSE: SGE) is a leading UK based supplier of accounting, payroll, CRM and business management software (including manufacturing and construction-specific ranges) as well as related services to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). ... J Sainsbury plc is the parent company of Sainsburys Supermarkets Ltd, commonly known as Sainsburys, a chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom. ... Schroders plc is a British investment management company with its headquarters in the City of London. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Scottish & Southern Energy plc (SSE) is an energy company formed in 1998 following a merger of equals between Scottish Hydro-Electric plc and Southern Electric plc. ... SEGRO REIT (formerly known as Slough Estates) is a property investment and development company. ... Severn Trent plc is a British utility. ... Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc is a British manufacturer of pharmaceuticals including Adderall XR, Carbatrol, and Fosrenol. ... Smith & Nephew is a British medical devices company headquartered in London and active internationally. ... Smiths Group is a British engineering company involved in wide-ranging speciality engineering. ... Standard Chartered Bank (LSE: STAN, SEHK: 2888) is a British bank headquartered in London with operations in more than fifty countries. ... Standard Life (LSE: SLET) is a major employer in Edinburgh, with 8,500 UK employees [2] and over 12,000 worldwide. ... A tin of Lyles Golden Syrup Tate & Lyle PLC is a UK based multinational food manufacturer and is listed on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol TATE. It is a major producer of refined sugar, starches, animal feed and other food ingredients with global operations. ... Tesco plc is a UK-based international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. ... Unilever is a widely listed [1] [2] multi-national, formed of Anglo-Dutch parentage, that owns many of the worlds consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. ... United Utilities is a British utility company with its headquarters in Warrington which operates mainly in the North West of England. ... Vedanta Resources plc is a diversified and integrated metals and mining group with annual sales of $1. ... Vodafone Group Plc is a mobile network operator headquartered in Newbury, Berkshire, England. ... WPP Group plc (LSE: WPP) (NASDAQ: WPPGY), based in London, is one of the worlds largest communications services groups (and one of the big six advertising holding companies, the others being Omnicom, Interpublic, Publicis, Dentsu and Havas) employing 97,000 people working in more than 2,000 offices in... This article is about the Whitbread company. ... Wolseley plc (LSE: WOS) is a British company which has engaged in a disparate range of activities over its long history. ... Xstrata plc is an international mining company. ... Yell Group plc (LSE: YELL) is a British directory company, which is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index of leading British quoted companies. ...