NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Imperium

Imperium can, in a broad sense, be translated as power. In Antiquity this concept could apply to people, and mean something like "power status" or "authority", or could be used with a geographical connotation and mean something like "territory". It is not to be confused with auctoritas ("authority"). Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of constraining and/or enabling nature of power. ... Authority- is a very talented rocknroll band out of Columbia, S.C. This power rock trio has its roots in rock, funk, hardcore, and a dash of hip hop. ... Types of political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... Auctoritas is the Latin origin of English authority. According to Benveniste [citation?], auctor (which also gives us English author) is derived from Latin augeÃ³ (to augment): The auctor is is qui auget, the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. ...

Roman antiquity

Imperium as a personal characteristic

In ancient Rome imperium could be used as a term indicating a characteristic of people, the measure of formal power they had. This qualification could be used in a rather loose context (for example poets used it, not necessarily writing about state officials), but in the Roman society it was also a more formal concept of legal authority. A man with imperium had in principle absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy or promagistracy (see below), but could be vetoed or overruled by a magistrate or promagistrate having imperium maius (a higher degree of imperium) or, as most republican magistratures were multiple (not quite collegial: each could act on his own), by the equal power of his colleague, e.g. the other Consul. Some modern scholars (e.g. A.H.M. Jones) have defined it as "the power vested by the state in a person to do what he considers to be in the best interests of the state." Imperium can, in a broad sense, be translated as power. ... Arnold Hugh Martin (A.H.M.) Jones (1904-1970) was a prominent 20th century historian of classical antiquity, particularly of the later Roman Empire. ...

Imperium can be distinguished from regnum, or royal power, which was inherited. Imperium was originally a military concept, the power of the imperator (general in the army) to command. The word derives from the Latin verb imperare, to command. The title imperator was applied to the emperor, who, like the president of the United States, was the commander of the armed forces. In fact, the Latin word imperator gives us the English word emperor.

Imperium was indicated in two prominent ways. A "curule" magistrate or promagistrate carried an ivory baton surmounted by an eagle as his personal symbol of office (cf. field marshal's baton). Any such magistrate was also escorted by lictors bearing the fasces (traditional symbols of imperium and authority); when outside the pomerium, axes were added to the fasces to indicate an "imperial" magistrate's power to enact capital punishment outside of Rome (the axes were removed within the pomerium). The number of lictors in attendance upon a magistrate was an overt indication of the degree of imperium. When in the field, a curule magistrate possessing an imperium greater or equal to praetorian imperium wore a sash ritually knotted on the front of his cuirass. Further any man executing imperium within his sphere of influence was entitled to the curule chair. Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare (to bind), was a member of a special class of Roman civil servant, with special tasks of attending magistrates of the Roman Republic and Empire who held imperium. ... Roman fasces. ... The word tradition comes from the Latin word traditio which means to hand down or to hand over. ... The pomerium (or pomoerium) was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... In the Roman Republic, and later the empire, the Curule chair (in Latin the sellis curulis) was the chair upon which senior magistrates or promagistrates owning imperium were entitled to sit including dictators, masters of the horse, consuls, praetors, and curule aediles. ...

As can be seen, dictatorial imperium was superior to consular, consular to praetorian, and praetorian to aedilician; there is some historical dispute as to whether or not praetorian imperium was superior to "equine-magisterial" imperium. A promagistrate, or a man executing a curule office without actually holding that office, also owned imperium in the same degree as the actual incumbents (i.e., proconsular imperium being more or less equal to consular imperium, propraetorian imperium to praetorian) and was attended by an equal number of lictors. Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Dictator Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. ... The pomerium (or pomoerium) was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. ... Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: LÂ·CORNELIVSÂ·LÂ·FÂ·PÂ·NÂ·SVLLAÂ·FELIX)[1] ( 138 BCâ€“78 BC), usually known simply as Sulla,[2] was a Roman general and dictator. ... Consul (abbrev. ... // Definition According to Cicero, Praetor was a title which designated the consuls as the leaders of the armies of the state. ... The pomerium (or pomoerium) was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. ... The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ... Aedile (Latin Aedilis, from aedes, aedis temple, building) was an office of the Roman Republic. ... Aedile (Latin Aedilis, from aedes, aedis temple, building) was an office of the Roman Republic. ... A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ...

Certain extraordinary commissions, such as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus's famous command against the pirates, were invested with imperium maius, meaning they outranked all other owners of imperium (in Pompey's case, even the consuls) within their sphere of command (his being "ultimate on the seas, and within 50 miles inland"). Imperium maius later became a hallmark of the Roman Emperor. This article refers to the Roman General. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Another technical use of the term in Roman law was for the power to extend the law, beyond its mere interpretation, extending imperium from formal legislators (under the ever-republican constitution: popular assemblies, senate, magistrates, emperor and their delegates) to the jurisprudence of jurisconsults. A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ...

Divine and earthly imperium

In monotheistic religions such as Christianity (where the official language, Latin, used terms as Imperium Dei/Domini) the Divine is held to have a superior imperium, as ultimate King of Kings, above all earthly powers. Whenever a society accepts this Divine will to be expressed on earth, as by a religious authority, that opens the way for a theocratic legitimation. If however a secular ruler controls the religious hierarchy, he can use it to legitimate his own authority. King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers) throughout history, and in many cases the literal title meaning King of Kings, i. ... Theocracy is a form of government in which a religion and the government are allied. ...

Thus absolute, universal power was vested under early Islam in the original Caliphate (before it became the political toy of worldly powers 'behind the throne' and was even politically discarded by essentially secular princes), and later again claimed by Mahdis. The Caliphate (Arabic Ø®Ù„Ø§ÙØ©) is the theoretical federal government that would govern the Islamic world under Islamic law, ruled by a Caliph as head of state. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Muhammad al-Mahdi. ...

While the Byzantine Emperors retained full Roman imperium and made the episcopate subservient, in the feudal West a long rivalry would oppose the claims to supremacy within post-Roman Christianity between sacerdotium (the 'priesthood', i.e. the clergy ministrating the word and will of God) in the person of the Pope and the secular imperium of the revived western Emperor since Charlemagne. Both would refer to the heritage of Roman law by their titular link with the very city Rome: the Pope, Bishop of Rome, versus the Holy Roman Emperor (even though his seat of power was north of the Alps). Ironically, the Donatio Constantini, (whether partially or wholly forged doesn't alter its effect) by which the Papacy had been granted the territorial Patrimonium Petri in Central Italy, became a weapon against the Emperor. The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon, Leo IX, cites the "Donatio" in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood. Thenceforth the "Donatio" acquires more importance and is more frequently used as evidence in the ecclesiastical and political conflicts between the papacy and the secular power: Anselm of Lucca and Cardinal Deusdedit inserted it in their collections of canons; Gratian excluded it from his 'Decretum, but it was soon added to it as Palea; the ecclesiastical writers in defence of the papacy during the conflicts of the early part of the twelfth century quoted it as authoritative. An icon of Sylvester and Constantine, purporting to show the Donation The Donation of Constantine (Latin, Constitutum Donatio Constantini or Constitutum domini Constantini imperatoris) is a forged Roman imperial edict devised probably between 750 and 850. ... The expression Patrimonium Sancti Petri, or shorter Patrimonium Petri, meaing Patrimony of (Saint) Peter, originally designated the landed possessions and revenues of various kinds that belonged to the Church of St. ... Leo IX, né Bruno dEguisheim-Dagsbourg (June 21, 1002 - April 19, 1054) was pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. ... Michael I Cerularius, (b. ... Saint Anselm of Lucca the Younger (Milan, 1036â€“March 18, 1086) was a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy and in the fighting in Central Italy between the forces of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, the papal champion, and those of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Cardinal Deusdedit was a friend of Pope Saint Gregory VII and defender of his reformation measures; Deusdedit joined the Benedictine Order and became a zealous promoter of ecclesiastical reforms in the latter half of the eleventh century. ... A coin of Gratian. ...

In one bitter episode, pope Gregory IX who had several times mediated between the Lombards and the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II reasserted his right to arbitrate between the contending parties. In the numerous manifestos of the pope and the emperor the antagonism of Church and State becomes daily more evident: the pope claimed for himself the imperium animarum 'command of the souls' (i.e. voicing Gods will to the faithful) and the principatus rerum et corporum in universo mundo 'princedom over all things and bodies in the whole world', while the emperor wished to restore the imperium mundi 'imperium (as under Roman Law) over the (now Christian) world- Rome was again the be the capital of the world and Frederick was to become the real emperor of the Romans, so he energetically protested against the world-empire of the pope. The emperor's successes, especially his victory over the Lombards at the battle of Cortenuova (1237), only embittered the opposition between Church and State. The pope again excommunicated the "self-confessed heretic", the "blasphemous beast of the Apocalypse" (20 March, 1239) who now attempted to conquer the rest of Italy, i.e. the papal states, etcetera. Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti ( 1143–August 22, 1241), pope from 1227 to 1241, the successor of Honorius III, fully inherited the traditions of Gregory VII and of his uncle Innocent III, and zealously perpetuated their policy of Papal supremacy. ... Arms of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty The Hohenstaufen (or the Staufer(s)) were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 â€“ December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... The Battle of Cortenuova was fought on 27th November 1237 when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Lombard League. ... Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ...

His chief minister Thomas Cranmer suggested to Henry VIII, the Tudor King of England, to undo the Roman Catholic papacy's imperium in imperio (Latin equivalent of state in the state) by requesting that Parliament pass the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) specitying that England was an empire and that The Crown was imperial, and a year later the Act of Supremacy proclaiming the Imperial Crown Protector and Supreme Head of the Church of England. Thomas Cranmer (July 2, 1489 â€“ March 21, 1556) was the Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of the English kings Henry VIII and Edward VI. He is credited with writing and compiling the first two Books of Common Prayer which established the basic structure of Anglican liturgy for centuries and... Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... The Statute in Restraint of Appeals (citation ) was an English parliamentary Act of 1533, considered by many historians to be the key legal foundation of the English Reformation. ... Throughout the Commonwealth Realms The Crown is an abstract concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government. ... First Act of Supremacy 1534 The Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen. ... Queen Elizabeth II wearing the Imperial State Crown An Imperial Crown is usually, through not always, a crown used by a monarch on state occasions other than at the moment of actual coronation, when a special coronation crown is used. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...

In Orthodox Russia too, when Peter I the Great has assumed the Byzantine imperial titles Imperator and Autokrator, instead of the 'merely' royal Tsar, the idea in founding the Russian Holy Synod was to put an end to the old Imperium in imperio of the free Church, by substituting the synod for the all too independent Patriarch of Moskow, who had become almost a rival of the Tsars — Peter meant to unite all authority in himself, over Church as well as State: through his Ober-Procuror and synod, the Emperor rules his Church as absolutely as his army and navy through their respective ministries; he appoints its members (mostly bishops) just as his generals; and the Russian Governments continued his policy since. Peter was a tall figure, with an extremely striking build of over 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches), and large, green eyes. ...

Even in 19th century North America, when by the decree of the President of the United States, Brigham Young, the Mormon hierarch and head of the Church of the Latter Day Saints, was appointed first Governor of the Territory of Utah on 28 September, 1851, this was called (politically, not in law) establishing a theocratic form of government there (until it became a regular state) as an imperium in imperio, within the limits of the republic. See also, Brigham Young University Brigham Young (June 1, 1801 â€“ August 29, 1877) was the second prophet and president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ... The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the most-recognized architectural symbol of Mormonism This article is about the terms history and usage. ... A hierarch is a very high-ranking bishop; see also primate (religion) and metropolitan bishop. ... The Utah Territory was an organized territory of the United States that existed between 1850 and 1896. ...

Gaming

Limperium

1. Using an entity’s power, guidelines, rules or laws against it to circumvent and force an action by the entity that will bring it back in line with its central mission or stated goals.[2]

2. Avoiding tyranny of a sovereign or entity by subjecting the sovereign to its own arbitrary power through outwitting or thwarting in an effort to demonstrate the contrary stance or action its taking.[3]

3. To teach an authoritarian a lesson through bypassing regulations and avoiding capture by artful maneuvering.[4]

[Hartford resident Dale James Morgado coined the term in 2007, it derives from the Latin verb imperare, to command.][5]

Sources and references

The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...

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